Test 1.2

Question 1

What are the 3 basic goals of Science?

Answer 1

1) To determine behavior
2) To predict behavior
3) To explain behavior

Question 2

Identifying the factors that indicate when an event or events will occur

Answer 2

Prediction

Question 3

Carefully observing behavior in order to describe it.

Answer 3

Description

Question 4

Allows us to identify the causes that determine when and why a behavior occurs.

Answer 4

Explanation

Question 5

______ begins with careful observation.

Answer 5

Description.

Question 6

Psychologists might describe patterns of ______, _______, or ______ in humans, or behaviors of animals.

Answer 6

behavior, thoughts, or emotions

Question 7

Observing and describing the type of play behavior exhibited by children or the mating behavior of chimps would be an example of ________.

Answer 7

Description

Question 8

Without descriptions as a first step, _______ cannot be made.

Answer 8

Predictions

Question 9

Knowing the level of one variable allows us to predict the __________________.

Answer 9

approximate level of the other variable.

Question 10

If we observed that men change channels with a greater frequency than women, we could then make the predictions about how often men and women might change channels when given the chance.
This is an example of _______.

Answer 10

Prediction

Question 11

_________ Allows us to learn about behavior when it occurs.

Answer 11

Description

Question 12

To explain a behavior, we need to demonstrate that we can manipulate the factors needed to ____________________.

Answer 12

produce or eliminate the behavior

Question 13

If gender predicts channel changing, what might cause it? It could be genetic or environmental. Maybe men have less tolerance for commercials and thus change more often. Maybe women are more interested in content of commercials and are thus less likely to change channels. Maybe attention span is longer for women.
These are examples of ____________.

Answer 13

Explanation

Question 14

As scientists, we test these possibilities to identify the best explanation of why a _____________.

Answer 14

behavior occurs.

Question 15

To find the best explanation, we must systematically ________ any alternative explanations.

Answer 15

eliminate

Question 16

To eliminate alternative explanations, we must ___________ over the research situation.

Answer 16

impose control

Question 17

Allows us to observe that two events are systematically related to one another

Answer 17

Description

Question 18

If one variable is present at a certain level, then it is likely that the other variable will present at a _______.

Answer 18

certain level

Question 19

There are 3 research methods are:

Answer 19

1) Description
2) Predictive
3) Explanatory

Question 20

The descriptive method include:

Answer 20

Observational, case study, and survey methods

Question 21

The observational Method includes:

Answer 21

Naturalistic and Laboratory

Question 22

What is the Advantage of the Descriptive Method?

Answer 22

It allows the description of behavior(s)

Question 23

What is the disadvantage of the descriptive method?

Answer 23

• Does not support reliable predictions

- Does not support cause-and-effect explanations

Question 24

Making observations of human or animal behavior.

Answer 24

Observational method

Question 25

Observing the behavior of humans or animals in their natural habitat.

Answer 25

Naturalistic observation

Question 26

observing behavior of humans or animals in a more contrived and controlled situation, usually the laboratory.

Answer 26

Laboratory observation

Question 27

Bringing children to a laboratory playroom to observe play behavior. This is an example of ________.

Answer 27

Laboratory observation

Question 28

Observing the mating behaviors of chimpanzees in their natural setting. This is an example of:

Answer 28

Naturalistic observation

Question 29

Questioning individuals on a topic or topics and then describing their responses. This method can be administered by mail, over the phone, on the internet, or in a personal interview

Answer 29

Survey method

Question 30

An in-depth study of one or more individuals. This method is descriptive in nature because it involves simply describing the individual(s) being studied.

Answer 30

Case study method

Question 31

What is the advantage of the case study method?

Answer 31

It allows researchers to study larger groups of individuals more easily.

Question 32

What is the disadvantage of the case study method?

Answer 32

There is concern over whether the group of people who participate in the study (the sample) is representative of all the people about whom the study is meant to generalize (the population). Can be overcome with random sampling, however.

Question 33

All of the people about whom a study is meant to generalize.

Answer 33

Population

Question 34

the group of people who participate in a study.

Answer 34

Sample

Question 35

A sample achieved through random selection in which each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen.

Answer 35

Random Sample

Question 36

Two methods allow researchers not only to describe behaviors but also to predict from on variable to another. _________ and ________ fall under the predictive method category.

Answer 36

Correlation method and quasi-experimental methods

Question 37

What is the advantage of the Predictive methods?

Answer 37

Allows description of behaviors, supports reliable predictions from one variable to another.

Question 38

What is the disadvantage of the predictive methods?

Answer 38

Does not support cause-and-effect explanations.

Question 39

A method that assesses the degree of relationship between two variables.

Answer 39

Correlation method

Question 40

If two variables are correlated with each other, then we can predict from one variable to the other with a certain degree of accuracy. TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

Height and weight are correlated. An increase in one variable will lead to _______________.

Answer 41

an increase in the other

Question 42

Correlation does NOT imply _______.

Answer 42

causation

Question 43

If violent television and displaying aggressive behavior are correlated, it does not mean that watching violent tv causes aggressive behavior. This is an example of ________.

Answer 43

correlation but not causation

Question 44

The correlation between height and weigh, or violent television and aggressive behavior is a ____________.

Answer 44

positive relationship

Question 45

A _________ is a relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable

Answer 45

negative correlation

Question 46

A relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable.

Answer 46

Positive relationship

Question 47

As mountain elevation increases, temperature decreases. This is an example of a __________.

Answer 47

negative correlation .

Question 48

Research that compares naturally occurring groups of individuals; the variable of interest cannot be manipulated.

Answer 48

Quasi-experimental method

Question 49

A characteristic inherent in the subjects that cannot be changed.

Answer 49

Subject (participant)

Question 50

If you were to examine whether alcohol consumption by students in a fraternity or sorority differs from that of students not in such organizations, this would fall under the ___________ method. It differs from the experimental method because the groups studied occur naturally. (we can not control whether or not people join a Greek organization). The Greek organization would be the __________.

Answer 50

quasi-experimental method | subject (participant)

Question 51

What is missing when we use predictive methods such as the correlational quasi-experimental methods is ________.

Answer 51

control

Question 52

When using predictive methods, we do not systematically manipulate the variables of interest we only __________.

Answer 52

measure them

Question 53

Although we may observe a relationship between variables (such as that described between drinking and Greek membership), we cannot conclude that it is a causal relationship because ___________________.

Answer 53

there could be other alternative explanations for this relationship

Question 54

The idea that it is possible that some other, uncontrolled, extraneous variable may be responsible for the observed relationship

Answer 54

Alternative explanation

Question 55

It is possible that those who choose to join Greek organizations come from higher-income families and have more money to spend on things like alcohol. This is an example of an ________.

Answer 55

alternative explanation

Question 56

Because these methods leave the possibility for alternative explanations, we cannot use them to establish ______________.

Answer 56

cause and effect relationships.

Question 57

When using the ____________, researchers pay a great deal of attention to eliminating alternative explanations by using the proper controls.

Answer 57

explanatory method

Question 58

What method falls under the explanatory method?

Answer 58

Experimental method

Question 59

What are the advantages to the experimental method?

Answer 59

It allows descriptions of behaviors, supports reliable predictions from one variable to another, supports cause-and-affect explanations.

Question 60

A research method that allows a researcher to establish a cause and effect relationship through manipulation of a variable and control of the situation.

Answer 60

Experimental method

Question 61

The _________ method enables researchers to know when and why a behavior occurs.

Answer 61

Experimental method

Question 62

Researchers pay a great deal of attention to ____________ by using the proper controls when using this method.

Answer 62

eliminating alternative explanations

Question 63

The basic premise of experimentation:

Answer 63

the researcher controls as much as possible to determines whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between the variables being studied.

Question 64

The idea behind experimentation is that the researcher ___________________ and ___________________.

Answer 64

The idea behind experimentation is that the researcher manipulates at least one variable (independent variable) and measures at least on variable (dependent variable).

Question 65

Name the IV and DV: | Does cell phone use affect driving?

Answer 65

``` IV = use of cell phones while driving DV = Driving performace ```

Question 66

The independent variable has to have at least __________.

Answer 66

2 groups or conditions

Question 67

The 2 groups that make up the independent variable are called the ________ and ________.

Answer 67

control group and experimental group

Question 68

The group of subjects that does not receive any level of the independent variable and serves as the baseline in a study.

Answer 68

Control Group

Question 69

The group of subjects that receives some level of the independent variable.

Answer 69

Experimental Group

Question 70

In the cell phone use while driving experiment, which group would be the control group?

Answer 70

the group that did not have a cell phone while driving.

Question 71

In the cell phone use while driving experiment, which group would be the experimental group?

Answer 71

the group that uses cell phones while driving

Question 72

One thing in an experiment that we (the researcher) controls is the level of the ________________.

Answer 72

independent variable that the subjects receive

Question 73

Researchers also need to control the type of subjects in each of the treatment conditions to help eliminate alternative explanations. This can be done by _________________.

Answer 73

drawing random samples of subjects from the population, and then using random assignment to assign them to the control or experimental group.

Question 74

Assigning subjects to conditions in such a way that every participant has an equal probability of being placed in any condition.

Answer 74

random assignment

Question 75

Random assignment helps us to gain control and eliminate alternative explanations by minimizing or eliminating _____________.

Answer 75

differences between the groups.

Question 76

we want the two groups of participants to be as alike as possible. TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 76

TRUE

Question 77

The only difference we want between the groups is that of the __________.

Answer 77

independent variable we are manipulating.

Question 78

Manipulating the independent variable in an experiment and controlling any other extraneous variables that could affect the results of a study is known as _________.

Answer 78

Control

Question 79

We try to control as much as possible by manipulating the ____________ that could affect the results of the study

Answer 79

independent variable

Question 80

What all do we try to control in a study?

Answer 80

- who is in the study (sample representative from population) - who participates in each group (randomly assigned) - the treatment each group receives (ex: cell phone, no cell phone while driving) - other variables we need to control to complete the study (cell phone driving example: past driving record, age, how long they have been driving, etc)

Question 81

A ________ is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types.

Answer 81

variable

Question 82

Any condition that is capable of change

Answer 82

Variable

Question 83

An experiment usually has three kinds of variables:

Answer 83

independent, dependent, and controlled

Question 84

An experiment must have at least two different __________.

Answer 84

values or levels

Question 85

If it does not have any arithmetic meaning it is a ___________.

Answer 85

string variable

Question 86

helps identify or distinguish but has no arithmetic meaning.

Answer 86

string variable

Question 87

A ___________ has arithmetic meaning

Answer 87

Numeric Variable