Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EP4133: Exe for Clinical Populations > Test 2 lecture 4 > Flashcards

Test 2 lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of angina is this:

  • most common form
  • occurs at a given activity level
    • Fibrous cap is not ruptured
A

Stable Angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of Angina:

  • New onset
  • unpredictable
  • Fibrous capsule ruptures
  • May lead to Heart attack
A

Unstable Angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In 2010 what was the leading cause of death?

A

Diseases of the heart (heart disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acute coronary syndrome impacts:

Amount of people with history of MI’s

is ___________

A

Aprox. 16 Million Americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acute coronary syndrome impacts:

Amount of people with history of angina

_________

A

Aprox. 9 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acute coronary syndrome impacts:

amount of people with history of New acute coronary syndrome

_________

A

Aprox. 785,000 per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acute coronary syndrome impacts:

amount of people with recurrent acute coronary syndrome

_________

A

Aprox. 470,000 per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Acute coronary syndrome impacts:

amount of people who have Silent MI’s

_________

A

Aprox. 195,000 per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Total costs for diseases of the heart in 2007:

_______

A

177.5 Billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

coronary arteries are

  • Off the _____ ____ ____
    • are made up of the Right and left coronary arteries
A

Root of the Aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The RCA or Right coronary Artery

supplies the ______ &_____

A

Right Atrium and Ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Left coronary splits into the

________

and

_______

A

Left Anterior Descending (LAD)

&

Circumflex Artery (LCx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The left Coronary supplies blood to the _______ &______

A

Left Atrium and Ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

At rest the Coronary blood flow should be

___-___ ml/min/100g

A

60-90 ml/min/100g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

During exercise the Coronary blood flow should be

____-___ Times higher than resting blood flow

A

5-6 Times higher than resting

“60-90 ml/min/100g (Resting)”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is MVO2 ?

A

Myocardial Oxygen uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MVO2 at rest should be ____-____ ml/min/100g

A

8-10 ml/min/100g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

______ occurs when the o2 supply is greater than the o2 demand

A

Ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ischemic _______

  • stiffening of LV
  • Systolic Dysfunction
  • Locallzed hypokinesis
  • Left Ventircal ejection fraction is decreased
  • arrhythmia
  • Angina Pectoris
A

Ischemic Cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The number of people who have had Silent Ischemia is

_________

A

195,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

High BP can damage _________ cells

A

Endothelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Damage to endothelial cells effects the ability to _____ and _______

A

Dilate and Constrict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ______ ______ is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Tunica Media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In Atherosclerosis the ________ ____ is made up of Cell debris, cholesterol crystals, Foam cells, & calcium.

A

Necrotic Center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis?

A
  • age
  • male sex
  • Family History & genetics
  • Smoking
  • pre-diabetes and diabetes
  • obesity
  • metabolic syndrome
  • hypertension
  • dyslipidemia
  • physical inactivity
  • psycho-social factors
  • homocysteine
  • C-reactive protein
  • inflammatory proteins
  • Fibrinogen
26
Q

Pathophysiology of Progressive Atherosclerosis:

  1. _________ Dysfunction
  2. ____-__ accumilation and oxidation in _______
  3. injury and _________
  4. ________ and entry into cell
  5. Monocyte _____________
  6. Macrophage engulfs oxidized LDL and creates _____
  7. ______ and calcification
A

Pathophysiology of Progressive Atherosclerosis:

  1. Endothelial Dysfunction
  2. LDL-C accumulation and oxidation in arterial wall
  3. injury and inflammation
  4. Monocyte binding and entry into cell
  5. Monocyte differentiation into macrophages
  6. Macrophage engulfs oxidized LDL and creates Foam Cells
  7. Plaque maturation and calcification
27
Q

What can trigger an MI?

A

Triggers for MI

  • Exertion
  • Emotional Stress
  • Sympathetic activation
    • Heart rate variability and prognosis
  • Surgery causing blood loss
28
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

Blood Clotting

29
Q

Pathophysiology of MI:

  • ______________ in coronary artery
  • Blood ____ _______
  • ________ of downstream myocardium
    • ​​________
      • ​​______ ____
  • ​​​​_______
    • ​​Ventricular fibrillation
    • Ventricular tachycardia​​
A

Pathophysiology of MI:

  • Plaque rupture and ulceration in coronary artery
  • Blood flowocclusion
  • Necrosis of downstream myocardium
    • ​​Protein release:
      • ​​Cardiac troponin
  • ​​​​Dysrhythmias:
    • ​​Ventricular fibrillation
    • Ventricular tachycardia​​
30
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute MI:

  • ______
  • ______
  • ______
  • Anxiety
  • Confusion
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • _____________
  • _______
    • ​​25% of cases
A

Signs and Symptoms of Acute MI:

  • Angina
  • Dyspnea
  • Sweat
  • Syncope -Loss of consciousness
  • Anxiety
  • Confusion
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • ST segment deviation
  • Silent Ischemia
    • ​​25% of cases
31
Q

Prognosis of Acute MI:

Factors assocaied with Poor Prognosis:

  • Left Ventrical Ejection Fraction is < ___ %
    • Normal is ___-___%
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Poor exercise capacity
    • ​​< ___ Mets
  • Evidence of extensive myocardial ischemia during exercise or ________ ______ ______.
  • Having survived _____ ______ ____
A

Prognosis of Acute MI:

Factors assocaied with Poor Prognosis:

  • Left Ventrical Ejection Fraction is < 35 %
    • Normal is 50-60%
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Poor exercise capacity
    • < 5 Mets
  • Evidence of extensive myocardial ischemia during exercise or parmocoligic stress testing.
  • Having survived Sudden Cardiac Death
32
Q

The presence of Biomarkers of _____________

is used to detect Acute MI.

A

Myocyte Necrosis

33
Q

Diagnosis of Acute MI:

If someone is having chest pain persisting for greater than ____ minutes the person could have ECG changes.

A

30 minutes

34
Q

Diagnosis of Acute MI:

Changes in ECG include:

  • ST- Segment
  • T-wave
  • Bundle branch block
  • development of pathologic ___ Wave
A

Diagnosis of Acute MI:

Changes in ECG include:

  • ST- Segment
  • T-wave
  • Bundle branch block
  • development of pathologic Q-Wave.
35
Q

Diagnosis of Acute MI:

Someone with Acute MI will show imaging evidence what type of imaging is used?

  • _____
  • _____
A

Diagnosis of Acute MI:

Types of Imaging_:_

  • Nuclear Protrusion scan
  • Echocardiogram
36
Q

Diagnosis of Acute MI:

An ST elevation would represent _______

A

Diagnosis of Acute MI:

An ST elevation would represent infarction

37
Q

Diagnosis of Acute MI:

An ST depression would represent _______

A

Diagnosis of Acute MI:

An ST depression would represent Ischemia.

38
Q

MI Classification:

  • ST Segment Elivation (STEMI)
    • ​​At least _____ Elivation
    • Development of _______ ____ _____
A

MI Classification:

  • ST Segment Elivation (STEMI)
    • At least 1 mv Elivation
    • Development of bundle branch block
39
Q

MI Classification:

  • Non-ST Segment Elivation (NSTEMI)
    • ​​ST-segment ________
    • _________ Persisting for at least 24hrs
A

MI Classification:

  • Non-ST Segment Elivation (NSTEMI)
    • ST-segment depresson
    • T-wave inversion Persisting for at least 24hrs
40
Q

Treatment for acute coronary syndromes:

Management of acute coronary syndromes:

  • ______ therapy
  • oral and intravenous _____________
  • _________
  • _________
  • ________ ______
A

Treatment for acute coronary syndromes:

Management of acute coronary syndromes:

  • Anti-ischemia therapy
  • oral and intravenous anti-platelet Therapy
  • anticoagulants
  • Pain Relief
  • Reperfusion** **Therapy
41
Q

What is PCI?

A

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention:

42
Q

What is CABG?

A

Cardiac Artery Bypass Graft (Surgery)

43
Q

Protocols for Prognostic GXT Post-MI:

  • Pre Discharge:
    • ​​<______ post MI
    • ________ test
A

Protocols for Prognostic GXT post-MI:

  • Pre-Discharge:
    • < 7d days post MI
    • SubMax test
44
Q

Protocols for Prognostic GXT Post-MI:

  • Pre Discharge:
    • ​​
    • ________ test
A

Protocols for Prognostic GXT post-MI:

  • Pre-Discharge:
    • < 7d days post MI
    • SubMax test
45
Q

Complications of Acute MI:

  • _________
  • _________ abnormalities
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Infarct extension or expansion
  • ________ ______
  • New _____ ____ _______
  • Pericardial effusion and pericarditis
  • post-infarction syndrome
  • Left Ventricualar mural thrombus
A

Complications of Acute MI:

  • Arrhythmias
  • Conduction abnormalities
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Infarct extension or expansion
  • Myocardial Rupture
  • New mitral valve regurgitation
  • Pericardial effusion and pericarditis
  • post-infarction syndrome
  • Left Ventricular mural thrombus
46
Q

Protocols for Prognostic GXT Post-MI:

  • Pre Discharge:
    • Termination at
      • HRPeak :______
      • ____% age-predicted HRmax
      • Achieving ____ METS
A

Protocols for Prognostic GXT Post-MI:

  • Pre-Discharge:
    • Termination at
      • HRPeak :120-130 BPM
      • 70% age-predicted HRmax
      • Achieving 5 METS
47
Q

Protocols for Prognostic GXT Post-MI:

  • Symptom Limited:
    • ___-___ Weeks post-discharge
    • May be combined with
      • _______ Imaging &___________
A

Protocols for Prognostic GXT Post-MI:

  • Symptom Limited:
    • 2-3 Weeks post-discharge
    • May be combined with
      • Nuclear Imaging & Echocardiogram
48
Q

2 Types of Long-Term Treatment

A

Medication & Cardiac Rehab

49
Q

Common Medications used in Outpatients post-MI:

  • Class and example:
    • ____________
      • ex.(Aspirin)
  • Primary effects:
    • blocks platelet aggregation
  • Exercise Effects:
    • ​​________
  • Side effects:
    • ​​Increased bleeding
A

Common Medications used in Outpatients post post-MI

  • class and example:
    • Antiplatelet
      • ex.(Aspirin)
  • Primary effects:
    • blocks platelet aggregation
  • Exercise Effects:
    • None
  • Side effects:
    • Increased bleeding
50
Q

Common Medications used in Outpatients post-MI:

  • Class and example:
    • ____________
      • ex.(isosobibe mononitrate)
  • Primary effects:
    • Coronary Vasodilation
  • Exercise Effects:
    • ​​________
  • Side effects:
    • Headache, Hypotension
A

Common Medications used in Outpatients post-MI:

  • Class and example:
    • Nitrate
      • ex.(isosobibe mononitrate)
  • Primary effects:
    • Coronary Vasodilation
  • Exercise Effects:
    • Raises ischemic threshold
  • Side effects:
    • Headache, Hypotension
51
Q

Common Medications used in Outpatients post-MI:

  • Class and example:
    • ________
      • drug ex.(atorvastatin)
  • Primary effects:
    • Decreases Blood ______
  • Exercise Effects:
    • None
  • Side effects:
    • Muscle Pain, Weakness
A

Common Medications used in Outpatients post-MI:

  • Class and example:
    • Statin
      • drug ex.(atorvastatin)
  • Primary effects:
    • Decreases blood cholesterol
  • Exercise Effects:
    • None
  • Side effects:
    • Muscle Pain, Weakness
52
Q

Common Medications used in Outpatients post-MI:

  • Class and example:
    • Beta- blocker
      • drug ex.(metroprolol)
  • Primary effects:
    • Reduces _____,___
  • Exercise Effects:
    • Decreases ____& ___
  • ​​Side effects:
    • Fatigue, hypotension,bradycardia
A

Common Medications used in Outpatients post-MI:

  • Class and example:
    • Beta- blocker
      • drug ex.(metroprolol)
  • Primary effects:
    • Reduces HR&BP
  • Exercise Effects:
    • Decreases HR&BP
  • ​​Side effects:
    • Fatigue, hypotension,bradycardia
53
Q

Cardiac Rehabilitation:

  • Multifactoral Program includes:
    • ​​_________ ____\_
    • _______\_
    • And Sometimes
      • ​​_____ ____\_
      • ________ _____**-**​for depression and stress
      • Help with Smoking cessation
A

Cardiac Rehabilitation:

  • Multifactoral Program includes:
    • Exercise training
    • Education
    • And Sometimes
      • Dietary management
      • psychological training -for depression and stress
      • Help with Smoking cessation
54
Q

Benefits of Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs:

  • Improvement in aerobic capacity
  • Increased submaximal exercise endurance
  • Increase in muscular strength.
  • Reduction in symptoms:
    • angina pectoris, dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, claudication
  • improved endothelial function
  • Many more on page 233 in book
A

Info to know on the front of the card.

55
Q

Phases of Cardiac Rehab:

  • Inpatient:
    • Located in the _______ after MI
      • ___-___ Days
      • longer with complication
    • Components:
      • Avoid ______
      • Maintain ____ _____
      • Range of motion exercises
A

Phases of Cardiac Rehab:

  • Inpatient:
    • Located in the Hospital after MI
      • 2-3 Days
      • longer with complication
    • Components:
      • Avoid bedrest
      • Maintain Upright posture
      • Perform Range of motion exercises
56
Q

Phases of Cardiac Rehab:

  • Outpatient:
    • Should start within ___-___ Weeks after discharge.
  • Involves:
    • Exercise training
    • Continuous ____ monitoring
    • Education
    • dietary management
    • psychological counseling
A

Phases of Cardiac Rehab:

  • Outpatient:
    • Should start within 1-2 Weeks after discharge.
  • Involves:
    • Exercise training
    • Continuous ECG monitoring
    • Education
    • dietary management
    • psychological counseling
57
Q

The Role of Exercise:

  • ________ ______
    • ​​Preventing MI prior to happening
  • ________ ______\_
    • ​​Preventing adverse events after first MI
A

The Role of Exercise:

  • Primary prevention- Preventing MI prior to happening
  • Secondary prevention- Preventing adverse events after first MI
58
Q

Physical Activity & Risk for MI:

  • Physical activity and the risk for MI have a _______ _______ relationship.
  • The Population risk may be dramatically if sedentary people become modestly active.
  • Physically inactive people have ___% greater risk of developing CAD than active people
A

Physical Activity & Risk for MI:

  • Physical activity and the risk for MI have an inverse curvilinear relationship
  • population risk may be dramatically if sedentary people become modestly active.
  • Physically inactive people have 45% greater risk of developing CAD than active people!
59
Q

Aerobic Exercise Program:

  • Frequency:
    • ​​___-___ Days/Week
  • Intensity:
    • ​​If no GXT
      • ​​HR: ______
      • RPE:___-___
    • Based on GXT results:
      • ​​____-____% HHR or Vo2R
      • RPE: 11-16
      • Below ischemic threshold
        • ​​___ mm ST-segment depression
A

Aerobic Exercise Program:

  • Frequency:
    • ​​3-7 Days/Week
  • Intensity:
    • _​​_If no GXT
      • ​​HR: +20 at rest
      • RPE: 11-14
    • Based on GXT results:
      • ​​40-80% HHR or Vo2R
      • RPE: 11-16
      • Below ischemic threshold
        • ​​1 mm ST-segment depression
60
Q

High-intensity interval training (HITT):

  • Intensities up to ____% Vo2 Peak
    • For short Bouts
      • ___-___ Seconds
  • Feasible and safe for select cardiac patients
  • usually starts after a few weeks of regular continuous aerobic exercise.
A

High-intensity interval training (HITT):

  • Intensities up to 95% Vo2 Peak
    • For short Bouts
      • 30-120 Seconds
  • Feasible and safe for select cardiac patients
  • usually starts after a few weeks of regular continuous aerobic exercise.
61
Q

Resistance Exercise:

  • __-__ sessions per week
  • __-__ different exercises
  • ___-__% of 1RM
  • initial resistance should allow for ___-___ Reps
  • RPE: ___-___
  • Below __________/____ ______
A

Resistance Exercise:

  • 2-3 sessions per week
  • 8-10 different exercises
  • 30-80% of 1RM
  • initial resistance should allow for 12-15 Reps
  • RPE: 11-14
  • Below ischemic/anginal threshold

EP4133: Exe for Clinical Populations (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions