Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Prevalence of HTN:
_____ million Americans aged ≥ 20 yr
- About _____
- Prevalence will ___ with age
- More common with what race______
A
Prevalence of HTN:
76 million Americans aged ≥ 20 yr
- About 1-3
- Prevalence will increase with age
- More common with what race?
- Black
2
Q
Aerobic Exercise Program:
Frequency:______
Intensity:________
Time:______
Type:______
Progression______
A
Aerobic Exercise Program:
- 3-7 Days per week
- VO2 R or HRR:40-60%
- 30-60 min
- continious or intervial
- Type: Large muscle groups rhythmic
- Progresson:Working to a goal.
3
Q
________ ________ will decrease BP
A
Endurance Exercise
4
Q
A _____ contraindicaton would that the GXT test can not be preformed.
A
Absolute
5
Q
No resistance exercise if resting BP is _______
A
>180/110
6
Q
_____ % of the population or aprox. ____ currenly diagnosed with diabetes.
A
8.3 % of the population or aprox. 26 million currently diagnosed with diabetes.
7
Q
What are the key components of the 08 PA guidelines for americans:
A
- Everyone can benifit from PA
- Benifits outway the risks
-
guidelines where provided for:
- Children& Adults
- older adults
- women during preagnancy
-
individuals with disabilitys
*
8
Q
Fitness, Fatness, & Mortality:
Who as more or less risk of death?
A
Fitness, Fatness, & Mortality:
Who as more or less risk of death?
Fitness over Fatness!
Fitness plays a role in decreasing the risk of death you can still be overweight but be fit at the same time with less risk
9
Q
You should not have someone preform aerobic exercise if resting BP is >_____/>_______
A
200/110mm
10
Q
would this be an absoulute or relative Contraindication for exercise testing?
A Significant change on the resting ECG suggesting ischemia, acute myocardial infarction,or other acute cardiac event.
A
Absolute
11
Q
A persons fasting blood glucose is 115mg.dL-1
This person is has _________
A
Pre-Diabetes
=fasting Blood glucose
>100mg.dL-1
<126mg.dL-1
12
Q
What is the time recomended time for adults per week for aerobic exercise?
A
(150) min moderate intensity/ week
or
(75) min of vigorus activity
in longer than 10min intervals
13
Q
RER=_______/______
A
Co2 produced / VO2
14
Q
The test should be stoped if angina reaches __ on the scale
A
3
15
Q
Diabetes is the ___th leading casue of DEATH in the U.S.
A
7th
16
Q
A __-__ on the angina scale when preforming a GXT is enough info to stop the test.
A
3-4
17
Q
_______-______ is when someones blood glucose is higher than normal but below diabetic levels.
What is diabetic fasting glucose level?
A
Pre- Diabetes
>126 mg.dL-1 is considered to be diabetic
<100mg.dL-1 is normal level
18
Q
______________ is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by an inability to produce sufficient insulin or use it properly, resulting in hyperglycemia.
A
Diabetes Mellitus
19
Q
_________- Ability to apply force at a given velocity
A
Muscular Power
20
Q
would this be an absoulute or relative Contraindication for exercise testing?
severe arterial hypertension at rest
A
Relative
21
Q
A blood pressure of 250/115 would be considered what?
A
Relative indication:
“Hypertensice response”
22
Q
a drop in systolic BP of ≧ 10mm with an increase of work rate or if systolic BP decreases below the values obtained in the same position prior to resting when accompanied by other evidence of ischemia would be an ______ indication.
A
Absolute
23
Q
______ is used to measure o2 uptake.
A
Open Circut Spirometry
24
Q
Diagnosis of HTN:
What method is used _______-
- during sitting & arm supported at Heart level
- after 5min of rest
- NO caffeine, Exercise, and smoking for 30 min prior.
- Phase 1- Korotkoff sound
- SBP
- Phase 5- Korotkoff sound
- DBP
A
Ausculitatory
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_=rate of heart at systole
RPP- Rate pressure product.
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the maximum ability to develop force by a muscle
Muscular strength
27
picture of electrical signal in the heart
Electrocardiogram
28
How many days per week should children have vigerous activity?
3 days per week
29
What would you use to measure multiple joints?
**Inclinometer**
30
**GXTs must be conducted by _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_ professionals**
Knowledgeable and well trained professionals
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- when the resting systolic BP is ≥140mm/Hg
and diastolic BP is ≥ 90mm/Hg
**Hypertension**
32
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- the ability to maintain submitmal force over extended time.
Muscular Endruance
33
**_Resistance Exercise Program:_**
American Heart Assocation Guidelines:
* \_\_\_\_\_Days per week
* _____ exercises
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* _______ Reps
* _____ reps for more frail people
* ________ \_\_
* Before,during and after resistance training
American Heart Assocation Guidelines:
* _2-3 per week_
* _8-10 exercises_
* at leasts _1 set_ _moderate intensity_
* _8-12 Reps_
* _10-15 reps_ for more frail people
* Monior BP
* _Before,during and after resistance training_
34
**would this be an absoulute or relative Contraindication for exercise testing?**
Uncontrolled cardiac arrhymia causing symptoms or hemodynamic compromise
**Absolute**
35
An approperate GXT test sould take about how many min long?
**8-12 min long**
36
**would this be an absoulute or relative Contraindication for exercise testing?**
left main coronary stenosis
**Relative**
37
How many new cases of diabetes where found in 2011?
**1,600,000**
38
About \_\_\_-\_\_\_% of Americans with diabetes have Type 2
**90-95%**
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is difficulty breathing
Dyspnea
40
A _____ contraindicaton would be a sugestion that the GXT test souldnt be preformed.
**Relative**
41
**The Role of PA in diabetes: Indirect**
* **Higher \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
* **Lower\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
* **Better \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
* **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
* **Lower\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
**The Role of PA in diabetes: Indirect**
* **Higher cardio-respiratory fitness**
* **Lower Blood pressure**
* **Better Blood lipid profile**
* **Weight Loss**
* **Lower Abdominal Fat**
42
\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_ - Any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recogniton during pregnacy.
**Gestational Diabetes Mellitus**
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_- is the ability ot move a joint through a full range of motion
**Flexibility**
44
What are signs and symptoms of HTN?
* Often there are no symptoms "silent killer"
* Headache
* Dizzy
* Palpatations
* Epistaxis-Nose blead
* Hematuria- Blood in the urine
45
This protocal test is popluar with doctors
Bruce test
46
What are the risk factors assocated with HTN?
* **CAD**
* **MI**
* **Heart failure**
* **Stroke**
* Direct and indirect economic cost 43.5 billion
47
What type of diabetes is insulin dependent?
The body does not make insulin\*
Type 1
48
Direct medical cost of diabetes yearly is \> $\_\_\_\_
The Indirect cost due to disability is $\_\_\_\_
**$116 Billion**
**$58 Billion**
49
This ergometer yeilds watts
Electronically breaked
50
**_Pathophysiology of HTN:_**
* _Essential-_ factors are?
**_Pathophysiology of HTN:_**
* _Essential- factors:_
* Genetic factors
* Salt sensitivity
* inappropriate renin secretion
* environment
51
**What factors control BP?**
* **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
* **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
* **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
* **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
* **epinephrine**
* **angiotenstin II**
* **aldosterone**
* **atrial natriuretic peptide**
* **Argine Vasopressin**
* **Local vascular factors**
* **Nitric oxide**
* **Autonomic Neural Control**
* **Medulla**
* **Excite=Sympathetic vs vagal= Rest**
* **Hormone Control**
* epinephrine
* angiotenstin II
* aldosterone
* atrial natriuretic peptide
* Argine Vasopressin
* Local vascular factors
* Nitric oxide
52
What is the formula for HRR or VO2 R?
[(HR peak- Rest) x precent as decimal] + Rest HR
53
Acute Hypoglycemia complications:
* Low Glycogen in the blood
* Fainting
* Increased HR
* Neuroglycopenic Pain
**These can be treated how?**
* **Test Glucose level**
* **Consume 15 grams of carbs**
* **120 ml orange juice**
* **If patient is unconcius give glucogon injection.**
**More likely to be in a person with type 1.**
54
An inverted T wave is an indication for what?
Myocardial infarctoin
55
\_\_\_\_\_ inhibits the SNS?
Vagal
56
Gestational diabetes occurs during \_\_\_% to \_\_\_% of pregnancies.
**2%-10%**
57
\_\_\_\_ **are important in the medical evaluation of individuals with clinical conditons.**
**GXTs**
58
\_\_\_\_= COxTPR
Blood pressure(BP)=
Cardiac Output x Total peripherial Resistance
59
What all can be found in a GXT report?
1. Angina status
2. ECG findings pertaining to ischemia
3. ECG findings pertaining to arythmia
4. functional capacity
5. HR response
6. BP response
60
What would you use to measure an isolated joint directly?
**Goniometer**
61
About ____ have no idea they have diabetes!
**5 Million**
62
\_\_\_\_\_: produced by endothelial cells
**Nitric Oxide**
63
\_\_\_\_ # of new cases of diabetes in 2011
**1.9 Million**
64
What are the 3 stages of progression:
1. intial
2. Improvement
3. Maintance
- Reversability is important in the maintance stage.
65
The slope of the prevelance of diabetes between white,black,and asian are the same why?
The disease is more prevalent as the years go on, and people are living longer. However the ammount of Black americans is more prevalent than white or asian
66
\_\_\_\_- means respiratory exchange ratio
RER
67
Someone with \>\_\_\_ mg.dL-1 fasting blood glucose level has Diabetes
**\>126** **mg.dL-1 = Diabetes**
68
The RA and LA electrodes should be placed\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Just below the right and left clavical
69
**Causes of Hypertension:**
Essential Cause:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Secconday cause:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Essential: Hardening of the arteries
Secondary causes:
Renal- decrease in urine excretion
Endocrine "adrenal glands"
70
A Depression in the ST segment means that
ischemia is occuring or has occured
71
Children should have how many min of PA daily?
60 Min
72
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ plays an imporant role in the management of many clinical conditions
Exercise training
73
In \_\_\_\_% of cases diabetes goes undiagnosed
**25%**
74
HTN: is #\_\_\_ leading casue of death in 2010.
**#13**
75
BP is greater on the left or right side?
**Left Side- has to pump blood to the rest of the body that requires a greater force**
76
\_\_\_-\_\_\_% of people with pre-diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes
**15-30%**
77
\_\_\_ is recorded during the last 15 seconds fo each 2 min period during the test
ECG,RPE
78
This type of ergometers yields kgm/m and has a knob
Mechanicaly breaked
79
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when blood flow is reduced to the heart
Angina/ Ischima
80
RL and LL electrodes should be placed on the _______ or at the level of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the lower edge of the rib cage
umbilicus of the mid clavicular line
81
\_\_\_\_ is often conducted with patients off medications
GXT or graded exercise test
82
giving a the patient medicatoin to increase HR to simulate exercise level HR
**Pharmacologic stress Testing**
83
What are common symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
* **unusual thirst**
* **frequent qrine**
* **unsual weight loss**
* **extreme fatigue & irritability**
* **Frequent infectoins**
* **cuts/bruises heal slow**
* **blurred vision**
84
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ protocols:
Work rate is gradually increased
ramping bruce
and is to be used to individualize the test.
**Ramping protocols**
85
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ is when normal amounts of insulin are inadequate to produce a normal cell response.
**Insulin Resistance**
86
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is responsable for vasoconstricton and diolaton of vessels
**Nitric Oxide**
87
**would this be an absoulute or relative Contraindication for exercise testing?**
Moderate stenotic valvular heart disease
**relative**
88
and elivated ST segement could be an indication for
acute heart attack
89
What is the time recomended time for adults per week for muscular strengthing exercise?
Muscle strengthening should be done
* 2 or more days a week.
* All major muscle groups should be worked.
* These are the legs, hips, back, abdomen, chest, shoulders, and arms.
* Exercises for each muscle group should be repeated 8 to 12 times per set.
* As exercises become easier, increase the weight or do another set.
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_causes Keytone bodies to be released in the blood and causes the cells to reject insulin.
This will result in a higher producton of insulin.
**Fat metabolism**
91
\_\_\_\_\_ is monitored continously before the test
ECG, Signs and symptoms
92
**_Diagnosis of HTN:_**
A medical professional will have to take the patients BP __ or more times, and over __ different visits
**2**
93
**_Pathophysiology of HTN:_**
* _Secondary-_ factors are?
**_Pathophysiology of HTN:_**
* _Secondary- factors:_
* Renal handeling of Na+
* may increase blood volume
* altered renal secretion of vaso-active substances
* _endocine_
* __problems in adrenall glands
94
What type of diabetes fails to properly respond to it's own insulin, does not make enough insulin or both?
Type 2
95
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the same as vo2 but in METS
**functional capacity**
96
Who is the Most important Ex. Phys epidemiologist today?
**Steven Blair**
97
**Neuro-Hormonal Control:**
**What 2 Neuro/Humoral factors will decrease the blood volume,decrease the cardiac output,and decrease the arterial pressure?**
* **Vagal activity** can decrease cardiac output
* and arterial pressure
* **Atrial natriuretic Peptide**
98
About \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_% of americans with diabetes have type 1 diabetes
**5-10%**
99
Acute Hyperglycemia complications:
* Diabetic Ketoacidosis
* Hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
**These can be treated how?**
* **Drink Water**
* **Monitor Blood Glucose levels**
* **Possibly increse Meds**
100
Somone who has low glycogen in blood could have and increase in HR why?
To get blood moving through the body quickly
101
**_Complications of HTN:_**
Name the 6 Complicatoins found with HTN
1. Endothelial Dysfuncton
2. athersclerosis
3. ventrical hypertrophy(growth of the ventricals)
4. Congestive heart failure
5. Stroke
6. Renal Disease
102
Pre-diabetes effects about _____ Americans
**57 Million**
103
What are some risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes?
* Overweight
* High level of abdominal Fat
* Family History
* Physical Inactivity
* Race/ethnicity
* African American,American Indian,asian american,pacific islander,hispanic american/latino
* Hypertension
* dyslipidemia
* Older Age
104
**What is the Role of PA in diabetes: Direct Effects:**
* Improves \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* acute
* long term
* Pancreas
* Reduced \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Liver
* Decreased Glucose productoin
* Adipose Tissue
* Greater fatty acid metabolism
* Skeletal Muscle
* Greater expression of glut-4
**Glucose homeostasis**
**Reduced insulin secretion**
105
The estimated annual cost of diabetes in the U.S. in 2007 was $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**$174 Billion**
**With a "B"**
106
**would this be an absoulute or relative Contraindication for exercise testing?**
Unstable angina not controlled by medical therapy
**Absolute**
107
When the artery allows for more blood flow the BP \_\_\_\_\_\_
Decreases
## Footnote
*and vice versa*
108
Diabetes can cause other chronic complications.
## Footnote
**What are examples of thoese complications?**
* **Macrovascular:**
* Coronary artery disease
* Leads to Myocardial infarction
* **MicroVascular:**
* inner lining of blood vessels loose elasticity
* decrease in endothelial response
