Test 2: Gender and Gender Roles Flashcards
Culture
Provides us with an important clue for recognizing whether a person is female or male in most situations = Dress
Dress
In most cultures male and female clothing differ so we can usually identify a person’s agenda; Clothing and other aspects of appearance further exaggerate the physical differences between men and women.
Sex
Refers to whether one is biologically female or male based on genetics/ anatomical sex
Assigned Gender
Gender given by others, usually at birth
Gender Identity
Gender a person believes him or himself to be
Gender Roles
Attitude, Behavior, rights, responsibilities that a culture group associates with each sex
Gender Roles Stereotype
Over simplified/ over generalized belief about how each gender should behave
Cisgender
Used by someone to describe a person whose gender identity matches the biological sex they were assigned at birth
Our culture emphasizes…
Gender Binary (the classification of gender into two distinct, opposite, and disconnected forms of masculine and feminine, whether by social system or cultural belief)
Gender Variant (gender nonconforming)
Those that questions their gender, uncertain, unwilling to state, feel limited by these categories; other terms used is gender atypical behavior, gender dysphoria, gender identity disorder
Assigned Gender
We are assigned a gender based on our anatomical appearance – it tells others how to respond to us
Gender identity begins by age…
2, they are able to identify themselves as boy/girl but don’t usually know why (internalized and identify with our gender)
By age 4/5 children have learned…
many social stereotypes about how boys and girls should behave
Non-Binary
Spectrum of gender identity and expression rejection that gender is an either or aka: agender, gender fluid (some cultures have recognized that sex and gender are not always divided on binary lines)
Masculinity/Femininity across cultures
Each culture determines the content of gender roles in its own way; cultural norms change with time and across culture; biology creates males and females but culture creates concept of masculinity and femininity (change in gender stereotypes/expectations have occurred over decades)
Sexism
Discrimination against people based on their sex rather than merits, often associated with stereotypes
Gender Theory
Society may be understood by how it organized according to gender
Cognitive Social Learning Theory
Explaining our actions behaviorist emphasize observable events and consequences rather than feeling (we learn attitude and behavior by social interactions with others) belief that consequences control behavior
The cognitive process involved in social learning include ability to:
- Use Language, 2. Anticipate Consequence, 3. Make Observation (also learn by modeling from parents, teachers, etc.)
Cognitive Development Theory
Focus on Childs interpretation of the message that they receive from the environment, learn differently depending on age
Social Construction Theory
Views gender as a set of practice and performance that occur through language and political system
Gender role learning in childhood and adolescence
Difficult to analyze between biology and personality
Parents as socializing agent
During infancy & childhood most important source of learning is primary care giver
Children are socialized in gender roles by…
Manipulation, Channeling, Verbal Appellation, Activity Exposure
Manipulation
How the parents treat their child
Channeling
Directing attention to specific objects
Verbal Appellation
Using different words with boys and girls to describe the same behavior
Teachers as Socializing Agents
Teachers are important role models for their students; encouraging different activities
Peers as Socializing Agents
Peers become important as they enter schools, influence games, clothes, TV shows, music (provide info about gender norms) friends, gender roles, attitude behavior, and belief encourages them to adopt similar behaviors and beliefs
Media Influence
Influence can’t be ignore gender categorizing in children’s toys clothes costumes is used to target children and behavior
Shift of gender roles in stores
Some stores (target, amazon) no longer segregate toys along gender lines
Sexual Scripts
Given many in life according to the role, sexual script outlines how we are to behave sexually when acting out our gender roles; perceptions and patterns in sexual behavior are shaped by sexual scripts
Traditional Male Gender Roles
Males generally regarded as more power oriented than females, higher level if aggression
Male Sexual Scripts
Man is in charge, All physical contact leads to sex, Sex equal intercourse
Traditional Female Gender Role
Females regarded as expressive, emotional, supportive (emphasize passivity attractiveness) traditional role has been modified to include work and marriage
Female Sexual Script
focuses on feelings over sex, sex is good and bad, men should know what women want, women are nurturers
Stereotypes play a role in…
Messages given to males and females
Changing roles and scripts
As gender roles change sexual scripts also change
Contemporary sexual scripts include for both sexes:
Sexual expression is positive and healthy, needs to be equal in terms of responsibility and initiative
Psychosexual development is influences by multiple factors
Exposure to androgens, sex, chromosomes, genes, and brain structures; overtime, more individuals have been rejecting the traditional binary model of male vs. female
Transgender
Used to capture all identities that fall outside of the traditional gender roles
Androgyny
Combination of masculine and feminine traits
Transgender people are defined according to their…
Gender identity and presentation (support and treatment are aimed at affirming transgender identity and role)
Gender Dysphoria
Someone that is intensely distressed with his/her biological gender and strongly identifies with and wants to be the other gender
Gender dysphoria replaces gender identity disorder
not all transgender people have gender dysphoria but those that do the distress can impact on ability to work and quality of life
Turners Syndrome; 45, XO
One of the X chromosomes is missing and incomplete; births appear normal, no ovaries = puberty does not take place need hormonal therapy(One of the most common chromosomal DSD among females) Occurring in an estimating 1 in 2,500 live births
Klinefelter Syndrome; (47,XXY) extra X
Effects are variable and many males are not diagnosed; presence of double X interferes with male sexual development
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Group of inherited disorders of the adrenal gland; Lack an enzyme needed to make the hormones cortisol and aldosterone
5- Alpha Reductase Deficiency
Males do not produce enough hormone DHT, DHT has a role in male sexual development; decrease amount of hormone in utero causes a disruption in the formation of external sex organs before birth
Hypospladia
Opening of the penis is not located at the tip of the penis
