test 2: early canada and the 7 years war

Question 1

explain the Land Bridge theory

Answer 1

Around 25000 year ago during the last ice age, native russian people were able to walk to north america because the water was lower.

Question 2

why do scientists challenge the Land Bridge theory?

Answer 2

It’s more of a guess as there is not a lot of evidence proving the theory.

Question 3

define:
"Indian"
Aboriginal
Metis
Inuit
Indigenous
First Nations

Answer 3

term used by europeans to identify the people they found in north and south america
the descendants of the original people of north america
people with mixed indigenous and european ancestors
aboriginal people of far northern canada
originating from a place
the term used to describe all the groups of aboriginal people except for metis and inuit

Question 4

name the 6 groups of indigenous people in canada

Answer 4

arctic
subarctic
northwest coast
plateau
plains
eastern woodland hunters/farmers

Question 5

name 2 foods and 1 shelter that was used by each indigenous group (6)

Answer 5

arctic - seal, polar bear - igloos
subarctic - caribou, ice fishing - lean to’s
northwest coast - hunting, fishing, gathering - wooden longhouses
plateau - deer, small mammals, BEARS!? - pit houses
plains - bison, berries - tipis
eastern woodland - crops, fish - wigwams

Question 6

what are the 5 key values of the indigenous people (describe each one)?

Answer 6

spirituality - understanding your connection to the world
caretakers of the land - nobody owns the land, just take care of it
language - verb based language that focusses on connections
values - cooperation, sharing, everyone does their part
oral traditions - never wrote anything down, all passed down through stories. stories could entertain, teach, and preserve culture

Question 7

how did the indigenous people make decisions?

Answer 7

a council of elders came to a consensus

Question 8

what was the haudenosaunee confederacy?

Answer 8

a “great law of peace” to stop war between the five iroquois nations who lived along the great lakes.

Question 9

define mercantilism

Answer 9

the theory that a country can make money by simply exporting more than it imports.

Question 10

define colonialism

Answer 10

the idea that you can control land by putting people there

Question 11

what were three things expected of european colonies?

Answer 11

• provide raw resources
• provide people to trade with
• provide somewhere for people to live

Question 12

name the 3 things that brought europeans and indigenous people together

Answer 12

trade, religion, and war

Question 13

explain jacques cartier’s 3 trips to canada

Answer 13

1- learns about the land, meets the leader of the iroquois (donnaconna) and takes his two sons back to france (domagaya & taignoagny)
2-french get stuck in canada for the winter, catch scurvy which is treated by the iroquois, the iroquois catch smallpox which they cant cure. Cartier takes more iroquois back to france.
3- cartier returns without the captives he took, the iroquois attack and he leaves.

Question 14

what was the main benefit of cartier’s trips to canada?

Answer 14

he mapped most of the great lakes area

Question 15

who was samuel de champlain?

Answer 15

the father of new france- fixed relationships with the iroquois, established the first permanent colony (quebec)

Question 16

who were the Militia?

Answer 16

any able bodied man from age 16-60 would build roads and buildings, and defend villages from iroquois attacks.

Question 17

define a Parish

Answer 17

a community church that acted like a municipal government

Question 18

who were the jesuits and what were their jobs?

Answer 18

religious missionaries who came to new france to provide healthcare, education, religious services, and to convert indigenous people to christianity

Question 19

what did the french traders do to help convert the indigenous to christianity?

Answer 19

they would only trade with people who converted

Question 20

describe the land ownership system in new france

Answer 20

“seignurial system” - king owns all the land, but he gives it to nobles who then rent out plots to habitants to live and work on.

Question 20

describe the land ownership system in new france

Answer 20

“seignurial system” - king owns all the land, but he gives it to nobles who then rent out plots to habitants to live and work on.

Question 21

where did the huron people bring their furs to trade with the french?

Answer 21

quebec, montreal, trois rivieres

Question 22

what was the company of 100 associates?

Answer 22

a group of 100 investors who made unlicensed fur trade illegal from 1663 to 1716

Question 23

describe the rise of the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1670

Answer 23

two coureurs de bois (radisson and grossilliers) find out if they expand further north, they’ll find more beaver pelts. The french king tells em to fuck off, so they go to the english king, who gives them two boats (nonsuch and eaglet) and send em through hudson bay and into manitoba. Prince Rupert’s land is claimed and in 1670 they start the HBC. The HBC is given a monopoly over trade in rupert’s land.

Question 24

describe the rise of the North West Company

Answer 24

french make the NWC in 1779 to compete with the HBC, ignoring the monopoly of the HBC.

Question 25

when and why did the HBC and NWC merge?

Answer 25

1821, because they were tired of fighting and the NWC had expanded too far and was unorganized.

Question 26

before the merger, how many outposts did each fur company have?

Answer 26

NWC - 108

HBC - 57

Question 27

who were the acadians?

Answer 27

the first french settlers. They lived in new brunswick and PEI, but mainly in Nova Scotia.

Question 28

when and why were the acadians relocated?

Answer 28

the treaty of utrecht gave acadia to britain. They wanted the acadians to fight against the french, and expelled them when they refused.

Question 29

what happened to the acadians after they were expelled?

Answer 29

1/3 died of disease and other natural causes, 1/3 was scattered through canada and america, and the remaininng 1/3 settled in what is now louisianna. This is where the term “cajuns” comes from, it’s “acadians” with an american accent.

Question 30

what was Louisbourg?

Answer 30

Louisbourg was a fort on cape breton island where acadia used to be. It was a strategic military location* as well as a home for ~2000 people.

*guards the entrance to the st. lawrence river

Question 31

who was James Wolfe?

Answer 31

young and reckless british general who lead the assault on the french

Question 32

in what summer did britain take new france?

Answer 32

1759. (finished by september)

Question 33

describe wolfe’s first attack

Answer 33

the first attack didn’t go well. Wolfe disobeyed his superiors and attacked at beauport shore, where the french were waiting for him.

Question 34

describe wolfe’s second attack

Answer 34

on september 13th 1759, on the plains of abraham, wolfe’s army attacked. They scaled a cliff and won the fight on top.

Question 35

who was the french army leader (opposer of james wolfe)

Answer 35

Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm

Question 36

what was Montcalm’s army made up of?

Answer 36

4400 men who were mostly workers from cities, and about 400 militia and first nations people.

Question 37

what was wolfe’s army made up of?

Answer 37

4441 irish farmers and scottish highlanders

Question 38

what did wolfe do to give himself an advantage?

Answer 38

he spread out his soldiers into two lines instead of the normal 3. This made it look like there were more than there were. (line was a mile wide)

Question 39

what were the mistakes Montcalm made in the battle for quebec? What was the result?

Answer 39

he had the forces split up at the start because he wasnt sure where the british would attack. He then attacked early instead of waiting for word to get to the second group of soldiers. By the time they got to the plains, the french were exhausted. Because of this, the french lost the battle in less than 15 minutes.

Question 40

describe the aftermath of the battle of the plains of abraham.

Answer 40

wolfe and montcalm were both part of the 1300 dead soldiers at the plains of abraham. The french refused to fight after that loss, even though they still outnumbered the british.

Question 41

describe the aftermath of the seven years war.

Answer 41

the articles of capitulation negotiated france’s surrender, and the treaty of paris ended the war. France wanted land and resources back instead of money, and they kept two small islands called st. pierre and miquelon.

Question 42

summarize the seven years’ war

Answer 42

a war between the british and the french for control of north america, won by the british. This was mostly fought in north america, but there were also major campaigns in europe.

Question 43

what happened to the louisbourg fortress at the end of the war?

Answer 43

the british deported all the citizens back to france, then blew up all the fortifications.

Question 44

don’t rush through the test

Answer 44

or else you’ll be pissed at your shitty mark.