test 1: chemistry Flashcards
What is matter?
Anything with both mass and volume.
what is the Law Of Conservation Of Mass?
in a chemical reaction, the mass of all the products is exactly equal to the mass of all the reactants.
Define and give examples of physical properties
properties that are observable using the senses, including colour, density, malleability, boiling/melting points
define and give examples of chemical properties
Observed by chemical testing:
- reactivity, especially with acids
- flammability
describe a bohr model
literally check your notes, i aint typing a bohr model
describe a louis dot diagram
chemical symbol in middle, valence electrons drawn as dots around the outside
name the elements who’s pure gas form can only exist as a molecule of two of the element (X2, Y2, etc)
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine, these are called diatomic molecules, but are still considered elements.
what is the Periodic Law?
If elements are arranged according to their atomic mass, a pattern can be seen where similar characteristics occur regularly
what are periods and rows?
period = column, row = row
Define an ionic bond.
an ionic bond is when valence electrons are transferred from a metal to a non-metal. It is less of a bond and more of a weak attraction.
what happens to the charge of each element in an ionic bond?
metals lose electrons and become positive ions, while non-metals gain those electrons and become negative ions. This is because electrons are negatively charged.
what do you call the product of an ionic bond?
a binary ionic compound.
how do we name binary ionic compounds?
(metal name) + (stem name of non-metal + “ide”)
What is the stock system?
using roman numerals to show the charge of a transition metal (because they can have different ones)
BONUS: name an element that cannot form ionic bonds
carbon
what is a covalent bond?
A bond where two non-metals share valence electrons.
Name the chemical formulas of methane, ammonia, and water.
CH4, NH3, H20
name the 4 differences between covalent and ionic bonds.
ionic:
- 2 atoms attracting
- weak
- transfer electrons
- metal & non metal
name the 3 differences between covalent and ionic bonds.
ionic:
- 2 atoms attracting
- weak
- transfer electrons
- metal & nonmetal
covalent:
- 2 atoms sharing electrons
- strong
- 2 nonmetals
what is a diatomic molecule?
two atoms of the same element (HOFBrINCl) forming a covalent bond.
how do we name covalent compounds?
(prefix + name of first nonmetal) + (prefix + stem name of second nonmetal + “ide”)
ex. Dihydrogen Pentafluoride
how do we name covalent compounds?
(prefix + name of first nonmetal) + (prefix + stem name of second nonmetal + “ide”)
ex. Dihydrogen Pentafluoride
how do we know what naming rules to use?
covalent bonds use the prefixes AND “ide”
ionic bonds use just “ide”, unless there’s a transition metal, in which case we use both “ide” and the stock system.
how do we balance a chemical equation?
add coefficients in front of the compounds so that there are the same number of atoms of each element on each side of the equation.
ex. H2 + O2 = H2O is not true, but 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O is true.
what’s the difference between a coefficient and a subscript?
coefficients multiply the whole molecule, and subscripts show the number of a specific atom in the molecule.
name each type of reaction.
single replacement: AB + C = AC + B double replacement: AB + CD = AC + BD synthesis: A + B = AB decomposition: AB = A + B combustion: makes CO2 and H2O neutralization: makes H2O and a salt
name 5 characteristics of an acid
- sour tasting
- turns litmus paper red
- below 7pH
- reactive with metals
- cancels the properties of a base
- formula starts with hydrogen
- doesnt change the colour of phenolptahlein
- extremely corrosive
name 5 characteristics of a base
- bitter tasting
- turns litmus paper blue
- above 7pH
- slippery
- cancels the properties of an acid
- formula includes hydroxide (OH)
- turns phenolphtahlein pink
- extremely corrosive
what is a neutralization reaction?
when an acid and a base combine, they cancel the properties of one another. This leaves behind water and a salt from whatever’s left when we take away the atoms to make water.
