bio2

Question 1

name every organ in the digestion system from top to bottom

Answer 1

mouth, toungue, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus

Question 2

name the two sphincters around the stomach

Answer 2

pyloric on bottom and cardiac on top

Question 3

name the 3 sections of the small intestine from top to bottom

Answer 3

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

Question 4

what is the name of the place where the small intestine meets the large intestine?

Answer 4

cecum (haha cum)

Question 5

what kind of biomolecule are enzymes?

Answer 5

pROTEIN!!1!!!!1!!1

Question 6

what does an enzyme do to a substrate?

Answer 6

breaks it down by attaching itself to it.

side note: fuck you im not memorizing “glucocerebrosidase breaks down glucocerebroside”

Question 7

what mechanical and chemical digestion happens in the mouth?

Answer 7

M- mastication (chewing)

C- salivary amylase breaks down starches into simpler sugars

Question 8

what mechanical and chemical digestion happens in the stomach?

Answer 8

M- contractions

C- pepsin breaks down protein

Question 9

what mechanical and chemical digestion happens in the small intestine?

Answer 9

M- fat emulsification

C- lipases break down fat, carbohydrases break down carbs, proteases break down proteins

Question 10

what is peristalsis?

Answer 10

a form of mechanical digestion that happens all the way along the alimentary canal besides the mouth and rectum. It’s basically a side effect of the process of moving the food.

Question 11

what is food called at each stage of digestion?

Answer 11

before eating: food -> chewed/swallowed: bolus -> after stomach: chyme

Question 12

which organ absorbs the nutrients? What part of the organ makes it better at this? What other organ helps the process?

Answer 12

small intestine, villi to increase surface area, pancreas releases the enzymes to break everything down

Question 13

where is water absorbed?

Answer 13

the large intestine

Question 14

what happens when an enzyme gets too hot? too cold?

Answer 14

too hot- denatures (“dies”) too cold- slows down (but can speed back up again)

Question 15

define ingestion

Answer 15

eating food dumbass

Question 16

define secretion

Answer 16

releasing liquids to help ex. salivary glands, pancreas, stomach

Question 17

define digestion

Answer 17

breaking down complex food particles into small particles that can enter the blood stream

Question 18

define absorbtion. Where does it happen?

Answer 18

moving nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream, in the small intestine

Question 19

define egestion

Answer 19

shitting

Question 20

explain the difference between physical/mechanical and chemical digestion

Answer 20

mechanical is breaking food into smaller pieces of the same food, chemical is when enzymes break down the food into simpler chemicals.

Question 21

what are the 4 main functions of the liver?

Answer 21

1. produces bile to break down fats
2. stores excess sugar
3. breaks down old red blood cells
4. detoxifies blood (gets rid of drugs)

Question 22

what are the 3 main functions of the pancreas?

Answer 22

it secretes the following using the pancreatic duct:

1: enzymes
2: sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acid in the chyme after it leaves the stomach
3: Hormones:
i: insulin to lower blood sugar
ii: glucagon to raise blood sugar

Question 23

what are the more basic form of protein called?

Answer 23

amino acids

Question 24

how much glucose per day does the brain use?

Answer 24

120g/day, which should be 60-70% of what we eat. This is about 250 m&ms (aw man i want m&ms now)

Question 25

what is the ideal amount of blood sugar?

Answer 25

70-120 milligrams per deciliter

Question 26

what happens when you go above the ideal blood sugar range? Below?

Answer 26

“hyperglycemia”- eye, nerve, kidney issues

“hypoglycemia”- tired, lethargic, coma, death

Question 27

what are the 3 ways insulin breaks down glucose? which are reversable?

Answer 27

1: (IRREV) glycolysis- make ATP (quick energy for anything)
2: (REV) glycogenesis- form glycogen to store short term in muscle or liver
3: (IRREV) lipogenesis- store long term in fat tissue

Question 28

what are the 2 ways Glucagon makes glucose? What’s the 3rd thing it does? Which are reversable?

Answer 28

1: (REV) Glycogenolysis: make glucose from glycogen
2: (REV) Glucoreogenesos: make glucose from amino acids

3: (IRREV) ketogenesis:” make ketone bodies (energy for heart and brain only) from fatty acids

Question 29

explain the difference between the 3 types of diabetes:

Answer 29

type 1: born with it, cant produce insulin
type 2: develop it from unhealthy eating, too much sugar in body for the pancreas and liver to deal with
gestational: temporary diabetes developed during pregnancy

Question 30

name 5 long term consequences of diabetes

Answer 30

heart attacks, strokes, kidney disease, foot problems, anxiety

Question 31

what are the names of the pancreas cells that release each hormone?

Answer 31

alpha-glucagon

beta-insulin

Question 32

explain the part the pancreas plays in homeostasis

Answer 32

regulates blood glucose (big important)

Question 33

what 2 places does blood sugar end up?

Answer 33

liver and body cells