bio2 Flashcards
name every organ in the digestion system from top to bottom
mouth, toungue, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus
name the two sphincters around the stomach
pyloric on bottom and cardiac on top
name the 3 sections of the small intestine from top to bottom
1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum
what is the name of the place where the small intestine meets the large intestine?
cecum (haha cum)
what kind of biomolecule are enzymes?
pROTEIN!!1!!!!1!!1
what does an enzyme do to a substrate?
breaks it down by attaching itself to it.
side note: fuck you im not memorizing “glucocerebrosidase breaks down glucocerebroside”
what mechanical and chemical digestion happens in the mouth?
M- mastication (chewing)
C- salivary amylase breaks down starches into simpler sugars
what mechanical and chemical digestion happens in the stomach?
M- contractions
C- pepsin breaks down protein
what mechanical and chemical digestion happens in the small intestine?
M- fat emulsification
C- lipases break down fat, carbohydrases break down carbs, proteases break down proteins
what is peristalsis?
a form of mechanical digestion that happens all the way along the alimentary canal besides the mouth and rectum. It’s basically a side effect of the process of moving the food.
what is food called at each stage of digestion?
before eating: food -> chewed/swallowed: bolus -> after stomach: chyme
which organ absorbs the nutrients? What part of the organ makes it better at this? What other organ helps the process?
small intestine, villi to increase surface area, pancreas releases the enzymes to break everything down
where is water absorbed?
the large intestine
what happens when an enzyme gets too hot? too cold?
too hot- denatures (“dies”) too cold- slows down (but can speed back up again)
define ingestion
eating food dumbass
define secretion
releasing liquids to help ex. salivary glands, pancreas, stomach
define digestion
breaking down complex food particles into small particles that can enter the blood stream
define absorbtion. Where does it happen?
moving nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream, in the small intestine
define egestion
shitting
explain the difference between physical/mechanical and chemical digestion
mechanical is breaking food into smaller pieces of the same food, chemical is when enzymes break down the food into simpler chemicals.
what are the 4 main functions of the liver?
- produces bile to break down fats
- stores excess sugar
- breaks down old red blood cells
- detoxifies blood (gets rid of drugs)
what are the 3 main functions of the pancreas?
it secretes the following using the pancreatic duct:
1: enzymes
2: sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acid in the chyme after it leaves the stomach
3: Hormones:
i: insulin to lower blood sugar
ii: glucagon to raise blood sugar
what are the more basic form of protein called?
amino acids
how much glucose per day does the brain use?
120g/day, which should be 60-70% of what we eat. This is about 250 m&ms (aw man i want m&ms now)
what is the ideal amount of blood sugar?
70-120 milligrams per deciliter
what happens when you go above the ideal blood sugar range? Below?
“hyperglycemia”- eye, nerve, kidney issues
“hypoglycemia”- tired, lethargic, coma, death
what are the 3 ways insulin breaks down glucose? which are reversable?
1: (IRREV) glycolysis- make ATP (quick energy for anything)
2: (REV) glycogenesis- form glycogen to store short term in muscle or liver
3: (IRREV) lipogenesis- store long term in fat tissue
what are the 2 ways Glucagon makes glucose? What’s the 3rd thing it does? Which are reversable?
1: (REV) Glycogenolysis: make glucose from glycogen
2: (REV) Glucoreogenesos: make glucose from amino acids
3: (IRREV) ketogenesis:” make ketone bodies (energy for heart and brain only) from fatty acids
explain the difference between the 3 types of diabetes:
type 1: born with it, cant produce insulin
type 2: develop it from unhealthy eating, too much sugar in body for the pancreas and liver to deal with
gestational: temporary diabetes developed during pregnancy
name 5 long term consequences of diabetes
heart attacks, strokes, kidney disease, foot problems, anxiety
what are the names of the pancreas cells that release each hormone?
alpha-glucagon
beta-insulin
explain the part the pancreas plays in homeostasis
regulates blood glucose (big important)
what 2 places does blood sugar end up?
liver and body cells
