Test 2 Deck Flashcards
what is the chest anatomy?
bony thorax, respiratory system, mediastinum
bony thorax
protective framework (chest anatomy)
respiratory system
lungs and airways-larynx, trachea, right and left bronchi (chest anatomy)
Mediastinum
space between the lungs
name the chest radiographs (basic)
PA, Lateral
PA Chest
IR 14x17 lengthwise , top of IR 1-11/2 inches above shoulders rotate shoulder forward CR perpendicular- level T-7 (7-8 inches from vertebral prominence) 2nd inspiration. What we see: entire lungs , scapulae removed form lungs collimation top and bottom
Explain reason for performing (basic) chest x-ray
allows: diaphragm to move down farther, demonstrate: air filled levels
prevent: engorgement of pulmonary vessels and lingering in blood
Lateral Chest
IR 14X!7 lengthwise 90 degrees (coronal plane perpendicular) arms up central ray: mid thoracic (level T-7) 2nd inspiration what you see: entire lunge no rotation: by lack of superimposition of posterior ribs
Name of chest radiograph (special)
AP Supine or erect, Lateral decubitus, AP Lordotic
AP Supine or Semi erect
14X17 inches lengthwise
CR: (level T-7) perpendicular to sternum caudad or caudal - toward the feet landmark jugular notch 3-4 inches down what you see:heart is going to look larger because of the distance magnification, ribs 8 to 9, air filled wont be defined
Lateral Decubitus Chest
can be done PA or AP
IR 14X17 inches
1-11/2 inches above shoulders
arms up - so humerus is out of the way of the way lungs
CR- horizontal T-7 (7-8 inches from vertebral prominence or 3-4 inches from jugular notch)
demonstrate fluid: affected side down
demonstrate air: affected side up
decub marker: arrow or up marker
what you see: entire lungs, arms not superimposed over lungs, give enlargement of cardiac)
AP Lordotic Chest
IR 14X!&
stand erect 1 foot from IR
lean back with shoulder, head and neck against IR, hands on hips, palms out, shoulders rolled forward
SID 72’
CR horizontal (straight at the chest) T-7
AP semi- axial lordotric
Cr: 15-20 cephalad
what you see: clavicles above apices, no rotation: ribs appear near horizontal
Lateral Upper Airway (soft tissue neck)
IR 10X12 top (external auditory meatus)
soft tissue neck
CR: (C6-C7) Mid sagittal lin4
breathing: slow deep breaths through out the exposure
midway between layngel prominence, thyroid cartilage and jugular notch
what you see: air filled trachea and larynx, shoulder not superimposed over trachea
Upper Airway (soft tissue neck)
CR- T1-T2 (jugular notch 1-2 inches above)
AML (acanthiomeatal line) base of nose to ear
IR perpendicular
IR10X12
what you see: mandible, mastoid, airway
what are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
RUQ (right upper quadrant)
liver, gallbladder, right colic, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney, right suprarenal gland
LUQ (left upper quadrant
spleen, stomach, left colic, left kidney, left suprarenal gland,, tail of pancreas
RLQ (right lower quadrant)
ascending colon, appendix, cecum 2/3 ileum ileocecal valve
LLQ (left lower quadrant)
descending colon, sigmoid colon, 2/3 of jejunum
what are the 9 regions
top:right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, middle: right lateral , umbilical, left lateral bottom:right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal
9 regions divided planes transvers/ horizontal and right and left lateral plane
2 transvers/horizontal are transplyoric plane and transtubercular plane (L1) both lateral planes are parallel to the midsagittal plane (L5)
landmarks (mid and Upper)
Xiphold tip, inferior costal (rib) margin, Illiac crest
positioning landmarks (palpation)
Things that you can palpate (makes things easier to find)
Upper Gastric
epi: above, gastric: stomach
Xiphold tip
very bottom of sternum, good way to find epigastric region, superior margin of the abdomen (T9-T-10)
Inferior costal (rib) margin
under or bottom of rib cage (L2-L3)
Iliac Crest
midabdomen (L4-L5) mid abdomen
grater trochanter
rotate the leg and you can feel it (lower abdomen pelvic landmark)
symphysis pubis
palpation inferior margin of the abdomen
Ischial tuberosity
palpation used to determine the lower margin of a PA abdomen patient prone position
3 way Acute abdomen series
supine, erect, decubitus & PA Chest
2 way Acute abdomen Series
AP Supine & AP Erect
what is the function of digestive system?
ingestion (intake), absorption (absorb), elimination (eliminate)
What is in the anatomy of the digestive system?
oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach duodenum accessory organs
landmark lower abdomen (pelvic)
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), Greater trochanter, Symphysis pubis, Ischial tuberosity
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
bony part that sticks out above the hips anterior
greater trochanter (of the femur)
hard to palpate, easy to find (move patients feet, put hands on hips) fill the trochanter rolling in & out of hip (used on large person)
Symphysis Pubis
when doing a KUB you need to see the bladder & whole symphysis
Ischial tuberosity
sitter point
Symphysis Pubis & Ischial Tuberosity
both are listed as palpation landmarks (but do not use)
Abdomen Projections (AP SUPINE) (BASIC)
supine projections (KUB)
central ray perpendicular at the iliac crest
collimation: top level of iliac crest, bottom level symphsis pubis
Longitudinal-iliac crest
transverse- belly button
IR 14X17 L.W’
Sid 40’
What you see: sympysis pubis, 2 kidney & lower liver margin
THINGS TO LOOK FOR IN AP PROJECTION
rotation- look at ilium wings, the spine (wont be lined up and straight, see little joint spaces opened up
PA Abdomen Projection (PRONE)
SPECIAL
IR 14X17
CR horizontal to above iliac crest to include diaphragm
What you see: left kidney, liver, transverse process, pelvis, sacrum
AP PROJECTION Abdomen (erect)
same as AP Supine
Lateral Decubitus Position (AP projection) Abdomen
IR 14X17
patient on side a min of 5 minutes before exposure 10-20 minutes preferred
Central Ray: horizontal
Sid 40’
Collimation: entire abdomen and diaphragm
what you see: Abdomen visualized to include air’ filled stomach and bowel and upside diaphragm
digestive organs of ingestion
oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus
digestive organs of ingestion
oral cavity and pharynx
digestive organs that digest
stomach, accessory organ
what the breathing instructions on chest
2nd inspiration hold it (because we want the chest full of air)
what is the breathing instruction on abdomen
done on expiration blow out and hold (it raises the diaphragm, creates more room for the abdominal organs)
demonstrate fluid:
affected side down
demonstrate air:
affected side up
esophagus has 2 indentations
C5-C6, aortic arch and left primary bronchus
3 parts to Pharynx
proximal-nasopharynx
middle- oropharynx
distal- laryngopharynx
Accessory Organs
help with GI (salivary glands, pancreas liver, gallbladder)
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
the esophagus
start at C5-C6
10 inches long
it lines the back of the thoracic cage, goes through diaphragm continues through the stomach 2-3 inches
ends at T11
the stomach
gaster (greek), vantriculos (latan), gasto (used today)
the esophagagastreic junction
where the esophagus opens and dumps into the stomach
3 regions in the Stomach
top- fundus (air-filled) major part- body 2 curvature-greater/lesser pyloric portion pyloric antrum pyloric canal
distal part of stomach
is important its were we look for cancer and ulcer
small intestine
1st duodenum cap or bulb
stomach rugae (folds)
allows your stomach to stretch
duodenum
shape like a C (shortest & widest part of small bowel
duodenum hugs the pancreas
duodenum 45 feet long
4 parts = superior, descending, horizontal, ascending
Salivary Glands (terms)
mastications- chewing
deglutatiom- swallowing
peristalsis-movement of small muscle
liver
small intestine and stomach
gallbladder
large intestine
What are the parts of the upper GI?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small bowel
Name the 2 parts of the GI?
Upper (mouth) & Lower (annus)
what are the parts of the lower GI?
colon, annus
What are the accessory organs in the GI?
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
What are the accessory organs used for?
help for the GI
What are the 3 sets of salivary glands?
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
What are the 3 functions of the digestive system?
ingestion (intake), digestive, absorption
What does the ingestion do, and what organs?
breaks down to small particles
organs: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus
