Test 2 Deck Flashcards by dawn causey

what is the chest anatomy?

bony thorax, respiratory system, mediastinum

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bony thorax

protective framework (chest anatomy)

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respiratory system

lungs and airways-larynx, trachea, right and left bronchi (chest anatomy)

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Mediastinum

space between the lungs

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name the chest radiographs (basic)

PA, Lateral

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PA Chest

IR 14x17 lengthwise , top of IR 1-11/2 inches above shoulders rotate shoulder forward CR perpendicular- level T-7 (7-8 inches from vertebral prominence) 2nd inspiration. What we see: entire lungs , scapulae removed form lungs collimation top and bottom

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Explain reason for performing (basic) chest x-ray

allows: diaphragm to move down farther, demonstrate: air filled levels
prevent: engorgement of pulmonary vessels and lingering in blood

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Lateral Chest

IR 14X!7 lengthwise
90 degrees (coronal plane perpendicular)
arms up
central ray: mid thoracic (level T-7)   
2nd inspiration
what you see: entire lunge
no rotation: by lack of superimposition of posterior ribs

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Name of chest radiograph (special)

AP Supine or erect, Lateral decubitus, AP Lordotic

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AP Supine or Semi erect

14X17 inches lengthwise
CR: (level T-7) perpendicular to sternum caudad or caudal - toward the feet landmark jugular notch 3-4 inches down what you see:heart is going to look larger because of the distance magnification, ribs 8 to 9, air filled wont be defined

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Lateral Decubitus Chest

can be done PA or AP
IR 14X17 inches
1-11/2 inches above shoulders
arms up - so humerus is out of the way of the way lungs
CR- horizontal T-7 (7-8 inches from vertebral prominence or 3-4 inches from jugular notch)
demonstrate fluid: affected side down
demonstrate air: affected side up
decub marker: arrow or up marker
what you see: entire lungs, arms not superimposed over lungs, give enlargement of cardiac)

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AP Lordotic Chest

IR 14X!&
stand erect 1 foot from IR
lean back with shoulder, head and neck against IR, hands on hips, palms out, shoulders rolled forward
SID 72’
CR horizontal (straight at the chest) T-7

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AP semi- axial lordotric

Cr: 15-20 cephalad

what you see: clavicles above apices, no rotation: ribs appear near horizontal

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Lateral Upper Airway (soft tissue neck)

IR 10X12 top (external auditory meatus)
soft tissue neck
CR: (C6-C7) Mid sagittal lin4
breathing: slow deep breaths through out the exposure
midway between layngel prominence, thyroid cartilage and jugular notch
what you see: air filled trachea and larynx, shoulder not superimposed over trachea

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Upper Airway (soft tissue neck)

CR- T1-T2 (jugular notch 1-2 inches above)
AML (acanthiomeatal line) base of nose to ear
IR perpendicular
IR10X12
what you see: mandible, mastoid, airway

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what are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

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RUQ (right upper quadrant)

liver, gallbladder, right colic, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney, right suprarenal gland

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LUQ (left upper quadrant

spleen, stomach, left colic, left kidney, left suprarenal gland,, tail of pancreas

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RLQ (right lower quadrant)

ascending colon, appendix, cecum 2/3 ileum ileocecal valve

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LLQ (left lower quadrant)

descending colon, sigmoid colon, 2/3 of jejunum

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what are the 9 regions

top:right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, middle: right lateral , umbilical, left lateral bottom:right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal

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9 regions divided planes transvers/ horizontal and right and left lateral plane

2 transvers/horizontal are transplyoric plane and transtubercular plane (L1) both lateral planes are parallel to the midsagittal plane (L5)

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landmarks (mid and Upper)

Xiphold tip, inferior costal (rib) margin, Illiac crest

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positioning landmarks (palpation)

Things that you can palpate (makes things easier to find)

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Upper Gastric

epi: above, gastric: stomach

Xiphold tip

very bottom of sternum, good way to find epigastric region, superior margin of the abdomen (T9-T-10)

Inferior costal (rib) margin

under or bottom of rib cage (L2-L3)

Iliac Crest

midabdomen (L4-L5) mid abdomen

grater trochanter

rotate the leg and you can feel it (lower abdomen pelvic landmark)

symphysis pubis

palpation inferior margin of the abdomen

Ischial tuberosity

palpation used to determine the lower margin of a PA abdomen patient prone position

3 way Acute abdomen series

supine, erect, decubitus & PA Chest

2 way Acute abdomen Series

AP Supine & AP Erect

what is the function of digestive system?

ingestion (intake), absorption (absorb), elimination (eliminate)

What is in the anatomy of the digestive system?

``` oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach duodenum accessory organs ```

landmark lower abdomen (pelvic)

anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), Greater trochanter, Symphysis pubis, Ischial tuberosity

anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

bony part that sticks out above the hips anterior

greater trochanter (of the femur)

hard to palpate, easy to find (move patients feet, put hands on hips) fill the trochanter rolling in & out of hip (used on large person)

Symphysis Pubis

when doing a KUB you need to see the bladder & whole symphysis

Ischial tuberosity

sitter point

Symphysis Pubis & Ischial Tuberosity

both are listed as palpation landmarks (but do not use)

``` Abdomen Projections (AP SUPINE) (BASIC) ```

supine projections (KUB) central ray perpendicular at the iliac crest collimation: top level of iliac crest, bottom level symphsis pubis Longitudinal-iliac crest transverse- belly button IR 14X17 L.W' Sid 40' What you see: sympysis pubis, 2 kidney & lower liver margin

THINGS TO LOOK FOR IN AP PROJECTION

rotation- look at ilium wings, the spine (wont be lined up and straight, see little joint spaces opened up

PA Abdomen Projection (PRONE) | SPECIAL

IR 14X17 CR horizontal to above iliac crest to include diaphragm What you see: left kidney, liver, transverse process, pelvis, sacrum

AP PROJECTION Abdomen (erect)

same as AP Supine

Lateral Decubitus Position (AP projection) Abdomen

IR 14X17 patient on side a min of 5 minutes before exposure 10-20 minutes preferred Central Ray: horizontal Sid 40' Collimation: entire abdomen and diaphragm what you see: Abdomen visualized to include air' filled stomach and bowel and upside diaphragm

digestive organs of ingestion

oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus

digestive organs of ingestion

oral cavity and pharynx

digestive organs that digest

stomach, accessory organ

what the breathing instructions on chest

2nd inspiration hold it (because we want the chest full of air)

what is the breathing instruction on abdomen

done on expiration blow out and hold (it raises the diaphragm, creates more room for the abdominal organs)

demonstrate fluid:

affected side down

demonstrate air:

affected side up

esophagus has 2 indentations

C5-C6, aortic arch and left primary bronchus

3 parts to Pharynx

proximal-nasopharynx middle- oropharynx distal- laryngopharynx

Accessory Organs

help with GI (salivary glands, pancreas liver, gallbladder)

salivary glands

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

the esophagus

start at C5-C6 10 inches long it lines the back of the thoracic cage, goes through diaphragm continues through the stomach 2-3 inches ends at T11

the stomach

gaster (greek), vantriculos (latan), gasto (used today)

the esophagagastreic junction

where the esophagus opens and dumps into the stomach

3 regions in the Stomach

``` top- fundus (air-filled) major part- body 2 curvature-greater/lesser pyloric portion pyloric antrum pyloric canal ```

distal part of stomach

is important its were we look for cancer and ulcer

small intestine

1st duodenum cap or bulb

stomach rugae (folds)

allows your stomach to stretch

duodenum

shape like a C (shortest & widest part of small bowel | duodenum hugs the pancreas

duodenum 45 feet long

4 parts = superior, descending, horizontal, ascending

Salivary Glands (terms)

mastications- chewing deglutatiom- swallowing peristalsis-movement of small muscle

liver

small intestine and stomach

gallbladder

large intestine

What are the parts of the upper GI?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small bowel

Name the 2 parts of the GI?

Upper (mouth) & Lower (annus)

what are the parts of the lower GI?

colon, annus

What are the accessory organs in the GI?

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

What are the accessory organs used for?

help for the GI

What are the 3 sets of salivary glands?

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

What are the 3 functions of the digestive system?

ingestion (intake), digestive, absorption

What does the ingestion do, and what organs?

breaks down to small particles | organs: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus