Test 2 - concussion

Question 1

definition of a concussion

Answer 1

acute trauma-induced alteration of mental function lasting fever than 24 hours, with or without preceding loss of consciousness

Question 2

severity of concussion is determined by

Answer 2

presence and duration of loss of consciousness and post-traumatic amnesia

Question 3

definition of mild traumatic brain injury

Answer 3

head trauma with loss of consciousness, lasting fever than 30 mins and post-traumatic amnesia lasting fewer than 24 hours

Question 4

T/F: MTBI and concussion are generally used interchangeably in literature

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

form of amnesia where new events are not transferred to long term memory

Answer 5

anterograde amnesia (not making new memory)

Question 6

someone will be unable to recall events that occured before the onset of amnesia

Answer 6

retrograde amnesia (tape has been erased)

Question 7

T/F: both retrograde and anterograde amensia may occure at the same time and may have differing courses

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

due to shearing forces that damage individual axons

widespread but microscopic damage (causes inflammation)

will not show up on image

axon is tethered at both ends, and is very thin in between… perfect set-up of shear related disruption

Answer 8

diffuse axon injury (DAI)

Question 9

areas of bruising with associated localized ischemia, edema, and mass effect due to swelling

present with focal neurologic deficits

SS include: weakness, numbness, incoordination, difficulties with speech, memory, thought processes and behavioral or emotional control

Answer 9

brain contusion

Question 10

grade I concussion

Answer 10

no loss of conciousness

concussion symptoms less than 15 mins

Question 11

grade II concussion

Answer 11

no loss of consciousness

concussion symptoms greater than 15 mins

Question 12

grade III concussion

Answer 12

loss of consciousness of any duration

Question 13

red flags / transport now

Answer 13

inability to awaken the pt

severe or worsening headaches

somnolence or confusion

restlessness, unsteadiness or seizures

difficulties with vision

vomiting, fever or stiff neck - meningitis

urinary or bowel incontinence

weakness or numbness involving any part of the body

Question 14

conservative Rx

Answer 14

antioxidants

b vitamins

fish oil

anti inflmmatory supplements

gentle manipulation of neck

proprio rehab

neuro stuff

Question 15

what does REST stand for

Answer 15

resume

exercise

below

symptom

threshold

Question 16

AAN parameters of grade I

Answer 16

remove from activity

examine every 5 mins

return asymptomatic in 15 mins or less

second grade I in same event: remove from activity

Question 17

AAN parameters grade II

Answer 17

remove from activity with no return

examine next day

return to play only if asymptomatic for one week with execise

image if HA or sympt worsen or persist for more than one week

after second grade II: return after 2 weeks

Question 18

AAN parameters grade III

Answer 18

thorough exam, transport if LOC > a few mins

image

if pt stable… examine daily

ER if sympt worsen

second grade III: one month

abnormal scan: out for season

Question 19

repeated concussions over a short period may lead to

Answer 19

second impact syndrome

Question 20

concussion sustained while still symptomatic from an earlier concussion results in _______

Answer 20

progressive cerebral edema

Question 21

who has the the greatest risk and longest recovery of progressive cerbral edema

Answer 21

adolescent females due to low stability of neck and lacking proprioception

Question 22

postconcussion syndrome can last from

Answer 22

months to years

specially in females

Question 23

T/F: it is not necessary to have a loss of consciousness to suffer permanent brain injury

Answer 23

TRUE