Lecture 1 - dysosmia, agnosia, visual pathway Flashcards
what are the three most common odors available during olfactory test
cinnamon, coffee, cloves
when testing smell, which embryonic structure is most involved
telencephalon
which smell mostly upregulates parasympathetic activity in the brain/body
peppermint
what are the two quantitative alterations of smell
anosmia
hyposmia
the absence of the sense of smell
anosmia
the diminished olfactory sensitivity
hyposmia
qualitative alteration or distortion of the perception of smell
dysosmia
distortion in the perception of an odorant; smells different than I remember
parosmia
perception of an odor when there is no odorant present
phantosmia
inability to classify, contrast, or identify odor sensations verbally, even though the ability to distinguish between smells may be normal
agnosia
when viewing the Snellen chart, how far away should the patient be
20 feet
when viewing the Rosenbaum chart, how far should the patient be
14 inches
if optic nerve is altered, what are the two categories of delema
eye problem
pathway lesion
optic nerve
optic tract
optic chiasm
optic cortex
lateral geniculate nucleus
left anopia
left nasal hemianopia
bitemporal hemianopa
left homonymous hemianopia
right superior homonomous quadrantanopia
right inferior homonomous quadrantanopia
right inferior homonomous quadrantanopia with central sparing
left anopia the lesion is seen where and what 2 kinds of lesions
lesion in L optic nerve
- meningioma
- orbital tumor
left nasal hemianopia the lesion is seen where and what is the most common cause of the lesion
lesion at left lateral chiasm
- aneurysm of upper internal carotid
bitemporal hemianopia the lesion is mostly found where and what are the 3 most common causes
lesion at the medial chiasm affecting only decussating fibers
- pituitary tumors (adenoma)
- prolactinoma
- craniopharyngioma
left homonomous hemianopia the lesion is mostly found where and caused by what
lesion in R optic tract
- tumor in the medial wall of the temporal lobe
what is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus
point at which the superior and inferior visual fields come together
right superior homonomous quadrantanopia lesion is where
lesion in left superior temporal lobe
right inferior homonomous quadrantanopia lesion is where
lesion in left parietal lobe
right inferior homonomous quadrantanopia with central sparing lesion is found where
lesion in left parietal lobe
pupil <2mm in diameter
mitotic pupil
pupil > 6mm in diameter
mydriatic pupil
if CN III (oculomotor) is not functioning, the pupil will
dilate
when a patient is asked to look at a distant object, the pupil’s
widen (get far)
when a pencil is placed 4-6” from patients eye and is told to focus upon it, what should happen
eyes converge
pupils constrict
lens thicken (should ask them to read pencil)
having a patient look a far, then suddenly focus upon a close object is called
testing for accommodation
what reflex is tested in ascessing for abnormal pupillary responses
pupillary light reflex
what are the two categories when reporting/testing pupillary light reflexes
direct
consensual
L direct in PLR tests what CN
L II
L III
L consensual in PLR tests what CN
R II
L III
R direct in PLR tests what CN
R II
R III
R consensual in PLR tests what CN
L II
R III
case: R direct PLR is not responsive. L direct and L consenual are responsive. What is status of R consensual response and where is lesion?
R consensual is not resposive, R III
