Test 2 (Chapters 3-4) Flashcards
Electron Configuration
The arrangement of an atom’s electrons in its quantum shell
Alkali Metals
The elements in the first column of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen
Halogens
Elements in column 17, the next to last column of the periodic table
Inert or Noble Gases
Elements in column 18, the last column of the periodic table
Define Valence Shell
The outermost quantum shell of an atom
Define Valence Electrons
The electrons contained in an atom’s valence shell
Lewis or Electron dot structures
Notations that show only the valence electrons of an atom, arranged as dots around the element’s symbol
Octet Rule
Atoms often react to obtain exactly eight electrons in their valence shell
Ion
An atom or a group of atoms that carries an electrical charge
Cation
A positively ion
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Compression Ratio
A measure of the extent to which the fuel-air mixture is compressed during the compression stroke
Knocking
A metallic pinging sound sometimes heard from automobile engines when the air-fuel mixture combusts erratically in pockets, instead of in one smooth wave emanating from the spark plug
Biofuels
Fuels derived from living matter or biomass, a renewable resource
Carbon Cycle
A global cycle in which carbon is exchanged among the atmosphere, the oceans, geological systems, and living things
Carbon Taxes
An alternative to carbon cap and trade, wheerby a tax is levied on the use of fossil fuels
Cap and Trade
A system whereby total CO2 emissions are limited or capped by a government body. Participants in the system, such as electric utilities, buy permits allowing them to emit defined amounts of CO2. Those who emit less then their quota can sell their excess allowances to others in the system.
Catalytic Converter
A device built into an automobile’s exhaust system that uses catalysts to reduce the levels of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and other pollutants emitted
Oxygenate
An oxygen-containing compound added to gasoline to improve oxidation of fuel and decrease harmful emissions
Greenhouse Effect
A process by which infrared radiation is trapped by certain atmospheric gases, thereby warning Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere
Infrared Radiation
A type of radiation that we sense as heat
Greenhouse Gases
Gases that trap infrared radiation in the atmosphere
How many electrons are in each Quantum shell for Period 1?
1 shell =2 electrons
How many electrons are in each Quantum shell for Period 2?
1st shell= 2 electrons
2nd shell= 8 electrons
How many electrons are in each Quantum shell for Period 3?
1st shell= 2 electrons
2nd shell= 8 electrons
3rd shell= 8 electrons
Electronegativity Scale
<0.5 EN =Covalent Bond
0.5-1.5= Covalent Polar
>1.5= Ionic Bond
Name some non-renewable resources
petroleum
natural gas
coal
Name some renewable resources
wind solar water biofuels any vegetable oil
What are the 4 steps of “Stroke Engine”
Intake:
Air-fuel mixture enters cylinder as piston moves downward
Compression:
Air-fuel mixture is compressed as piston moves upward
Power:
Spark plug fires, causing explosion that forces piston downward
Exhaust:
Piston pushes up, forcing exhaust gases out of cylinder
Name the 4 parts of the Earth’s crust
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Atmsophere
Define Carbon Footprint
The amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person, group, etc.
Which has the lowest and the highest carbon footprint? (Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Fossil Fuels)
Lowest: Solar Energy
Highest: Fossil Fuels
Gas to liquid has (more/less) volume
More
Coal is easy to store (True/False)
True
Name the 4 categories of the Broadest Areas of Energy
Which are the most and less used
1) Industrial (most used)
2) Transportation
3) Residential
4) Commercial (less used)
A pure substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in a specific ratio
Compound
A chemical bond resulting from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions
Ionic Bond
A bond consisting of a pair of electrons shared by 2 atoms
Covalent Bond
An electrically neutral assembly of atoms held together by covalent bonds
Molecule
A covalent bond in which the shared pair of electrons lies equidistant from both bonded atoms
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
A pair of valence electrons not involved in bonding
Ione Pairs
A measure of the ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons
Electronegativity
A covalent bond in which shared pair of electrons lies closer to one of the bonded atoms
Polar Covalent Bond
Conversion of a covalent molecule into ions
Ionization
one pair of shred electrons serving as a covalent bond between 2 atoms
Single Bond
2 pairs of shared electrons serving as 2 covalent bonds between 2 atoms
Double Bond
2 pairs of shared electrons serving as 3 covalent bonds between 2 atoms
Triple Bond
A substance that ionizes efficiently in solution and conducts electricity
Electrolyte
Orderly, 2-dimensional arrangment of the chemical particles that form a crystal
Crystal Lattice
A chemical formula showing the elements present in an ionic compound and the ratio of each
Compound Formula
Any element of the second column of the periodic table
Alkaline Earth
Sum of the atomic masses of all the atom in the formula of an ionic compound
Formula Mass
A substance consisting of discrete molecules, each containing atoms of different elements held together by covalent bonds
Covalent Compound
The arrangement in space of the atoms that make up a molecule
Molecular Structure
Lobes or regions of space outside the atom’s nucleus where there is a high likelihood of finding the atom’s electrons. A maximum of 2 electrons may occupy each atomic orbital
Atomic Orbitals
The chemical formula of a covalent compound
Molecular Formula
Sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule
Molecular Mass
An ion made up of more than one atom
Polyatomic Ion
A covalent compound containing carbon
Organic Compound
A hydrocarbon molecule containing only single bonds
Alkane
Two or more compounds that share the same molecular formula but differ in structure
Isomers
The capacity to perform work
Energy
Stored energy due to an object’s position in space or due to the composition of a substance
Potential Energy
The energy of motion
Kinetic Energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but may be converted between potential and kinetic energy in the forms of heat and work
Law of Conservation of energy (aka 1st Law of Thermodynamics)
The energy that flows from a warmer body to a cooler one
Heat
A measure of the disorder or randomness of the positions of a collection of atoms, ions, or molecules
Entropy
This dispersal of energy is associated with an increase in a property call entropy
2nd law of thermodynamics
A class of chemical compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
A mixture of hydrocarbon gases, chiefly methane, often found associated with petroleum deposits
Natural Gas
An oily, usually dark, flammable liquid, consisting of a complex mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons and other minor components
Petroleum
A solid, carbonrich fuel with a widely varying composition that depends on its source. This relatively plentiful fuel is used chiefly for generating electricity.
Coal
The reaction of a fuel with oxygen to produce heat and light
Combustion
Any process that releases heat
Exothermic
Any process that absorbs heat
Endothermic
A measure of how readily a substance evaporates. Highly volatile compounds have low boiling points
volatility
A process by which petroleum is separated into its different components
Petroleum Refining
A process by which a liquid mixture of compounds is separated into fractions based on boiling points
fractional Distillation
A substance, often a specialized metal, that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction without itself bing consumed
Catalyst
A petroleum refining process that uses a catalyst to break down (crack) higher-boiling, higher-molecular-weight hydrocarbon molecules into lighter molecules
Catalytic Cracking
A petroleum refining process in which a catalyst converts low-octane-rated compounds into those more suitable for gasoline
Catalytic Reforming
A measure if the antiknock properties of a full-a gasoline with a higher octane number is less prone to knocking than a gasoline with a lower octane number
Octane Rating
