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CHM 110 > Test 2 (Chapters 3-4) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Chapters 3-4) Flashcards

1
Q

Electron Configuration

A

The arrangement of an atom’s electrons in its quantum shell

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2
Q

Alkali Metals

A

The elements in the first column of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen

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3
Q

Halogens

A

Elements in column 17, the next to last column of the periodic table

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4
Q

Inert or Noble Gases

A

Elements in column 18, the last column of the periodic table

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5
Q

Define Valence Shell

A

The outermost quantum shell of an atom

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6
Q

Define Valence Electrons

A

The electrons contained in an atom’s valence shell

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7
Q

Lewis or Electron dot structures

A

Notations that show only the valence electrons of an atom, arranged as dots around the element’s symbol

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8
Q

Octet Rule

A

Atoms often react to obtain exactly eight electrons in their valence shell

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9
Q

Ion

A

An atom or a group of atoms that carries an electrical charge

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10
Q

Cation

A

A positively ion

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11
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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12
Q

Compression Ratio

A

A measure of the extent to which the fuel-air mixture is compressed during the compression stroke

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13
Q

Knocking

A

A metallic pinging sound sometimes heard from automobile engines when the air-fuel mixture combusts erratically in pockets, instead of in one smooth wave emanating from the spark plug

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14
Q

Biofuels

A

Fuels derived from living matter or biomass, a renewable resource

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15
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

A global cycle in which carbon is exchanged among the atmosphere, the oceans, geological systems, and living things

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16
Q

Carbon Taxes

A

An alternative to carbon cap and trade, wheerby a tax is levied on the use of fossil fuels

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17
Q

Cap and Trade

A

A system whereby total CO2 emissions are limited or capped by a government body. Participants in the system, such as electric utilities, buy permits allowing them to emit defined amounts of CO2. Those who emit less then their quota can sell their excess allowances to others in the system.

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18
Q

Catalytic Converter

A

A device built into an automobile’s exhaust system that uses catalysts to reduce the levels of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and other pollutants emitted

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19
Q

Oxygenate

A

An oxygen-containing compound added to gasoline to improve oxidation of fuel and decrease harmful emissions

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20
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

A process by which infrared radiation is trapped by certain atmospheric gases, thereby warning Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere

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21
Q

Infrared Radiation

A

A type of radiation that we sense as heat

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22
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

Gases that trap infrared radiation in the atmosphere

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23
Q

How many electrons are in each Quantum shell for Period 1?

A

1 shell =2 electrons

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24
Q

How many electrons are in each Quantum shell for Period 2?

A

1st shell= 2 electrons

2nd shell= 8 electrons

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25
Q

How many electrons are in each Quantum shell for Period 3?

A

1st shell= 2 electrons
2nd shell= 8 electrons
3rd shell= 8 electrons

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26
Q

Electronegativity Scale

A

<0.5 EN =Covalent Bond
0.5-1.5= Covalent Polar
>1.5= Ionic Bond

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27
Q

Name some non-renewable resources

A

petroleum
natural gas
coal

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28
Q

Name some renewable resources

A 
wind
solar
water
biofuels
any vegetable oil
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29
Q

What are the 4 steps of “Stroke Engine”

A

Intake:
Air-fuel mixture enters cylinder as piston moves downward
Compression:
Air-fuel mixture is compressed as piston moves upward
Power:
Spark plug fires, causing explosion that forces piston downward
Exhaust:
Piston pushes up, forcing exhaust gases out of cylinder

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30
Q

Name the 4 parts of the Earth’s crust

A

Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Atmsophere

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31
Q

Define Carbon Footprint

A

The amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person, group, etc.

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32
Q

Which has the lowest and the highest carbon footprint? (Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Fossil Fuels)

A

Lowest: Solar Energy
Highest: Fossil Fuels

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33
Q

Gas to liquid has (more/less) volume

A

More

34
Q

Coal is easy to store (True/False)

A

True

35
Q

Name the 4 categories of the Broadest Areas of Energy

Which are the most and less used

A

1) Industrial (most used)
2) Transportation
3) Residential
4) Commercial (less used)

36
Q

A pure substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in a specific ratio

A

Compound

37
Q

A chemical bond resulting from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic Bond

38
Q

A bond consisting of a pair of electrons shared by 2 atoms

A

Covalent Bond

39
Q

An electrically neutral assembly of atoms held together by covalent bonds

A

Molecule

40
Q

A covalent bond in which the shared pair of electrons lies equidistant from both bonded atoms

A

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

41
Q

A pair of valence electrons not involved in bonding

A

Ione Pairs

42
Q

A measure of the ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons

A

Electronegativity

43
Q

A covalent bond in which shared pair of electrons lies closer to one of the bonded atoms

A

Polar Covalent Bond

44
Q

Conversion of a covalent molecule into ions

A

Ionization

45
Q

one pair of shred electrons serving as a covalent bond between 2 atoms

A

Single Bond

46
Q

2 pairs of shared electrons serving as 2 covalent bonds between 2 atoms

A

Double Bond

47
Q

2 pairs of shared electrons serving as 3 covalent bonds between 2 atoms

A

Triple Bond

48
Q

A substance that ionizes efficiently in solution and conducts electricity

A

Electrolyte

49
Q

Orderly, 2-dimensional arrangment of the chemical particles that form a crystal

A

Crystal Lattice

50
Q

A chemical formula showing the elements present in an ionic compound and the ratio of each

A

Compound Formula

51
Q

Any element of the second column of the periodic table

A

Alkaline Earth

52
Q

Sum of the atomic masses of all the atom in the formula of an ionic compound

A

Formula Mass

53
Q

A substance consisting of discrete molecules, each containing atoms of different elements held together by covalent bonds

A

Covalent Compound

54
Q

The arrangement in space of the atoms that make up a molecule

A

Molecular Structure

55
Q

Lobes or regions of space outside the atom’s nucleus where there is a high likelihood of finding the atom’s electrons. A maximum of 2 electrons may occupy each atomic orbital

A

Atomic Orbitals

56
Q

The chemical formula of a covalent compound

A

Molecular Formula

57
Q

Sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule

A

Molecular Mass

58
Q

An ion made up of more than one atom

A

Polyatomic Ion

59
Q

A covalent compound containing carbon

A

Organic Compound

60
Q

A hydrocarbon molecule containing only single bonds

A

Alkane

61
Q

Two or more compounds that share the same molecular formula but differ in structure

A

Isomers

62
Q

The capacity to perform work

A

Energy

63
Q

Stored energy due to an object’s position in space or due to the composition of a substance

A

Potential Energy

64
Q

The energy of motion

A

Kinetic Energy

65
Q

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but may be converted between potential and kinetic energy in the forms of heat and work

A

Law of Conservation of energy (aka 1st Law of Thermodynamics)

66
Q

The energy that flows from a warmer body to a cooler one

A

Heat

67
Q

A measure of the disorder or randomness of the positions of a collection of atoms, ions, or molecules

A

Entropy

68
Q

This dispersal of energy is associated with an increase in a property call entropy

A

2nd law of thermodynamics

69
Q

A class of chemical compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbons

70
Q

A mixture of hydrocarbon gases, chiefly methane, often found associated with petroleum deposits

A

Natural Gas

71
Q

An oily, usually dark, flammable liquid, consisting of a complex mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons and other minor components

A

Petroleum

72
Q

A solid, carbonrich fuel with a widely varying composition that depends on its source. This relatively plentiful fuel is used chiefly for generating electricity.

A

Coal

73
Q

The reaction of a fuel with oxygen to produce heat and light

A

Combustion

74
Q

Any process that releases heat

A

Exothermic

75
Q

Any process that absorbs heat

A

Endothermic

76
Q

A measure of how readily a substance evaporates. Highly volatile compounds have low boiling points

A

volatility

77
Q

A process by which petroleum is separated into its different components

A

Petroleum Refining

78
Q

A process by which a liquid mixture of compounds is separated into fractions based on boiling points

A

fractional Distillation

79
Q

A substance, often a specialized metal, that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction without itself bing consumed

A

Catalyst

80
Q

A petroleum refining process that uses a catalyst to break down (crack) higher-boiling, higher-molecular-weight hydrocarbon molecules into lighter molecules

A

Catalytic Cracking

81
Q

A petroleum refining process in which a catalyst converts low-octane-rated compounds into those more suitable for gasoline

A

Catalytic Reforming

82
Q

A measure if the antiknock properties of a full-a gasoline with a higher octane number is less prone to knocking than a gasoline with a lower octane number

A

Octane Rating

CHM 110 (5 decks)

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