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CHM 110 > Test 2 (Chapters 3-4) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Chapters 3-4) Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

Electron Configuration

A

The arrangement of an atom’s electrons in its quantum shell

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2
Q

Alkali Metals

A

The elements in the first column of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen

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3
Q

Halogens

A

Elements in column 17, the next to last column of the periodic table

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4
Q

Inert or Noble Gases

A

Elements in column 18, the last column of the periodic table

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5
Q

Define Valence Shell

A

The outermost quantum shell of an atom

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6
Q

Define Valence Electrons

A

The electrons contained in an atom’s valence shell

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7
Q

Lewis or Electron dot structures

A

Notations that show only the valence electrons of an atom, arranged as dots around the element’s symbol

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8
Q

Octet Rule

A

Atoms often react to obtain exactly eight electrons in their valence shell

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9
Q

Ion

A

An atom or a group of atoms that carries an electrical charge

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10
Q

Cation

A

A positively ion

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11
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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12
Q

Compression Ratio

A

A measure of the extent to which the fuel-air mixture is compressed during the compression stroke

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13
Q

Knocking

A

A metallic pinging sound sometimes heard from automobile engines when the air-fuel mixture combusts erratically in pockets, instead of in one smooth wave emanating from the spark plug

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14
Q

Biofuels

A

Fuels derived from living matter or biomass, a renewable resource

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15
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

A global cycle in which carbon is exchanged among the atmosphere, the oceans, geological systems, and living things

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16
Q

Carbon Taxes

A

An alternative to carbon cap and trade, wheerby a tax is levied on the use of fossil fuels

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17
Q

Cap and Trade

A

A system whereby total CO2 emissions are limited or capped by a government body. Participants in the system, such as electric utilities, buy permits allowing them to emit defined amounts of CO2. Those who emit less then their quota can sell their excess allowances to others in the system.

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18
Q

Catalytic Converter

A

A device built into an automobile’s exhaust system that uses catalysts to reduce the levels of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and other pollutants emitted

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19
Q

Oxygenate

A

An oxygen-containing compound added to gasoline to improve oxidation of fuel and decrease harmful emissions

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20
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

A process by which infrared radiation is trapped by certain atmospheric gases, thereby warning Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere

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21
Q

Infrared Radiation

A

A type of radiation that we sense as heat

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22
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

Gases that trap infrared radiation in the atmosphere

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23
Q

How many electrons are in each Quantum shell for Period 1?

A

1 shell =2 electrons

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24
Q

How many electrons are in each Quantum shell for Period 2?

A

1st shell= 2 electrons

2nd shell= 8 electrons

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25
How many electrons are in each Quantum shell for Period 3?
1st shell= 2 electrons 2nd shell= 8 electrons 3rd shell= 8 electrons
26
Electronegativity Scale
<0.5 EN =Covalent Bond 0.5-1.5= Covalent Polar >1.5= Ionic Bond
27
Name some non-renewable resources
petroleum natural gas coal
28
Name some renewable resources
``` wind solar water biofuels any vegetable oil ```
29
What are the 4 steps of "Stroke Engine"
Intake: Air-fuel mixture enters cylinder as piston moves downward Compression: Air-fuel mixture is compressed as piston moves upward Power: Spark plug fires, causing explosion that forces piston downward Exhaust: Piston pushes up, forcing exhaust gases out of cylinder
30
Name the 4 parts of the Earth's crust
Lithosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Atmsophere
31
Define Carbon Footprint
The amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person, group, etc.
32
Which has the lowest and the highest carbon footprint? (Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Fossil Fuels)
Lowest: Solar Energy Highest: Fossil Fuels
33
Gas to liquid has (more/less) volume
More
34
Coal is easy to store (True/False)
True
35
Name the 4 categories of the Broadest Areas of Energy | Which are the most and less used
1) Industrial (most used) 2) Transportation 3) Residential 4) Commercial (less used)
36
A pure substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in a specific ratio
Compound
37
A chemical bond resulting from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions
Ionic Bond
38
A bond consisting of a pair of electrons shared by 2 atoms
Covalent Bond
39
An electrically neutral assembly of atoms held together by covalent bonds
Molecule
40
A covalent bond in which the shared pair of electrons lies equidistant from both bonded atoms
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
41
A pair of valence electrons not involved in bonding
Ione Pairs
42
A measure of the ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons
Electronegativity
43
A covalent bond in which shared pair of electrons lies closer to one of the bonded atoms
Polar Covalent Bond
44
Conversion of a covalent molecule into ions
Ionization
45
one pair of shred electrons serving as a covalent bond between 2 atoms
Single Bond
46
2 pairs of shared electrons serving as 2 covalent bonds between 2 atoms
Double Bond
47
2 pairs of shared electrons serving as 3 covalent bonds between 2 atoms
Triple Bond
48
A substance that ionizes efficiently in solution and conducts electricity
Electrolyte
49
Orderly, 2-dimensional arrangment of the chemical particles that form a crystal
Crystal Lattice
50
A chemical formula showing the elements present in an ionic compound and the ratio of each
Compound Formula
51
Any element of the second column of the periodic table
Alkaline Earth
52
Sum of the atomic masses of all the atom in the formula of an ionic compound
Formula Mass
53
A substance consisting of discrete molecules, each containing atoms of different elements held together by covalent bonds
Covalent Compound
54
The arrangement in space of the atoms that make up a molecule
Molecular Structure
55
Lobes or regions of space outside the atom's nucleus where there is a high likelihood of finding the atom's electrons. A maximum of 2 electrons may occupy each atomic orbital
Atomic Orbitals
56
The chemical formula of a covalent compound
Molecular Formula
57
Sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule
Molecular Mass
58
An ion made up of more than one atom
Polyatomic Ion
59
A covalent compound containing carbon
Organic Compound
60
A hydrocarbon molecule containing only single bonds
Alkane
61
Two or more compounds that share the same molecular formula but differ in structure
Isomers
62
The capacity to perform work
Energy
63
Stored energy due to an object's position in space or due to the composition of a substance
Potential Energy
64
The energy of motion
Kinetic Energy
65
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but may be converted between potential and kinetic energy in the forms of heat and work
Law of Conservation of energy (aka 1st Law of Thermodynamics)
66
The energy that flows from a warmer body to a cooler one
Heat
67
A measure of the disorder or randomness of the positions of a collection of atoms, ions, or molecules
Entropy
68
This dispersal of energy is associated with an increase in a property call entropy
2nd law of thermodynamics
69
A class of chemical compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons
70
A mixture of hydrocarbon gases, chiefly methane, often found associated with petroleum deposits
Natural Gas
71
An oily, usually dark, flammable liquid, consisting of a complex mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons and other minor components
Petroleum
72
A solid, carbonrich fuel with a widely varying composition that depends on its source. This relatively plentiful fuel is used chiefly for generating electricity.
Coal
73
The reaction of a fuel with oxygen to produce heat and light
Combustion
74
Any process that releases heat
Exothermic
75
Any process that absorbs heat
Endothermic
76
A measure of how readily a substance evaporates. Highly volatile compounds have low boiling points
volatility
77
A process by which petroleum is separated into its different components
Petroleum Refining
78
A process by which a liquid mixture of compounds is separated into fractions based on boiling points
fractional Distillation
79
A substance, often a specialized metal, that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction without itself bing consumed
Catalyst
80
A petroleum refining process that uses a catalyst to break down (crack) higher-boiling, higher-molecular-weight hydrocarbon molecules into lighter molecules
Catalytic Cracking
81
A petroleum refining process in which a catalyst converts low-octane-rated compounds into those more suitable for gasoline
Catalytic Reforming
82
A measure if the antiknock properties of a full-a gasoline with a higher octane number is less prone to knocking than a gasoline with a lower octane number
Octane Rating

CHM 110 (5 decks)

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