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CHM 110 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

All Chapters including Chapter 11 and Chapter 12

1
Q

Chemistry is the study of what?

A

matter

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2
Q

The active ingredients found in soap are what?

A

surfactants

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3
Q

Minerals are micronutrients or macronutrients?

A

micronutrietns

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4
Q

Proteins and carbohydrates are macronutrients or micronutrients?

A

macronutrients

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5
Q

Name of few things that make involve chemistry.

A

dry cleaning
agriculture
medicine
dyeing and printing

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6
Q

Trees are examples of renewable resources (T/F)

A

True

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7
Q

Water is an example of a renewable resource. (T/F)

A

True

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8
Q

Fossil Fuels are examples of renewable resources (T/F)

A

False

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9
Q

Green chemistry is the general chemical practice that aims at depleting resources and increasing toxic waste. (T/F)

A

False

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10
Q

Improper manufacturing of a good could be damaging to the environment (T/F)

A

True

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11
Q

Fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, will (decrease/increase) in their overall total amounts over time with continued use.

A

decrease

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12
Q

Life-cycle assessments require the application of chemistry to the___of environmentally friendly consumer products.

a. design
b. production
c. use
d. disposal
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

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13
Q

Fundamental research that increases our understanding of the world.

A

Basic Research

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14
Q

Chemist can do which of the following:

a. analyze substances to determine their chemical compositions and properties
b. synthesize new compounds
c. understand and control chemical processes
d. formulates many types of new products, including medicines, cosmetics, foods, cleaning products, agricultural chemicals, and paints
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

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15
Q

What is the SI unit for length?

A

Meter

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16
Q

What is the SI unit for time?

A

Second

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17
Q

How many meters are in one kilometer?

A

1,000

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18
Q

How many grams are in one milligram?

A

0.001

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19
Q

There are 2.54 cm in one inch. Given this information, how many cm are in 15 inches?

A

38.1

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20
Q

What is the fundamental particle of matter?

A

Atom

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21
Q

What is the elemental symbol for sodium?

A

NA

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22
Q

What is the symbol for sulfur?

A

S

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23
Q

The nucleus of the atom has positive charge inside it (T/F)

A

True

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24
Q

What is the subatomic particle that is positively charge?

A

Proton

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25
Q

What is the subatomic that is negatively charged?

A

Electron

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26
Q

What subatomic particle is not found in the nucleus?

A

Electron

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27
Q

What element with the atomic number is equal to 8?

A

Oxygen

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28
Q

Sulfur has__protons,___electrons, and___neutrons. (fill in the blanks)

A

16, 16, 16

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29
Q

Sodium has an atomic mass of 22 and possess 11 protons. What is the number of neutrons belonging to sodium?

A

11

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30
Q 
Which are examples of a compound or molecule?
a. SeO2
b. HCl
c. C6H12O6
E. all of the above
A

e. all of the above

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31
Q

Which are examples of elements?

a. Se02
b. HCl
c. Fe
d. Ne

A

c. Fe and d. Ne

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32
Q

The atomic number (number of protons) distinguishes one type of element from another. (T/F)

A

True

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33
Q

The number of neutrons distinguished one type of element from another. (T/F)

A

False

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34
Q

Which are isotopes?

a. hydrogen
b. deuterium
c. tritium
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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35
Q

What is the most common isotope of hydrogen?

A

H

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36
Q

The mass of a proton is greater than the mass of an electron. (T/F)

A

True

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37
Q

The columns found in the modern periods table are called groups/ (T/F)

A

True

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38
Q

Often gases or brittle solids and are poor conductors of heat and electricity

A

Nonmetals

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39
Q

Tend to be shiny solids and are good conductors of heat

A

Medals

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40
Q

Nitrogen is a nonmetal. (T/F)

A

True

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41
Q

Carbon and germanium should have similar chemical properties. (T/F)

A

True

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42
Q

Which of the following possess the same number of valence electrons?

a. Lithium and Cesium
b. Boron and Magnesium
c. Carbon and Nitrogen
d. Potassium and Barium

A

a. Lithium and Cesium

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43
Q

What is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen

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44
Q

What is the most abundant element in the Earth’s hydrosphere?

A

Oxygen

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45
Q

What is the most abundant element in the Earth’s atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen

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46
Q

What is the most abundant in the human body?

A

Ocygen

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47
Q

0.400 L=____mL

A

400mL

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48
Q
  1. 9 fl.oz.=___L

0. 0338 fl.oz=1 mL

A

0.500L

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49
Q
  1. 0 lb=___kg

2. 20ib=1 K

A

6.82 kg

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50
Q

Chlorine has 5 valence electrons. (T/F)

A

False

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51
Q

There are a maximum of 6 electrons in the second quantum shell. (T/F)

A

False

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52
Q

Give an example of green chemistry

A

Using less harsh chemicals for cleaning

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53
Q

What are valence shells?

A

The outermost quantum shell of an atom

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54
Q

What is the number of valence electrons for magnesium?

A

2

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55
Q

Sulfur’s electronic configuration for quantum shells 1, 2, and 3 are__, __, and __, respectively.

A

2, 8, 6

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56
Q

In the compound MgO, the magnesium atom donates how many electron(s) to the oxygen atom so that the oxygen atom can have an octet?

A

2

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57
Q

What compound is CH4?

A

Nonpolar covalent

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58
Q

A chemical bond resulting from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic Bond

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59
Q

A bond consisting of a pair of electrons shared by 2 atoms

A

Covalent Bond

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60
Q

An electrically neutral assembly of atoms held together by covalent bonds

A

Molecule

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61
Q

The formula calcium chloride is CaCl2 (T/F)

A

True

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62
Q

What is the total number of electrons in the covalent bonds of SH2?

A

4

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63
Q

What is the total number of electrons in the covalent bonds of CO2?

A

12

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64
Q

Water (H2O) has the bent shape. (T/F)

A

True

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65
Q

CH4 has the tetrahedral shape. (T/F)

A

True

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66
Q

How many carbon atoms are in 2-methylbutane?

A

5

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67
Q

How many carbon atoms are in 2, 2-dimenthylpropane?

A

5

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68
Q

Butane and 2-methylpropane are isomers. (T/F)

A

True

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69
Q

Alkanes are a clasS of organic compounds that have only C and H atoms. (T/F)

A

True

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70
Q

A book resting no top of a 5 foot bookshelf has no kinetic energy. (T/F)

A

True

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71
Q

A car moving at 35 mi/hr has kinetic energy. (T/F)

A

True

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72
Q

Which sector of our US society consumes the greatest amount of our total energy?

a. industrial
b. transportation
c. commercial
d. residential

A

a. industrial

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73
Q

When methane is combusted, how many molecules of carbon dioxide are released per 6 molecules of methane?

A

6

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74
Q

Propane (C3H8) is burned with oxygen to produce heat and light. this reaction is a combustion reaction. (T/F)

A

True

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75
Q

Fossil fuels are considered to be renewable resources. (T/F)

A

False

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76
Q

Fuels derived form nonliving matter are called biofuels. (T/F)

A

False

77
Q

Ethanol is a biofuel. (T/F)

A

True

78
Q

What is the third stroke in the four-stroke cycle of a typical car’s engine?

A

Power

79
Q

Catalytic cracking uses catalyst to facilitate the cracking of___covalent molecules into___one. (fill in the blanks)

A

Larger, Smaller

80
Q

What part of the earths sphere contains the fossil fuels in the Earth’s crust?

A

Lithosphere

81
Q

Photosynthesis converts CO2 and H20 into O2 and C6H12O6 (T/F)

A

True

82
Q

CO2 is found where?

a. lithosphere
b. hydrosphere
c. atmosphere
d. biosphere

A

Both b and c

Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

83
Q

Which has the smallest carbon footprint?

a. burning octane
b. burning coal
c. burning biomass
d. photovoltaics

A

d. Photovoltaics

84
Q

Carbon dioxide gas absorbs infrared radiation, its bonds undergo rapid vibrations. (T/F)

A

True

85
Q

Measure of how much CO2 is released into the atmosphere by a particular product or activity

A

Carbon Footprint

86
Q

Which has the greatest carbon footprint?

a. burning methane
b. bruning coal
c. burning biomass

A

b. Burning coal

87
Q

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is composed primarily of methane. (T/F)

A

True

88
Q

1 Calorie is equal to how many calories?

A

1,000

89
Q

Name examples of a macronutrient

A

Fats
Oils
Carbohydrates
Proteins

90
Q

No carbon-carbon double bonds

A

Saturated Fatty Acid

91
Q

one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

92
Q

A glycerol backbone connected to 3 fatty acids by ester linkages

A

Triglycerides

93
Q

At ordinary temperatures, fats are what?

a. solids
b. liquids
c. gases

A

A (Solids)

94
Q

At ordinary temperatures, oils are what?

a. solids
b. liquids
c. gases

A

B (Liquids)

95
Q

Triglycerides with low melting points tend to be what/

a. oils
b. fats
c. cabohydrates

A

A (Oils)

96
Q

Unsaturated fats have___intermolecular associations than saturated fats.

a. greater
b. equal
c. less
d. random

A

C (Less)

97
Q

What are the unintended byproducts of catalytic hydrogenation?

A

Trans Fats

98
Q

What class of nutrients are known to provide quick energy?

A

Carbohydrates

99
Q

Select all of the elements exclusively found in carbohydrates.

a. carbon
b. hydrogen
c. oxygen

A

A, B, and C (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)

100
Q

What is the smallest, simplest carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

101
Q

When 2 monosaccharides are joined together by a covalent bond and 2 water molecules are lost what is made?

A

Disaccharides

102
Q

Lactose and sucrose are what?

A

Disaccharides

103
Q

Sucrase helps hydrolyze what?

A

Sucrose

104
Q

Give examples of a low-glycemic food

A

Whole Grains, Whole Fruits, Beans, and Most Vegetables

105
Q

In starch. glucose rings are joined together by___-links.

a. α
b. β
c. γ

A

A (α)

106
Q

In cellulose, glucose rings are joined together by__-links.

a. α
b. β
c. γ

A

B (β)

107
Q

A protein is a polymer made up of a long sequence of what?

A

Amino Acids

108
Q

The sequence of amino acids inked together in a long strand is known as the protein’s___structures.

a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary

A

A (Primary)

109
Q

Regions of a long strand amino acids that form coils are known as the protein’s___structures.

a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary

A

B (Secondary)

110
Q

When 2 or more tertiary structures bind together this is known as the protein’s__structures.

a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary

A

D (Quaternary)

111
Q

Hydrogen bond are an attractive force between a phosphorus atom and a nearby hydrogen atom bonded to a phosphorus atom (T/F)

A

False

112
Q

Condensation is the reverse of freezing (T/F)

A

False

113
Q

H2O has the ability to have hydrogen bonds (T/F)

A

True

114
Q

The weak attractive force between non polar molecules in close proximity

A

Dispersion Forces

115
Q

Process of a liquid turning into a gas at its surface

A

Evaporation

116
Q

During the process of sublimation a__changes directly to a___.

a. solid, liquid
b. liquid, gas
c. liquid, solid
d. solid, gas

A

D (solid, gas)

117
Q

What i the most abundant gas in the Earth;s lower atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen (N2)

118
Q

What is the 2nd most abundant gas in the Earth’s lower atmosphere?

A

Oxygen

119
Q

At a constant pressure, as the temperature of a gas increases its volume will (increase/decrease).

A

Increase

120
Q

At a constant temperature, as the volume of a gas decreases its pressure will (increases/decreases).

A

increases

121
Q

0 Kelvin is known as absolute zero. (T/F)

A

True

122
Q 
Select the correct choice of the coefficients needed to balance the equation.
\_\_CH4+\_\_O2-->\_\_CO2+\_\_H2O
a. 1, 2, 1, 2
b. 1, 2, 2, 1
c. 1, 1, 1, 1
d. 1, 1, 1
A

A (1, 2, 1, 2)

123
Q 
Select the correct choice of the coefficients needed to balance the equation.
\_\_H2O-->\_\_O2+\_\_H2
a. 1, 2, 1
b. 1, 2, 2
c. 1, 1, 0
d. 2, 1, 2
A

D (2, 1, 2)

124
Q

A balanced chemical equation will show conservation of mass. (T/F)

A

True

125
Q

A chemical change is a process that produces substances with a new chemical composition. (T/F)

A

True

126
Q

In the balanced equation, Zn+2HCl–>Cl2+H2, the number 2 shown before HCl is a subscript. (T/F)

A

False

127
Q

In the balanced equation, Zn+2HCl–>Cl2+H2, the number 2 shown before HCl is a coeffiecient. (T/F)

A

True

128
Q

12 g Carbon is equal to 1 mole of carbon. (T/F)

A

True

129
Q

1 Mole of oxygen gas is equal to 16 grams of oxygen gas. (T/F)

A

False

130
Q

An amount of substances that contains 6.02 x 10^23 chemical particles is defined as a mole. (T/F)

A

True

131
Q

What are the differences in structure between soap and detergents?

A

Soaps are the sodium salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid.

Detergents contain hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

132
Q

Give examples of different types of detergent

A

Micelles and Sodium laurel sulfate

133
Q

What was the origin of soap as a cleaning agent?

A

Help clean oily and greasy dirt from various substances

134
Q

The sodium salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid

A

Soap

135
Q

A cleansing agent consisting of molecules that contain hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

A

Detergent

136
Q

What are Hydrophobic portions of molecules?

A

Hydrocarbon chains can protrude through and away from the water molecules at the surface

137
Q

What are Hydrophilic portions of molecules?

A

Carboxylate groups can become embedded among the water molecules of the surface

138
Q

Waters that’s rich in the salts of calcium, magnesium, and/or iron

A

“Hard” Water

139
Q

Describe additives found in laundry detergent and some environmental hazards that might cause.

A

Alkylbenzenesulfonates; can find it’s way into lakes and streams and can kill fish and other wild life

140
Q

Name different components in cosmetics and their characteristics

A

Talc: provides bulk and improves spreadability
Kaolin: Absorbs water
Zinc oxide: helps mask blemishes

141
Q

Describe the layers and components of skin

A

Dermis contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands and the active portion of hair follicles.
Epidermis consist of several tiers of cells.
Stratum Cornell is the outermost layer of the skin.

142
Q

Types of emulsions

A

Skin lotions and Skin creams

143
Q

Very dilute solution of inorganic ions (true sweat glands)

A

Eccrine Sweat Glands

144
Q

How do sweat glands function

A

They regulate body temperature by secreting water to the skins surface, where the heat is removed by evaporation

145
Q

Makes up the the normally visible part of the tooth

A

Tooth Enamel

146
Q

How do tooth enamel and conditions effect the hair?

A

Keratin can influence both tooth enamel and the hair

147
Q

Where did aspirin originate from?

A

Germany

148
Q

How does aspirin function to relieve pain?

A

Calms down inflammation in the body. It blocks inflammation-causing compounds which receives pain and swelling.

149
Q

How do drugs act in the body?

A

Tend to stimulate certain receptors, ion channels, act on enzymes or transporter proteins and cause the human body to react a certain way.

150
Q

How do decongestants function in the body?

A

They work by narrowing the blood vessels in the nose. They decrease swelling and inflammation, allowing more air flow through and mucus to drain.

151
Q

Describe the FDA approval process

A

Watchdog for potential medications seeking approval for use in the United States

152
Q

A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect

A

Placebo

153
Q

Neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. Prevents bias in research results.

A

Double Blind Study

154
Q

Where did antibiotics originate from?

A

Penicillin was the 1st true antibiotic and discovered by Alexander Fleming

155
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Some dissolve the membrane of just bacteria cells

156
Q

The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive

A

Antibiotic Resistance

157
Q

Type of compounds in tranquilizers

A

benzodiazepines

158
Q

What does the term “Steroid abuse”refer

A

Steroid Abuse

159
Q

Like dissolves like (T/F)

A

True

160
Q

Lighter fluid will dissolve oil better than water (T/F)

A

True

161
Q

Solutions can display the Tyndall effect (T/F)

A

False

162
Q

Colloidal mixtures have the property of scattering a beam of light (T/F)

A

True

163
Q

Emulsions are exclusively made up of hydrophobic compounds (T/F)

A

False

164
Q

When solute is dissolved in a solvent

A

Solution

165
Q

When the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent

A

Saturated Solution

166
Q

Hydrophobic tails of emulsifiers are (polar/non-polar)

A

Non-polar

167
Q

Water forms strong intermolecular attractions to what?

A

Ions

168
Q

At constant temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid directly proportional to the___of the gas above the liquid.

a. volume
b. density
c. pressure
d. moles

A

C. pressure

169
Q

Henry’s Law predicts that as we___the pressure of the gas over a liquid, its solubility___.

a. increase, decreases
b. decrease, increases
c. increase, increases

A

c. increase, increases

170
Q

As cells consume O2 and produce CO2, the concentration of O2 drops to 40-mm Hg and the concentration of CO2 increase to 45-mm Hg. (T/F)

A

True

171
Q

2.50 moles of NaCl are dissolved in 10.0 L of water. What is the molarity of this solution?

A

0.250 M

172
Q

About 15% of the Earth’s water is readily accessible and available for use as fresh, drinkable water. (T/F)

A

False

173
Q

The maximum containment level for mercury in the public drinking water supply is 0.02 ppm. (T/F)

A

False

174
Q

Desalination works by making use of osmosis. (T/F)

A

True

175
Q

What is the second step in the hydrologic cycle?

A

Condensation

176
Q

What type of water (salt, fresh, minerals, or both) do Glaciers contain?

A

Fresh Water

177
Q

Basic materials can be identified by what test outcomes?

A

Form salts in the presence of acids
May feel slippery
May taste bitter
Turns litmus paper blue

178
Q

Neutralization reactions typically produce what?

A

Water and Salt

179
Q

Which can turn litmus paper red?

a. saliva
b. baking soda
c. grapefruit juice
d. sea salt

A

c. grapefruit juice

180
Q

Two solutions, A and B, described below, were mixed together.
Solution A: 50 mL of 1.00 M aqueous HCl
Solution B: 100 mL
Before mixing, what best describes the system:
a. the pH is greater in solution B
b. the pH is greater in Solution A
c. the solutions are neutral

A

a. the pH is greater in solution B

181
Q

A solution that has a pH = 10.3 means what?

A

The solution contains a larger number of OH- ions than H3O+

182
Q

You accidentally forgot to label a sample bottle with the correct pH. You decide to do a quick litmus test. The litmus paper turns blue. What would the pH value of your sample be?

a. pH=3.0
b. pH=5.0
c. pH=7.0
d. pH=9.0

A

d. pH=9.0

183
Q

What is commonly used as a digestive antacid?

A

Magnesium hydroxide and Calcium carbonate

184
Q

What chemical characteristic is common for compounds used as digestive antacids?

A

They are weak bases

185
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide gas when it dissolves in naturally occurring waters?

A

It forms carbonic acid

186
Q

Which compound is considered to be the leading cause of ocean acidification?

A

Carbonic acid

187
Q

What is the most likely side effects of ocean acidification?

A

Dissolution of the shells of marine organisms

188
Q

Name a trait of a buffer

A

Adding a strong acid doesn’t significantly change the pH

CHM 110 (5 decks)

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