Final Exam Flashcards
All Chapters including Chapter 11 and Chapter 12
Chemistry is the study of what?
matter
The active ingredients found in soap are what?
surfactants
Minerals are micronutrients or macronutrients?
micronutrietns
Proteins and carbohydrates are macronutrients or micronutrients?
macronutrients
Name of few things that make involve chemistry.
dry cleaning
agriculture
medicine
dyeing and printing
Trees are examples of renewable resources (T/F)
True
Water is an example of a renewable resource. (T/F)
True
Fossil Fuels are examples of renewable resources (T/F)
False
Green chemistry is the general chemical practice that aims at depleting resources and increasing toxic waste. (T/F)
False
Improper manufacturing of a good could be damaging to the environment (T/F)
True
Fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, will (decrease/increase) in their overall total amounts over time with continued use.
decrease
Life-cycle assessments require the application of chemistry to the___of environmentally friendly consumer products.
a. design
b. production
c. use
d. disposal
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Fundamental research that increases our understanding of the world.
Basic Research
Chemist can do which of the following:
a. analyze substances to determine their chemical compositions and properties
b. synthesize new compounds
c. understand and control chemical processes
d. formulates many types of new products, including medicines, cosmetics, foods, cleaning products, agricultural chemicals, and paints
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
What is the SI unit for length?
Meter
What is the SI unit for time?
Second
How many meters are in one kilometer?
1,000
How many grams are in one milligram?
0.001
There are 2.54 cm in one inch. Given this information, how many cm are in 15 inches?
38.1
What is the fundamental particle of matter?
Atom
What is the elemental symbol for sodium?
NA
What is the symbol for sulfur?
S
The nucleus of the atom has positive charge inside it (T/F)
True
What is the subatomic particle that is positively charge?
Proton
What is the subatomic that is negatively charged?
Electron
What subatomic particle is not found in the nucleus?
Electron
What element with the atomic number is equal to 8?
Oxygen
Sulfur has__protons,___electrons, and___neutrons. (fill in the blanks)
16, 16, 16
Sodium has an atomic mass of 22 and possess 11 protons. What is the number of neutrons belonging to sodium?
11
Which are examples of a compound or molecule? a. SeO2 b. HCl c. C6H12O6 E. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which are examples of elements?
a. Se02
b. HCl
c. Fe
d. Ne
c. Fe and d. Ne
The atomic number (number of protons) distinguishes one type of element from another. (T/F)
True
The number of neutrons distinguished one type of element from another. (T/F)
False
Which are isotopes?
a. hydrogen
b. deuterium
c. tritium
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
What is the most common isotope of hydrogen?
H
The mass of a proton is greater than the mass of an electron. (T/F)
True
The columns found in the modern periods table are called groups/ (T/F)
True
Often gases or brittle solids and are poor conductors of heat and electricity
Nonmetals
Tend to be shiny solids and are good conductors of heat
Medals
Nitrogen is a nonmetal. (T/F)
True
Carbon and germanium should have similar chemical properties. (T/F)
True
Which of the following possess the same number of valence electrons?
a. Lithium and Cesium
b. Boron and Magnesium
c. Carbon and Nitrogen
d. Potassium and Barium
a. Lithium and Cesium
What is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust?
Oxygen
What is the most abundant element in the Earth’s hydrosphere?
Oxygen
What is the most abundant element in the Earth’s atmosphere?
Nitrogen
What is the most abundant in the human body?
Ocygen
0.400 L=____mL
400mL
- 9 fl.oz.=___L
0. 0338 fl.oz=1 mL
0.500L
- 0 lb=___kg
2. 20ib=1 K
6.82 kg
Chlorine has 5 valence electrons. (T/F)
False
There are a maximum of 6 electrons in the second quantum shell. (T/F)
False
Give an example of green chemistry
Using less harsh chemicals for cleaning
What are valence shells?
The outermost quantum shell of an atom
What is the number of valence electrons for magnesium?
2
Sulfur’s electronic configuration for quantum shells 1, 2, and 3 are__, __, and __, respectively.
2, 8, 6
In the compound MgO, the magnesium atom donates how many electron(s) to the oxygen atom so that the oxygen atom can have an octet?
2
What compound is CH4?
Nonpolar covalent
A chemical bond resulting from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions
Ionic Bond
A bond consisting of a pair of electrons shared by 2 atoms
Covalent Bond
An electrically neutral assembly of atoms held together by covalent bonds
Molecule
The formula calcium chloride is CaCl2 (T/F)
True
What is the total number of electrons in the covalent bonds of SH2?
4
What is the total number of electrons in the covalent bonds of CO2?
12
Water (H2O) has the bent shape. (T/F)
True
CH4 has the tetrahedral shape. (T/F)
True
How many carbon atoms are in 2-methylbutane?
5
How many carbon atoms are in 2, 2-dimenthylpropane?
5
Butane and 2-methylpropane are isomers. (T/F)
True
Alkanes are a clasS of organic compounds that have only C and H atoms. (T/F)
True
A book resting no top of a 5 foot bookshelf has no kinetic energy. (T/F)
True
A car moving at 35 mi/hr has kinetic energy. (T/F)
True
Which sector of our US society consumes the greatest amount of our total energy?
a. industrial
b. transportation
c. commercial
d. residential
a. industrial
When methane is combusted, how many molecules of carbon dioxide are released per 6 molecules of methane?
6
Propane (C3H8) is burned with oxygen to produce heat and light. this reaction is a combustion reaction. (T/F)
True
Fossil fuels are considered to be renewable resources. (T/F)
False
Fuels derived form nonliving matter are called biofuels. (T/F)
False
Ethanol is a biofuel. (T/F)
True
What is the third stroke in the four-stroke cycle of a typical car’s engine?
Power
Catalytic cracking uses catalyst to facilitate the cracking of___covalent molecules into___one. (fill in the blanks)
Larger, Smaller
What part of the earths sphere contains the fossil fuels in the Earth’s crust?
Lithosphere
Photosynthesis converts CO2 and H20 into O2 and C6H12O6 (T/F)
True
CO2 is found where?
a. lithosphere
b. hydrosphere
c. atmosphere
d. biosphere
Both b and c
Hydrosphere and Atmosphere
Which has the smallest carbon footprint?
a. burning octane
b. burning coal
c. burning biomass
d. photovoltaics
d. Photovoltaics
Carbon dioxide gas absorbs infrared radiation, its bonds undergo rapid vibrations. (T/F)
True
Measure of how much CO2 is released into the atmosphere by a particular product or activity
Carbon Footprint
Which has the greatest carbon footprint?
a. burning methane
b. bruning coal
c. burning biomass
b. Burning coal
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is composed primarily of methane. (T/F)
True
1 Calorie is equal to how many calories?
1,000
Name examples of a macronutrient
Fats
Oils
Carbohydrates
Proteins
No carbon-carbon double bonds
Saturated Fatty Acid
one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
A glycerol backbone connected to 3 fatty acids by ester linkages
Triglycerides
At ordinary temperatures, fats are what?
a. solids
b. liquids
c. gases
A (Solids)
At ordinary temperatures, oils are what?
a. solids
b. liquids
c. gases
B (Liquids)
Triglycerides with low melting points tend to be what/
a. oils
b. fats
c. cabohydrates
A (Oils)
Unsaturated fats have___intermolecular associations than saturated fats.
a. greater
b. equal
c. less
d. random
C (Less)
What are the unintended byproducts of catalytic hydrogenation?
Trans Fats
What class of nutrients are known to provide quick energy?
Carbohydrates
Select all of the elements exclusively found in carbohydrates.
a. carbon
b. hydrogen
c. oxygen
A, B, and C (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)
What is the smallest, simplest carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
When 2 monosaccharides are joined together by a covalent bond and 2 water molecules are lost what is made?
Disaccharides
Lactose and sucrose are what?
Disaccharides
Sucrase helps hydrolyze what?
Sucrose
Give examples of a low-glycemic food
Whole Grains, Whole Fruits, Beans, and Most Vegetables
In starch. glucose rings are joined together by___-links.
a. α
b. β
c. γ
A (α)
In cellulose, glucose rings are joined together by__-links.
a. α
b. β
c. γ
B (β)
A protein is a polymer made up of a long sequence of what?
Amino Acids
The sequence of amino acids inked together in a long strand is known as the protein’s___structures.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
A (Primary)
Regions of a long strand amino acids that form coils are known as the protein’s___structures.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
B (Secondary)
When 2 or more tertiary structures bind together this is known as the protein’s__structures.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
D (Quaternary)
Hydrogen bond are an attractive force between a phosphorus atom and a nearby hydrogen atom bonded to a phosphorus atom (T/F)
False
Condensation is the reverse of freezing (T/F)
False
H2O has the ability to have hydrogen bonds (T/F)
True
The weak attractive force between non polar molecules in close proximity
Dispersion Forces
Process of a liquid turning into a gas at its surface
Evaporation
During the process of sublimation a__changes directly to a___.
a. solid, liquid
b. liquid, gas
c. liquid, solid
d. solid, gas
D (solid, gas)
What i the most abundant gas in the Earth;s lower atmosphere?
Nitrogen (N2)
What is the 2nd most abundant gas in the Earth’s lower atmosphere?
Oxygen
At a constant pressure, as the temperature of a gas increases its volume will (increase/decrease).
Increase
At a constant temperature, as the volume of a gas decreases its pressure will (increases/decreases).
increases
0 Kelvin is known as absolute zero. (T/F)
True
Select the correct choice of the coefficients needed to balance the equation. \_\_CH4+\_\_O2-->\_\_CO2+\_\_H2O a. 1, 2, 1, 2 b. 1, 2, 2, 1 c. 1, 1, 1, 1 d. 1, 1, 1
A (1, 2, 1, 2)
Select the correct choice of the coefficients needed to balance the equation. \_\_H2O-->\_\_O2+\_\_H2 a. 1, 2, 1 b. 1, 2, 2 c. 1, 1, 0 d. 2, 1, 2
D (2, 1, 2)
A balanced chemical equation will show conservation of mass. (T/F)
True
A chemical change is a process that produces substances with a new chemical composition. (T/F)
True
In the balanced equation, Zn+2HCl–>Cl2+H2, the number 2 shown before HCl is a subscript. (T/F)
False
In the balanced equation, Zn+2HCl–>Cl2+H2, the number 2 shown before HCl is a coeffiecient. (T/F)
True
12 g Carbon is equal to 1 mole of carbon. (T/F)
True
1 Mole of oxygen gas is equal to 16 grams of oxygen gas. (T/F)
False
An amount of substances that contains 6.02 x 10^23 chemical particles is defined as a mole. (T/F)
True
What are the differences in structure between soap and detergents?
Soaps are the sodium salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid.
Detergents contain hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Give examples of different types of detergent
Micelles and Sodium laurel sulfate
What was the origin of soap as a cleaning agent?
Help clean oily and greasy dirt from various substances
The sodium salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid
Soap
A cleansing agent consisting of molecules that contain hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Detergent
What are Hydrophobic portions of molecules?
Hydrocarbon chains can protrude through and away from the water molecules at the surface
What are Hydrophilic portions of molecules?
Carboxylate groups can become embedded among the water molecules of the surface
Waters that’s rich in the salts of calcium, magnesium, and/or iron
“Hard” Water
Describe additives found in laundry detergent and some environmental hazards that might cause.
Alkylbenzenesulfonates; can find it’s way into lakes and streams and can kill fish and other wild life
Name different components in cosmetics and their characteristics
Talc: provides bulk and improves spreadability
Kaolin: Absorbs water
Zinc oxide: helps mask blemishes
Describe the layers and components of skin
Dermis contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands and the active portion of hair follicles.
Epidermis consist of several tiers of cells.
Stratum Cornell is the outermost layer of the skin.
Types of emulsions
Skin lotions and Skin creams
Very dilute solution of inorganic ions (true sweat glands)
Eccrine Sweat Glands
How do sweat glands function
They regulate body temperature by secreting water to the skins surface, where the heat is removed by evaporation
Makes up the the normally visible part of the tooth
Tooth Enamel
How do tooth enamel and conditions effect the hair?
Keratin can influence both tooth enamel and the hair
Where did aspirin originate from?
Germany
How does aspirin function to relieve pain?
Calms down inflammation in the body. It blocks inflammation-causing compounds which receives pain and swelling.
How do drugs act in the body?
Tend to stimulate certain receptors, ion channels, act on enzymes or transporter proteins and cause the human body to react a certain way.
How do decongestants function in the body?
They work by narrowing the blood vessels in the nose. They decrease swelling and inflammation, allowing more air flow through and mucus to drain.
Describe the FDA approval process
Watchdog for potential medications seeking approval for use in the United States
A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect
Placebo
Neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. Prevents bias in research results.
Double Blind Study
Where did antibiotics originate from?
Penicillin was the 1st true antibiotic and discovered by Alexander Fleming
How do antibiotics work?
Some dissolve the membrane of just bacteria cells
The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive
Antibiotic Resistance
Type of compounds in tranquilizers
benzodiazepines
What does the term “Steroid abuse”refer
Steroid Abuse
Like dissolves like (T/F)
True
Lighter fluid will dissolve oil better than water (T/F)
True
Solutions can display the Tyndall effect (T/F)
False
Colloidal mixtures have the property of scattering a beam of light (T/F)
True
Emulsions are exclusively made up of hydrophobic compounds (T/F)
False
When solute is dissolved in a solvent
Solution
When the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent
Saturated Solution
Hydrophobic tails of emulsifiers are (polar/non-polar)
Non-polar
Water forms strong intermolecular attractions to what?
Ions
At constant temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid directly proportional to the___of the gas above the liquid.
a. volume
b. density
c. pressure
d. moles
C. pressure
Henry’s Law predicts that as we___the pressure of the gas over a liquid, its solubility___.
a. increase, decreases
b. decrease, increases
c. increase, increases
c. increase, increases
As cells consume O2 and produce CO2, the concentration of O2 drops to 40-mm Hg and the concentration of CO2 increase to 45-mm Hg. (T/F)
True
2.50 moles of NaCl are dissolved in 10.0 L of water. What is the molarity of this solution?
0.250 M
About 15% of the Earth’s water is readily accessible and available for use as fresh, drinkable water. (T/F)
False
The maximum containment level for mercury in the public drinking water supply is 0.02 ppm. (T/F)
False
Desalination works by making use of osmosis. (T/F)
True
What is the second step in the hydrologic cycle?
Condensation
What type of water (salt, fresh, minerals, or both) do Glaciers contain?
Fresh Water
Basic materials can be identified by what test outcomes?
Form salts in the presence of acids
May feel slippery
May taste bitter
Turns litmus paper blue
Neutralization reactions typically produce what?
Water and Salt
Which can turn litmus paper red?
a. saliva
b. baking soda
c. grapefruit juice
d. sea salt
c. grapefruit juice
Two solutions, A and B, described below, were mixed together.
Solution A: 50 mL of 1.00 M aqueous HCl
Solution B: 100 mL
Before mixing, what best describes the system:
a. the pH is greater in solution B
b. the pH is greater in Solution A
c. the solutions are neutral
a. the pH is greater in solution B
A solution that has a pH = 10.3 means what?
The solution contains a larger number of OH- ions than H3O+
You accidentally forgot to label a sample bottle with the correct pH. You decide to do a quick litmus test. The litmus paper turns blue. What would the pH value of your sample be?
a. pH=3.0
b. pH=5.0
c. pH=7.0
d. pH=9.0
d. pH=9.0
What is commonly used as a digestive antacid?
Magnesium hydroxide and Calcium carbonate
What chemical characteristic is common for compounds used as digestive antacids?
They are weak bases
What happens to carbon dioxide gas when it dissolves in naturally occurring waters?
It forms carbonic acid
Which compound is considered to be the leading cause of ocean acidification?
Carbonic acid
What is the most likely side effects of ocean acidification?
Dissolution of the shells of marine organisms
Name a trait of a buffer
Adding a strong acid doesn’t significantly change the pH
