Test 2 (chap 5-8)

Question 1

Agents of socialization

Answer 1

Various individuals, groups, and organizations that influence the socialization process

Question 2

Anticipatory socialization

Answer 2

Process through which people acquire the values and orientations found in statuses they will likely enter in the future

Question 3

Collectivist culture

Answer 3

Culture in which personal accomplishments are less important in the formation of identity than group membership

Question 4

Eugenics

Answer 4

Control of mating to ensure that “defective” genes of troublesome individuals will not be passed on to future generations

Question 5

Game stage

Answer 5

Stage in the development of self during which a child acquires the ability to take the role of a group or community (the generalized other) and conform their behavior to broad societal expectations

Question 6

Gender

Answer 6

Psychological, social, and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness

Question 7

Generalized other

Answer 7

Perspective of the larger society and its constituent values and attitudes

Question 8

Identity

Answer 8

Essential aspect of who we are, consisting of our sense of self, gender, race, ethnicity, and religion

Question 9

Individualist culture

Answer 9

Culture in which personal accomplishments are a more important component of one’s self-concept than group membership

Question 10

Looking-glass self

Answer 10

Sense of who we are that is defined by incorporating the reflected appraisals of others

Question 11

Play stage

Answer 11

Stage in the development of self during which a child develops the ability to take a role, but only from the perspective of one person at a time

Question 12

Reflexive behavior

Answer 12

Behavior in which the person initiating an action is the same as the person toward whom the action is directed

Question 13

Resocialization

Answer 13

Process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves an old role and enters a new one

Question 14

Role taking

Answer 14

Ability to see oneself from the perspective of others and to use that perspective in formulating one’s own behavior

Question 15

Self

Answer 15

Unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguishes one person from the next; the active source and passive object of behavior

Question 16

Sex

Answer 16

Biological maleness or femaleness

Question 17

Socialization

Answer 17

Process through which one learns how to act according to the rules and expectations of a particular culture

Question 18

Total institution

Answer 18

Place where individuals are cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period and where together they lead an enclosed, formally administered life

Question 19

Tracking

Answer 19

Grouping of students into different curricular programs, or tracks, based on an assessment of their academic abilities

Question 20

Account

Answer 20

Statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrassing, or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred

Question 21

Aligning action

Answer 21

Action taken to restore an identity that has been damaged

Question 22

Back stage

Answer 22

Area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior

Question 23

Cooling out

Answer 23

Gently persuading someone who has lost face to accept a less desirable but still reasonable alternative identity

Question 24

Disclaimer

Answer 24

Assertion designed to forestall any complaints or negative reactions to a behavior or statement that is about to occur

Question 25

Dramaturgy

Answer 25

Study of social interaction as theater, in which people (“actors”) project images (“play roles”) in front of others (“audience”)

Question 26

Embarrassment

Answer 26

Spontaneous feeling experienced when the identity someone is presenting is suddenly and unexpectedly discredited in front of others

Question 27

Front stage

Answer 27

Area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions

Question 28

Impression formation

Answer 28

The process by which we define others based on observable cues such as age, ascribed status characteristics such as race and gender, individual attributes such as physical appearance, and verbal and nonverbal expressions

Question 29

Impression management

Answer 29

Impression management

Question 30

Performance team

Answer 30

Set of individuals who cooperate in staging a performance that leads an audience to form an impression of one or all team members

Question 31

Stigma

Answer 31

Deeply discrediting characteristic that is viewed as an obstacle to competent or morally trustworthy behavior

Question 32

Endogamy

Answer 32

Marriage within one’s social group

Question 33

Exogamy

Answer 33

Marriage outside one’s social group

Question 34

Extended family

Answer 34

Family unit consisting of the parent–child nuclear family and other relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

Question 35

Family

Answer 35

Two or more persons, including the householder, who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and who live together as one household

Question 36

Household

Answer 36

Living arrangement composed of one or more people who occupy a housing unit

Question 37

Monogamy

Answer 37

Practice of being married to only one person at a time

Question 38

Neolocal residence

Answer 38

Living arrangement in which a married couple sets up residence separate from either spouse’s family

Question 39

Nuclear family

Answer 39

Family unit consisting of at least one parent and one child

Question 40

Polygamy

Answer 40

Marriage of one person to more than one spouse at the same time

Question 41

Absolutism

Answer 41

Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad

Question 42

Criminalization

Answer 42

Official definition of an act of deviance as a crime

Question 43

Deterrence theory

Answer 43

Theory of deviance positing that people will be prevented from engaging in a deviant act if they judge the costs of such an act to outweigh its benefits

Question 44

Deviance

Answer 44

Behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual or group that some people in society find offensive

Question 45

Medicalization

Answer 45

Definition of behavior as a medical problem, mandating the medical profession to provide some kind of treatment for it

Question 46

Relativism

Answer 46

Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socially created by collective human judgments and ideas