Final Exam (chap 12-14)

Question 1

Institutional sexism

Answer 1

Subordination of women that is part of the everyday workings of economics, law, politics, and other social institutions

Question 2

Matriarchy

Answer 2

Female-dominated society that gives higher prestige and value to women than to men

Question 3

Objectification

Answer 3

Practice of treating people as objects

Question 4

Patriarchy

Answer 4

Male-dominated society in which cultural beliefs and values give higher prestige and value to men than to women

Question 5

Sexism

Answer 5

System of beliefs that asserts the inferiority of one sex and justifies gender-based inequality

Question 6

Age structure

Answer 6

A population’s balance of old and young people

Question 7

Birth cohort

Answer 7

Set of people who were born during the same era and who face similar societal circumstances brought about by their shared position in the overall age structure of the population

Question 8

Cohort effect

Answer 8

Phenomenon in which members of a birth cohort tend to experience a particular life course event or rite of passage—puberty, marriage, childbearing, graduation, entry into the workforce, death—at roughly the same time

Question 9

Demographer

Answer 9

Sociologist who studies trends in population characteristics

Question 10

Migration

Answer 10

Movement of populations from one geographic area to another

Question 11

Period effect

Answer 11

Phenomenon in which a historical event or major social trend contributes to the unique shape and outlook of a birth cohort

Question 12

Urbanization

Answer 12

The process by which people leave rural areas and begin to concentrate in large cities

Question 13

Anomie

Answer 13

Condition in which rapid change has disrupted society’s ability to adequately regulate and control its members and the old rules that governed people’s lives no longer seem to apply

Question 14

Countermovement

Answer 14

Collective action designed to prevent or reverse changes sought or accomplished by an earlier social movement

Question 15

Cultural diffusion

Answer 15

Process by which beliefs, technology, customs, and other elements of culture spread from one group or society to another

Question 16

Global climate change

Answer 16

Steady rise in Earth’s average temperature as a result of increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Question 17

Ideology

Answer 17

Coherent system of beliefs, values, and ideas

Question 18

Postindustrial society

Answer 18

Society in which knowledge, the control of information, and service industries are more important elements of the economy than agriculture or manufacturing and production

Question 19

Reform movement

Answer 19

Collective action that seeks to change limited aspects of a society but does not seek to alter or replace major social institutions

Question 20

Resource mobilization theory

Answer 20

A theory of social movements that suggests that no social movement can exist unless it has an organized system for acquiring needed resources: money, labor, participants, legal aid, access to the media

Question 21

Revolutionary movement

Answer 21

Collective action that attempts to overthrow an entire social system and replace it with another

Question 22

Social movement

Answer 22

Continuous, large-scale, organized collective action motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or reverse change in some area of society