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sociology - SOC 108 > Test 1 (chap 1-4) > Flashcards

Test 1 (chap 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

altruistic suicide

A

type of suicide that occurs where ties to the group or community are considered more important than individual identity

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2
Q

anomic suicide

A

type of suicide that occurs when the structure of society is weakened or disrupted and people feel hopeless and disillusioned

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3
Q

comparative method

A

research technique that compares existing official statistics and historical records across groups to test a theory about some social phenomenon

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4
Q

egoistic suicide

A

type of suicide that occurs in settings where the individual is emphasized over group or community connections

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5
Q

fatalistic suicide

A

type of suicide that occurs when people see no possible way to improve their oppressive circumstances

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6
Q

individualistic explanation

A

tendency to attribute peoples achievements and failures to their personal qualities

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7
Q

macrolevel

A

way of examining human life that focuses on the broad social forces and structural features of society that exist above the level of individual people

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8
Q

microlevel

A

way of examining human life that focuses on the immediate, everyday experiences of people

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9
Q

sociological imagination

A

ability to see the impact of social forces on our private lives

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10
Q

sociology

A

the systematic study of human societies

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11
Q

achieved status

A

social position acquired through our own efforts or accomplishments or taken on voluntarily

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12
Q

coalition

A

subgroup of a triad, formed when two members unite against the third member

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13
Q

conflict perspective

A

theoretical perspective that views the structure of society as a source of inequality that always benefits some groups at the expense of other groups

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14
Q

culture

A

language, values, beliefs, rules, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a society

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15
Q

dyad

A

group consisting of 2 people

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16
Q

feminist perspective

A

theoretical perspective that focuses on gender as the most important source fo conflict and inequality in social life

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17
Q

globalization

A

process though which peoples lives all around the world become economically, politically, environmentally, and culturally interconnected

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18
Q

group

A

set of people who interact more or less regularly and who are conscious of their identity as a unit

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19
Q

in groups

A

the groups to which we belong and toward which we feel a sense of loyalty

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20
Q

latent function

A

unintended, unrecognized consequences of activities that help some part of the social system

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21
Q

manifest functions

A

intended, obvious consequences of activities designed to help some part of the social system

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22
Q

norm

A

culturally defined standard or rule of conduct

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23
Q

organization

A

large, complex network of positions created for specific purpose and characterized by a hierarchical division of labor

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24
Q

out groups

A

the groups to which we don’t belong and toward which we feel a certain amount of antagonism

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25
primary group
collection of individuals who are together for a relatively long period, whose members have direct contact with and feel emotional attachment to one another
26
role
set of expectations, rights, obligations, behaviors, duties, associated with a particular status
27
role conflict
frustration people feel when the demands of one role they are expected to fulfill clash with the demands of another role
28
role strain
situations in which people lack the necessary resources to fulfill the demands of a particular role
29
secondary group
relatively impersonal collection of individuals that is established to perform a specific task
30
social institution
stable set of roles, statuses, groups, and organizations - such as the institution of education, family, politics, religion, health care, or the economy - that provides a foundation for behavior in some major area of social life
31
society
a population of people living in the same geographic area who share a culture and a common identity and whose members are subject to the same political authority
32
status
any named social position that people can occupy
33
structural functionalist perspective
theoretical perspective that posits that social institutions are structured to maintain stability and order in society
34
symbol
something used to represent or stand for something else
35
symbolic interactions
theoretical perspective that explains society and social structure through an examination of the microlevel, personal, day to day, exchanges fo people as individuals, pairs, or groups
36
triad
group consisting of three people
37
value
standard of judgment by which people decide on desirable goals and outcomes
38
analysis of existing data
type of unobtrusive research that relies on data gathered by someone else for some other purpose
39
content analysis
form of unobtrusive research that studies the content of recorded messages, such as books, speeches, poems, songs, tv shows, websites, ads
40
dependent variable
variable that is assumed to be caused by, or to change as a result of the independent variable
41
empirical research
research that operates from the ideological position that questions about human behavior can be answered only through controlled, systematic observations in the real world
42
experiment
research method designed to elicit some sort of behavior, typically conducted under closely controlled laboratory circumstances
43
field research
type of social research in which the researcher observes events as they actually occur
44
historical analysis
form of social research that relies on existing historical documents as a source of data
45
hypothesis
researchable prediction that specifies the relationship between two or more variables
46
incorrigible proposition
unquestioned cultural belief that cannot be proved wrong no matter what happens to dispute it
47
independent variable
variables presumed to cause or influence the dependent variable
48
indicator
measurable event, characteristic, or behavior commonly thought to reflect a particular concept
49
moral entrepreneurs
groups that work to have their moral concerns translated into law
50
nonparticipant observation
form of field research in which the researcher observes people without directly interacting with them and without letting them know that they are being observed
51
participant observation
form of field research in which the researcher interacts with subjects, sometimes hiding his or her identity
52
probabilistic
capable only of identifying those forces that have a high likelihood, nut not a certainty, of influencing human action
53
qualitative research
sociological research based on nonnumeric information (text, written, phrases, symbols, observations) that describes people, actions, or events in social life
54
quantitative research
sociological research based on the collection of numeric data that uses precise statistical analysis
55
reactivity
a problem associated with certain forms of research in which the very act of intruding into people's lives may influence the phenomenon being studied
56
representative
typical of the whole population being studied
57
sample
subgroup chosen for a study because its characteristics approximate those of the entire population
58
self fulfilling prophecy
assumption or prediction that in itself causes the expected event to occur, thus seeming to confirm the prophecy's accuracy
59
social construction of reality
process through which the members of a society discover, make known, reaffirm, and alter a collective version of facts, knowledge, and "truth"
60
spurious relationship
a false association between 2 variables that is actually due to the effect of some third variable
61
survey
form of social research in which the researcher asks subjects a series of questions verbally, online, or on paper
62
theory
set of statements or propositions that seeks to explain or predict a particular aspect of social life
63
unobtrusive research
research technique in which the researcher, without direct contact with the subjects, examines the evidence of social behavior that people create or leave behind
64
variable
any characteristic, attitude, behavior, or event that can take on 2 or more values or attributes
65
visual sociology
method of studying society that uses photographs, video recordings, and film either as means of gathering data or as sources of data about social life
66
cultural relativism
principle that peoples beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture
67
ethnocentrism
tendency to judge other cultures using ones own as a standard
68
folkway
informal norm that is mildly punished when violated
69
heteronormative culture
culture in which heterosexuality is accepted as the normal, taken for-granted mode of sexual expression
70
institutionalized norm
pattern of behavior within existing social institutions that is widely accepted in a society
71
intersex
category of individuals in whom sexual differentiation is either incomplete or ambiguous
72
material culture
artifacts of a society that represent adaptations to the social and physical environment
73
mores
highly codified, formal, systematized norms that bring severe punishment when violated
74
nonmaterial culture
knowledge, beliefs, customs, values, morals, and symbols that are shared by members of a society and that distinguish the society from others
75
sanction
social response that punishes or otherwise discourages violations of a social norm
76
sexual dichotomy
belief that 2 biological sexes categories male and female, are permanent, universal, exhaustive, and mutually exclusive
77
sick role
set of norms governing how one is supposed to behave and what one is entitled to when sick
78
subculture
values, behaviors, and artifacts of a group that distinguish its members form the larger culture
79
transgender
state in which ones gender expression or identity does not conform to the sex that were assigned at birth

sociology - SOC 108 (4 decks)

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