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sociology - SOC 108 > Test 1 (chap 1-4) > Flashcards

Test 1 (chap 1-4) Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

altruistic suicide

A

type of suicide that occurs where ties to the group or community are considered more important than individual identity

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2
Q

anomic suicide

A

type of suicide that occurs when the structure of society is weakened or disrupted and people feel hopeless and disillusioned

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3
Q

comparative method

A

research technique that compares existing official statistics and historical records across groups to test a theory about some social phenomenon

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4
Q

egoistic suicide

A

type of suicide that occurs in settings where the individual is emphasized over group or community connections

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5
Q

fatalistic suicide

A

type of suicide that occurs when people see no possible way to improve their oppressive circumstances

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6
Q

individualistic explanation

A

tendency to attribute peoples achievements and failures to their personal qualities

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7
Q

macrolevel

A

way of examining human life that focuses on the broad social forces and structural features of society that exist above the level of individual people

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8
Q

microlevel

A

way of examining human life that focuses on the immediate, everyday experiences of people

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9
Q

sociological imagination

A

ability to see the impact of social forces on our private lives

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10
Q

sociology

A

the systematic study of human societies

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11
Q

achieved status

A

social position acquired through our own efforts or accomplishments or taken on voluntarily

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12
Q

coalition

A

subgroup of a triad, formed when two members unite against the third member

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13
Q

conflict perspective

A

theoretical perspective that views the structure of society as a source of inequality that always benefits some groups at the expense of other groups

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14
Q

culture

A

language, values, beliefs, rules, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a society

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15
Q

dyad

A

group consisting of 2 people

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16
Q

feminist perspective

A

theoretical perspective that focuses on gender as the most important source fo conflict and inequality in social life

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17
Q

globalization

A

process though which peoples lives all around the world become economically, politically, environmentally, and culturally interconnected

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18
Q

group

A

set of people who interact more or less regularly and who are conscious of their identity as a unit

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19
Q

in groups

A

the groups to which we belong and toward which we feel a sense of loyalty

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20
Q

latent function

A

unintended, unrecognized consequences of activities that help some part of the social system

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21
Q

manifest functions

A

intended, obvious consequences of activities designed to help some part of the social system

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22
Q

norm

A

culturally defined standard or rule of conduct

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23
Q

organization

A

large, complex network of positions created for specific purpose and characterized by a hierarchical division of labor

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24
Q

out groups

A

the groups to which we don’t belong and toward which we feel a certain amount of antagonism

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25
Q

primary group

A

collection of individuals who are together for a relatively long period, whose members have direct contact with and feel emotional attachment to one another

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26
Q

role

A

set of expectations, rights, obligations, behaviors, duties, associated with a particular status

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27
Q

role conflict

A

frustration people feel when the demands of one role they are expected to fulfill clash with the demands of another role

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28
Q

role strain

A

situations in which people lack the necessary resources to fulfill the demands of a particular role

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29
Q

secondary group

A

relatively impersonal collection of individuals that is established to perform a specific task

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30
Q

social institution

A

stable set of roles, statuses, groups, and organizations - such as the institution of education, family, politics, religion, health care, or the economy - that provides a foundation for behavior in some major area of social life

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31
Q

society

A

a population of people living in the same geographic area who share a culture and a common identity and whose members are subject to the same political authority

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32
Q

status

A

any named social position that people can occupy

33
Q

structural functionalist perspective

A

theoretical perspective that posits that social institutions are structured to maintain stability and order in society

34
Q

symbol

A

something used to represent or stand for something else

35
Q

symbolic interactions

A

theoretical perspective that explains society and social structure through an examination of the microlevel, personal, day to day, exchanges fo people as individuals, pairs, or groups

36
Q

triad

A

group consisting of three people

37
Q

value

A

standard of judgment by which people decide on desirable goals and outcomes

38
Q

analysis of existing data

A

type of unobtrusive research that relies on data gathered by someone else for some other purpose

39
Q

content analysis

A

form of unobtrusive research that studies the content of recorded messages, such as books, speeches, poems, songs, tv shows, websites, ads

40
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is assumed to be caused by, or to change as a result of the independent variable

41
Q

empirical research

A

research that operates from the ideological position that questions about human behavior can be answered only through controlled, systematic observations in the real world

42
Q

experiment

A

research method designed to elicit some sort of behavior, typically conducted under closely controlled laboratory circumstances

43
Q

field research

A

type of social research in which the researcher observes events as they actually occur

44
Q

historical analysis

A

form of social research that relies on existing historical documents as a source of data

45
Q

hypothesis

A

researchable prediction that specifies the relationship between two or more variables

46
Q

incorrigible proposition

A

unquestioned cultural belief that cannot be proved wrong no matter what happens to dispute it

47
Q

independent variable

A

variables presumed to cause or influence the dependent variable

48
Q

indicator

A

measurable event, characteristic, or behavior commonly thought to reflect a particular concept

49
Q

moral entrepreneurs

A

groups that work to have their moral concerns translated into law

50
Q

nonparticipant observation

A

form of field research in which the researcher observes people without directly interacting with them and without letting them know that they are being observed

51
Q

participant observation

A

form of field research in which the researcher interacts with subjects, sometimes hiding his or her identity

52
Q

probabilistic

A

capable only of identifying those forces that have a high likelihood, nut not a certainty, of influencing human action

53
Q

qualitative research

A

sociological research based on nonnumeric information (text, written, phrases, symbols, observations) that describes people, actions, or events in social life

54
Q

quantitative research

A

sociological research based on the collection of numeric data that uses precise statistical analysis

55
Q

reactivity

A

a problem associated with certain forms of research in which the very act of intruding into people’s lives may influence the phenomenon being studied

56
Q

representative

A

typical of the whole population being studied

57
Q

sample

A

subgroup chosen for a study because its characteristics approximate those of the entire population

58
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

assumption or prediction that in itself causes the expected event to occur, thus seeming to confirm the prophecy’s accuracy

59
Q

social construction of reality

A

process through which the members of a society discover, make known, reaffirm, and alter a collective version of facts, knowledge, and “truth”

60
Q

spurious relationship

A

a false association between 2 variables that is actually due to the effect of some third variable

61
Q

survey

A

form of social research in which the researcher asks subjects a series of questions verbally, online, or on paper

62
Q

theory

A

set of statements or propositions that seeks to explain or predict a particular aspect of social life

63
Q

unobtrusive research

A

research technique in which the researcher, without direct contact with the subjects, examines the evidence of social behavior that people create or leave behind

64
Q

variable

A

any characteristic, attitude, behavior, or event that can take on 2 or more values or attributes

65
Q

visual sociology

A

method of studying society that uses photographs, video recordings, and film either as means of gathering data or as sources of data about social life

66
Q

cultural relativism

A

principle that peoples beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture

67
Q

ethnocentrism

A

tendency to judge other cultures using ones own as a standard

68
Q

folkway

A

informal norm that is mildly punished when violated

69
Q

heteronormative culture

A

culture in which heterosexuality is accepted as the normal, taken for-granted mode of sexual expression

70
Q

institutionalized norm

A

pattern of behavior within existing social institutions that is widely accepted in a society

71
Q

intersex

A

category of individuals in whom sexual differentiation is either incomplete or ambiguous

72
Q

material culture

A

artifacts of a society that represent adaptations to the social and physical environment

73
Q

mores

A

highly codified, formal, systematized norms that bring severe punishment when violated

74
Q

nonmaterial culture

A

knowledge, beliefs, customs, values, morals, and symbols that are shared by members of a society and that distinguish the society from others

75
Q

sanction

A

social response that punishes or otherwise discourages violations of a social norm

76
Q

sexual dichotomy

A

belief that 2 biological sexes categories male and female, are permanent, universal, exhaustive, and mutually exclusive

77
Q

sick role

A

set of norms governing how one is supposed to behave and what one is entitled to when sick

78
Q

subculture

A

values, behaviors, and artifacts of a group that distinguish its members form the larger culture

79
Q

transgender

A

state in which ones gender expression or identity does not conform to the sex that were assigned at birth

sociology - SOC 108 (4 decks)

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