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Biopsychology > Test #2: CH4- neural conduction+ synaptic transmission > Flashcards

Test #2: CH4- neural conduction+ synaptic transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of this chapter?

A

To know how the neurons communicate through the nervous system.

The process involves…

  • how signals are generated in the resting potential –>
  • how signals transmit to neurons —>
  • then neuron travels to the synapse –>
  • then synapses sends the message to the next neuron
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2
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A

Rigid muscles and slowness in communication of the NS that results in slow executing (put into effect) voluntary movements.

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3
Q

What are the three terms that are involved in the transmissions resulting in parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra (black substance)
Dopamine (chemical)
Striatum (part of the brain that controls movements)

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4
Q

Explain the transmission process of voluntary moments people can make before being diagnosed with parkinson’s disease

A 
1) Substantia nigra (neuron) 
          produces 
2) Dopamine (chemical)
         travels to
3) Striatum (part of the brain that helps control movement)
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5
Q

Explain the transmission process of a person with Parkinson’s disease

A

1) Substantia cells die
2) Dopamine production is decreased
3) lessening the amount of dopamine traveling to the striatum (a part of the brain that helps control movement)

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6
Q

What is the function of the striatum (a part of then brain)?

A

Helps control movement

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7
Q

In parkinson’s disease there are low levels of dopamine so why not devise a medicine that produced or helps produce dopamine?

A

Dopamine does not readily penetrate through the blood brain barrier.

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8
Q

What is a medicine that has helped with people suffering from Parkinson’s disease?

A

L-dopa

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9
Q

Why use L-dopa for Parkinson’s disease?

A

L-dopa is the chemical precursor (a substance from which another is formed) of dopamine.
It readily penetrates through the blood brain barrier–> then converted into dopamine once inside of the brain

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10
Q

Membrane potential

A

The differences in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell

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11
Q

What is the intracellular electrode called (electrode inside of the neuron membrane)?

A

Micro electrode

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12
Q

Micro electrode

A

their tips are so tiny and important because they are able to pierce through the neural membrane

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13
Q

What does it mean when the tip of an intracellular electrode is inserted in the neuron and is -70 mV is recorded inside of the neuron.

A

Means that it is 70 mV less than the outside.

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14
Q

Steady membrane potential of -70mV is called the neuron’s…

A

Resting potential

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15
Q

When is a neuron polarized?

A

when the neuron is in it’s resting state of -70 mV

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16
Q

Ions

A

negatively and positively charged particles

from neural tissue that were separated

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17
Q

Abbreviation for sodium ions

A

Na+

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18
Q

Abbreviation for potassium ions

A

K+

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19
Q

In resting neurons, there are more ___ ions outside of the cell than inside

A

Na+ (sodium)

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20
Q

In resting neurons, there are more ___ inside of the cell than outside of the cell

A

k+ (potassium)

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21
Q

ion channels

A

special pores inside of the neural membrane that are specific to a particular ion (Na+ and K+) in which they can pass through

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22
Q

electrostatic pressure

A

(Opposites attract) when the -70mV attracts the positive ion, Na+ into resting neurons in the membrane potential
pushes negative charges apart
positive charges apart
and opposite charges together

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23
Q

There is pressure of the ___ to enter the resting neurons

A

Na+

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24
Q

Random motion

A

Pressure for Na+ ions to move down their concentration gradient

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25
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Ions that move from areas of high concentration to low concentration

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26
Q

Why is it that Na+ ions that are under electrostatic pressure under random movement not rush into the neurons, reducing the membrane potential?

A

Because sodium (Na+) ion channels are closed reducing flow into the neuron

27
Q

Are the potassium ion channels closed like the sodium channels in the resting neuron (-70mV)?

A

No the potassium (K+) ion channels are open, but only a few of the K+ ions can leave they’re held back by the negative resting membrane potential.

28
Q

Sodium- Potassium pumps

A

mechanisms in the cell membrane that continually exchange three Na+ions inside the neuron for two K+ ions outside

29
Q

Transporters

A

mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transports ions or molecules across the membrane.

30
Q

Three factors that influence distribution of Na+ and K+ ions across the neural membrane

A

1) ins inmotion move down their concentration gradients, thus Na+ will tend to enter and K+ will tend to exit
2) The negative internal charge will create pressure for both Na+ and K+ to enter
3) sodium-potassium pumps transports 3 Na+ put for every K+ they transport in

31
Q

What are the two possible effects of neurotransmitter molecules binding to postsynaptic receptors?

A

Depolarization (decrease the resting membrane potential (ex: -70Mv to -67Mv)
hyper polarization - increasing the resting membrane potential (ex: -70Mv to -72Mv)

32
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

A

Postsynaptic depolarization that increase the likely hood the neuron will fire

33
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

A

Postsynaptic hyper polarization that decrease the likely hood the neuron will fire.

34
Q

Graded responses

A

Involves EPSP and IPSP.
exactly how it sounds

weak signals elicit (respond) in small postsynaptic potential,

Strong signals elicit (respond) in large ones

35
Q

What are the two characteristics of posthypnotic transmission

A

1) It’s rapid almost instantaneously but…
It’s decremental( decrease)
2)They decrease in speed and strength as they travel through the neuron

36
Q

Where are action potentials generated?

A

at the axon initial segment

37
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

-65mV

38
Q

How are action potentials generated

A

If the sum of the depolarizations and hyper polarization reach the reaching the axon initial segments at any time is sufficient to depolarize the members to a level usually around 65-mV where the action potential is generated

39
Q

The action potential

A

reversal of the membrane potential from about -70 to about +50mV
They are all or none responses- either they either occur to their full extent or they don’t

40
Q

Integration

A

Adding or combining individual signals into one over all signal

41
Q

Each multipolar neuron adds together all graded _______ and ______ potentials reaching its ____ and decided on whether to fire or not to fire depending on the ____

A

excitatory
inhibitory postynaptic
axon
sum

42
Q

Spital summation

A

When two EPSPs are produced in different parts of the receptive membrane forma a greater EPSP. Vise vera for the IPSP.
EPSP and IPSP cancel each other out

43
Q

Temporal summation

A

post synaptic potentials produced in rapid succession at the same time sum to form a greater signal.

44
Q

How are action potential produced and how are they conducted throughout the axon?

A

thought the action of voltage activated ion channels

45
Q

voltage activated ion channels

A

ion channels that open or close in response to the changes in the level of the membrane potential

46
Q

Why id the membrane potential relatively constant even though the Na+ neurons drive into the cell?

A

resting membrane is relatively impermeable (not allowing to pass through) to the Na+ ions because the few that do pass in are pumped out

47
Q

What happens to the membrane potential of the axon is depolarized (decreased) to the threshold of excitation by the EPSP

A
  • the voltage activated sodium channels open wide, Na+ rush in- changing membrane potential from -70 to +50mV
  • then trigger the opening of voltage activated potassium channels to open
  • At this point the K+ are driven out of the cell then sodium ion channel closes
  • marks the end of - the “rising phase” and marks the beginning of rising phase
48
Q

relative refectory period

A

the period of which it is possible to fire the neuron again but only by applying higher than normal levels of stimulation.

49
Q

What occurs after the absolute refectory period?

A

relative refectory period

50
Q

What occurs after the relative factory period?

A

the amount of stimulation necessary to fire a neuron returns to baseline

51
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

a brief period about 1-2 seconds after the initiation of of an action potentential during which it is impossible to elicit a second one

52
Q

Refectory period is responsible for two important characteristics of neural activity

A

1) that neurons travel in one direction throughout the axon

the rate of neural firing is related to the intensity of the stimulation

53
Q

Why are axon conductions of action potential different from from EPSP and IPSP?

A

1) Conduction of action potentials are non decremental, they grow stronger as they move further along axon
2) conducted more slowly than postsynaptic potentials
3) IPSP + EPSP are passive- Conduction of axon potential is active

54
Q

Antidromic conduction

A

Opposite to the normal direction, conduction from axon terminals bad towards the cell body

55
Q

orthodromic conduction

A

axonal conduction in the normal direction- from the cell body to the axon terminals

56
Q

Nodes of ravier

A

the gaps in between adjacent myelin segments on an axon

57
Q

Salutary conduction

A

conduction of an action potential from one node of racier to the next along myelinated axon

58
Q

dendritic spines

A

Tiny nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of dendrites and are the sites of most excitatory synapses in the mature mammalian brain

59
Q

Directed synapses

A

synapses at which the site of the neurotransmitters release of the site of neurotransmitter reception are in close proximity.

60
Q

Non directed synapses

A

Synapses at which the site of neurotransmitters release and the site of neuron transmitter reception are not close together.

61
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Short amino acid

62
Q

Three factors that help to keep a neuron at rest

A

Diffusion
electrostatic pressure
Sodium-Potassium pump

63
Q

Diffusion

A

moves ions doen their concentration gradient from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
ex: Think about the iced tea sugar

Biopsychology (5 decks)

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