Test #2

Question 1

pharmacology

Answer 1

the scientific study of drugs \neural mechanisms of addiction

Question 2

psychoactive drugs

Answer 2

drugs that influence the subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nerves system

Question 3

What are the four ways that drugs are administered

Answer 3

Oral ingestion
injection
inhalation
absorption mucous membranes of the nose, mouth or rectum

Question 4

Depending on the route, how does this affect the body’s response towards it

Answer 4

It influences how much and how fast the drug will affect the body

Question 5

biological effect of oral drug intake?

Answer 5

Once swallowed, the drug is dissolve in the stomach fluids–> it’s carried to the intestine, —>absorbing in the bloodstream.
Some pass through thet stomach wall (alcohol) which take affect sooner because it does to have to be absorbed by the intestine

Question 6

How can some drugs that are taken orally, take affect sooner than others for example, alcohol?

Answer 6

It takes affect sooner because some drugs can pass through the stomach wall and therefore do not have to be absorbed by the intestine.

Question 7

Metabolites

Answer 7

breakdown products of the body’s chemical reactions

Question 8

Two main advantages of the oral route

Answer 8

ease and relative safety

Question 9

A disadvantage

Answer 9

The unpredictability of the intake such as the amount of food that was consumed prior to taking the drug

Question 10

Drugs injections that are injected into the fatty tissue beneath the skin are injected..

Answer 10

Subcutaneously (SC)

Question 11

Drug injections that are injected into the muscle are injected…

Answer 11

intramuscularly (IM)

Question 12

Drugs injections that are injected into the veins right below the skin are injected

Answer 12

Intravenously (IV)

Question 13

What type of injection (IM, SC, IV) delivers the drug directly to the brain?

Answer 13

IV

Question 14

What are the negative side effects of an Intravenous drug intake?

Answer 14

It gives the person little to no time for counteract (reduce) the effects and overdose

Question 15

biological effect of injections

What are the ways in which in can be injected?

Answer 15

Strong fast and predictable 
Taken in three ways
IM- Intramuscular injection 
IV- Intravenous injection 
SC- Subcutaneous

Question 16

Physiological effects of inhalation

Answer 16

absorbed into the blood steam through rich network of capillaries in the lungs.

Question 17

Negative effects of inhalation

Answer 17

difficult to regulate dose of inhaled drugs

damaging of the lungs if inhaled chronically

Question 18

Absorption through mucus membranes are in areas like

Answer 18

nose
mouth
rectum

Question 19

What happens next after the drug enters the blood stream?

Answer 19

It’s carried to the blood vessels of the central nervous system

Question 20

What does the blood brain barrier do in terms of drug intake?

Answer 20

It makes it difficult for many potentially dangerous chemicals to pass from the blood vessels of the CNS (brain and spine) to its neurons

Question 21

What are two ways in which a drug can influence the nervous system?

Answer 21

Some drugs can act diffusely on neural membranes through the CNS
Binding to a specific synaptic receptor

Question 22

What happens when a drug affects the CNS?

Answer 22

It acts diffusely on neural membranes through the CNS

Question 23

What two things can happen when a drug binds to a specific synaptic receptors

Answer 23

It binds to a specific synaptic receptors –> then influences the synthesis, transport, release or deactivation of neurotransmitter

by influencing the chain of chemical reactions elected in postsynaptic neurons by the activation of their receptors

Question 24

Most drugs are terminated by _______ and synthesized by the _____

Answer 24

enzymes

liver

Question 25

Drug metabolism

Answer 25

A process of liver enzymes that stimulate the conversation of the active drugs to non active forms Eliminates the ability to pass through the lipid membrane so that it doesn't penetrate the blood brain barrier

Question 26

Elimination

Answer 26

``` Passed from the body through Urine Feces Breast milk breath Sweat ```

Question 27

Drug tolerance

Answer 27

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it

Question 28

What are the two ways in which drug tolerance can be demonstrated?

Answer 28

Showing that a given dose of a drug has less effect that it had before drug exposure or that it takes more of the drug intake to produce the same effect

Question 29

Cross tolerance

Answer 29

When one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs of the same mechanism

Question 30

Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug while _____ to other effects of the same drug ____

Answer 30

sensitivity | increases

Question 31

Drug sensitization

Answer 31

Increasing sensitivity to a drug

Question 32

Metabolic tolerance

Answer 32

drug tolerance resulting from changes that reduce the amount of drug getting to its site of action

Question 33

Functional tolerance

Answer 33

Drug tolerance resulting in the changes that reduce drug reactivity of the sites of action

Question 34

Functional tolerance to psychoactive drugs can result from...

Answer 34

Adaptive neural changes- - reduce the number of receptors for it - decrease efficiency of the binding of existing receptors - diminish the impact of receptors binding to the activity of the cell

Question 35

Withdrawal syndrome

Answer 35

Physiological reaction of the body that is triggered from sudden elimination after significant amounts of a drug has been in the body for a period of time

Question 36

With drawl can be produced by the same neural changes that produce ____ Why?

Answer 36

Drug tolerance | Because it has the opposite effect of the drug

Question 37

What is the physiological effects of withdrawing

Answer 37

exposure to a drug produces compensatory (reducing) changes in the nervous system that offset the drugs affect and produce tolerance. Then when the drug is eliminated from the body, these compensatory neural changes- without the drug to offset them- manifest themselves as withdrawal symptoms that are opposite to the initial effects of the drug.

Question 38

What produces greater withdrawal effect?

Answer 38

longer exposure to greater doses followed by more rapid elimination produces greater withdrawal effects

Question 39

Drug addicts

Answer 39

Drug users who continue a drug despite its effects on their health and social life and their inability to stop using it.

Question 40

Contingent drug tolerance

Answer 40

demonstrations that drug tolerance actually develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced

Question 41

continued drug tolerance

Answer 41

refers to demonstrations the tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which has previously been administered

Question 42

three stages involved in the development in of an addiction

Answer 42

initial drug taking habitual drug taking drug craving and repeated relapse

Question 43

Novelty seeking

Answer 43

Behavioral trait linked to increased tendency for initial drug taking

Question 44

Three causes of relapse

Answer 44

Stress Drug priming (a single exposure to a formerly abused drug) Exposure to cues (people, time, place and objects)