Test 2 - Cell Architecture L2

Question 1

Jaka jest diameter of skeletal muscle cell, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

Answer 1

up to 100 microns, Diameter 5 microns, 10 - 20 microns

Question 2

Z czego złożona jest triada

Answer 2

Triads present of 2 terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum + 1 T-tubule

Question 3

Jak połączone są komórki?

Answer 3

SkM
No cell-cell contact, but cells are mechanically connected by associated connective tissue.

SM
electrically coupled to one another via gap junctions. Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle tissue contains little connective tissue. Connected via gap junctions to adjacent cells (provide electrical connectivity).

CM
Connected via gap junctions to adjacent cells (provide electrical connectivity).

Question 4

czym jest sarkomere

Answer 4

A sarcomere is that between 2 Z-lines.

Question 5

smooth muscle: Groups of cells form…..

Answer 5

bundles, sheets or bands.

Question 6

gdzie T-tubule system jest zauważalny?

Answer 6

Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle

Question 7

cardiac muscle triads -

Answer 7

no or poorly defined triads

Question 8

Sarcoplasmic reticulum u różnych rodzajów mięśni:

Answer 8

SkM
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is well developed with terminal cisternae.

SM
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed, but cells possess plasmalemmal structures called caveolae.

CM
Sarcoplasmic reticulum lacks terminal cisternae.

Question 9

Uszereguj od min do max pod względem ilości mitochondriów

Answer 9

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

Question 10

Kto ma ile nucleus

Answer 10

SM-1 centrally located, CM- 1, occasionally 2, centrally located, SkM- many peripherally located

Question 11

Opisz Contractile proteins w SkM i CM

Answer 11

SkM
Contractile proteins are arranged in bundles called myofibrils, the contractile unit of which is the sarcomere. Myofibrils are made up of myofilaments: thin filaments – actin, and thick filaments – myosin

CM
Contractile proteins are similar to those in skeletal muscle but arranged in a branching myofibrillar network throughout the cytoplasm, the contractile unit of which is the sarcomere.

Question 12

Dlaczego skeletal muscle looks striated?

Answer 12

Looks striated because its contractile proteins are highly organised into an almost crystalline array that refracts light (clearly visible at LM level).

Question 13

Actin filaments are anchored at one end to …

Answer 13

Z- lines

Question 14

Cardiac muscle cells can be branched and are mechanically and electrically coupled to one another via specialized junctions called ….

Answer 14

intercalated discs, that are made of desmosomes and gap junctions.

Question 15

wymień types of blood vessels

Answer 15

Large elastic arteries and large muscular arteries
Arterioles - major contributors to peripheral resistance, and therefore blood pressure
Capillaries, small venules - exchange nutrients, gases and metabolites
Veins

Question 16

Opisz Continuous type of capillary

Answer 16

The most common type. Adjacent endothelial cells are connected to each other via junctional complexes. This type is the most impermeable.

Question 17

Opisz Fenestrated type of capillary

Answer 17

The endothelial cells have small pores (fenestrae). Adjacent cells are connected via junctional complexes. Quite/very permeable (typically found in kidney in Bowman’s capsules, and in g.i. tract in villi of small intestine).

Question 18

Wymień three layers

Answer 18

• Tunica intima
Inner - endothelial cells and connective tissue
• Tunica media
Middle layer - smooth muscle and connective tissue
• Tunica adventitia
Outer layer -connective tissue.

Question 19

Opisz three layers of Large elastic arteries

Answer 19

Eg Aorta
Intima: endothelial cells, thin layer of connective tissue (collagen and few elastic fibres)
Media: thick spiral of smooth muscle interleaved with sheets of elastic fibres (+collagen fibres)
Adventitia: thick connective tissue (collagen), vasa vasorum, nerves

Question 20

Opisz three layers of Large muscular arteries

Answer 20

Most systemic arteries
Intima: endothelial cells, prominent layer of ct = inner elastic lamina (IEL) (elastic fibres + some collagen fibres)
Media: thick spiral of smooth muscle, limited ct (collagen + few elastic fibres)
Adventitia: thick ct, external elastic lamina (EEL, elastic fibres) + collagen, bvs, nerves.

Question 21

Opisz three layers of Arterioles

Answer 21

Intima: endothelial cells, IEL absent from small arterioles
Media: smooth muscle (approx. 3 to 6 cells thick)
Adventitia: merges with surrounding connective tissue. No EEL.

Question 22

Opisz three layers of capillaries

Answer 22

Endothelial cells. No media and no adventitia.

Question 23

Opisz three layers of Venules and veins

Answer 23

Intima: endothelial cells, no IEL
Media: smooth muscle (venules 1 - 2, veins 2+ cells thick)
Adventitia: absent or indistinct, merging with surrounding connective tissue
Veins > 2 mm diameter contain valves: two leaflets of connective tissues (collagen fibres) covered with endothelial cells.

Question 24

Trzy zwoje nerwowe w sercu które mamy znać od góry do dołu

Answer 24

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, purkinje fibres!!!