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Psychopathology 248 > Test 2 Cards > Flashcards

Test 2 Cards Flashcards

1
Q

overall emotional experience

A

mood

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2
Q

a combination of high negative emotions and low positive emotions

A

demoralization

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3
Q

relatively long term periods where mood is abnormal

A

mood episodes

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4
Q

combination of one or more mood episodes (can be a combination of depression and/or mania, etc.)

A

mood disorder

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5
Q

depressed mood most of the day nearly everyday for an extended period of time, diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities

A

major depressive episode

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6
Q

lacks the pleasurable emotional experiences of life

A

anhedonia

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7
Q

the presence of a major depressive episode, with no history of a manic or hypomanic disorder

A

major depressive disorder

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8
Q

chronic low grade depression for at least 2 years, significant distress or impairment, and the presence of insomnia, poor appetite, etc.

A

dysthymic disorder

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9
Q

Name some depressive disorder specifiers

A
  1. anxious distress
  2. catatonic features (immobilizing)
  3. melancholic features (anhedonia)
  4. atypical features (mood swings)
  5. with peripartum onset
  6. with seasonal pattern
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10
Q

mood fluctuations or disturbance timed around menstrual cycles that has the severity but not the duration of other mood disorders

A

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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11
Q

Biological/neurochemical factors for depression

A

genetics, and abnormal 5HTT gene (the serotonin transporter protein), abnormal neurotransmitter levels (low norepinephrine and low serotonin)

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12
Q

negative beliefs about yourself, your thoughts, and the world (or about oneself, the world, and the future)

A

negative cognitive triad

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13
Q

magnification, overgeneralization, etc.

A

cognitive biases

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14
Q

intense focus on feelings/symptoms of depression and causes of those symptoms

A

ruminative response style

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15
Q

Talk about Tricyclics for depression

A

widely used (Trofanil, Elavil) very affordable, symptom relief in 60% of people, blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and other neurotransmitters. Problems: takes 4-8 weeks to kick in, negative sides effects like dry mouth, sexual dysfunction are common, and there is a low fatal dosages (3-4 times the average dose)

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16
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

similar in effectiveness and problems to tricyclics. must avoid cheese, chocolate, red wine and beer while on MAOIs, and has bad interactions with lots of other prescriptions

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17
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRIs)

A

Prozac is the most popular. No more effective than other methods but there is faster symptom relief, less severe side effects, overdose is rarely fatal, relieves anxiety, reduces binge eating, reduces obsessive and compulsive behavior, etc. Problems: jitteriness and agitation, and increased suicidal thoughts, especially in children

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18
Q

SSNRIs

A

blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Cymbalta

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19
Q

Wellbutrin/Zyban

A

a very mild stimulant that blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. Can help with cognitive and psychomotor symptoms of depression. Sometimes used to treat low sec drive caused by other medications

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20
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

involves applying brief electrical current to brain that results in temporary seizures. Usually 6-10 treatments are required, but result in short term memory loss and relapse is common

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21
Q

St. John’s Wort

A

helps with mild depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Has lots of drug side effects with other meds

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22
Q

repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A
  1. Deep Brain Stimulation

2. Vagal Nerve Stimulation

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23
Q

What does psychodynamic therapy say about depression?

A

Depression results from unconscious grief over real or imagine losses, compounded by excessive dependence of other people. Uses free association and therapist interpretation.

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24
Q

What does Behavioral Therapy say about depression?

A

Depressed mood results in lack of positive reinforcement in day to day life. Uses behavioral principles to change this: reintroduce pleasurable activities, reinforce/punish behavior, teach social skills, teach mood management skills for stress. only limited effectiveness when 1 technique is applied, 2 or 3 work better.

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25
Q

What does Cognitive Therapy say about depression?

A

Depression is caused by a pattern of negative thinking, and maladaptive attitudes. They have biases views combined with illogical thinking to produce automatic thoughts. 4 phases of the therapy process: 1.Increase activities and elevate mood 2. Identify negative thinking and biases 3. Challenge automatic thoughts 4. Change primary attitudes/beliefs (cognitive restructuring)

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26
Q

What does Interpersonal Therapy say about depression?

A

This model holds that four interpersonal problems may lead to depression

  1. Interpersonal Loss
  2. Interpersonal role dispute
  3. Interpersonal role transition
  4. Interpersonal deficits
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27
Q

Manic or hypomanic mood episodes that last one week or more and are abnormal and persistent

A

manic episode

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28
Q

same as a manic episode except it lasts at least four days and is not sever enough to cause marked impairment.

A

hypomanic episodes

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29
Q

major depressive episode + manic episode

A

bipolar 1

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30
Q

major depressive episode + hypomanic episode

A

bipolar 2

31
Q

hypomania + mild depression

A

cyclothymic disorder

32
Q

Biological factors for Bipolar disorder

A

strong genetic link. Disregulation of monoamines that increase during mania and decreases during depression.

33
Q

Psychological factors for Bipolar disorder

A

greater rewards sensitivity, takes greater risks, stress, rhythm or routine changes (sleep cycles, etc.)

34
Q

Treatment for Bipolar Disorder

A

Lithium is the primary drug of choice: acts as a mood stabilizer, reduces suicidality, but side effects are severe (lithium toxicity) and the dosage must be closely monitored.

35
Q

psychotherapy for bipolar disorder

A

therapy focuses on education, medication management, social skills, relationship issues, depressive symptoms. Improves social functioning, reduces hospitalization, and increases ability to obtain and hold a job

36
Q

the intentional ending of ones own life

A

suicide

37
Q

thoughts about suicide

A

suicidal ideation

38
Q

actions with the intent of taking your life

A

suicide attempt

39
Q

successful killing of oneself

A

suicide completion

40
Q

risk factors for suicide

A

metal illness, male gender, substance abuse, access to firearms, demoralization, hopelessness, impulsiveness, chronic physical illness, past attempts, history of abuse

41
Q

Protective factors for suicide

A

social support, religious beliefs, self esteem, emotional stability, say access to treatment, resilience

42
Q

ISPATHWARM

A 
Ideation
Substance Abuse
Purposelessness 
Anxiety
Trapped 
Hopelessness 
Withdrawal 
Anger
Recklessness
Mood Changes
43
Q

Serious warning signs for suicide

A

threat of suicide, looking for ways to kill themselves, talking or writing about death, feelings of being a burden, sense of isolation, learned ability to inflict self harm

44
Q

What to do for a suicidal person.

A

listen, take them seriously, validate their feelings, express concern, be direct, open, and honest, ask questions, praise them for talking to you, talk about who they feel cares about them, encourage them to seek help or help them find it, offer resources, remove their means of suicide, if they are in immediate danger call 911, and take care of yourself.

45
Q

What not to do for a suicidal person

A

don’t freak out, don’t be afraid to use humor, don’t tell them it’ll be a secret, don’t be judgmental, don’t dare them to do it, don’t be afraid to ask if they are going to kill themselves

46
Q

cluster of disorders characterized by subjective experience of anxiety

A

anxiety disorders

47
Q

blend of emotions and cognitions that are future-orientated and more diffused than fear

A

anxiety

48
Q

3 components of anxiety

A
  1. cognitive/subjective component
  2. physiological component
  3. behavioral component
49
Q

What does the Yerkes-Dodson law say?

A

says that anxiety is not always bad and can actually be beneficial until a certain point. (graph of performance vs. anxiety is shaped like a bell curve)

50
Q

3 types of anxiety disorders

A
  1. fear
  2. demoralization/distress
  3. OCD
51
Q

feared stimulus and avoidance that interferes with normal functioning

A

phobia

52
Q

fears of specific aspects of the environment that causes an increase in blood pressure and heart rate

A

specific phobia

53
Q

5 subtypes of specific phobias

A
  1. animal
  2. natural environment
  3. blood, injection, or injury
  4. situational
  5. other
54
Q

fear of social situations that may be focused on criticism or acting in an embarrassing manner. results in avoidance and endurance only accompanied by distress

A

social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

55
Q

finite period of intense fear that includes physiological symptoms. Fear of death, going crazy, inability to get medical assistance, or losing control. Very similar symptoms to a heart attack. They may occur with other disorders.

A

Panic attack

56
Q

unexpected panic attacks that came out of the blue and are fearful that they will have future panic attacks

A

panic disorder

57
Q

Panic vs. Anxiety

A

Panic is abrupt, brief, reaches it’s peak in 10 minutes and subsides within 20-30 min. Anxiety is not abrupt, is long lasting, and is not as intense as panic.

58
Q

Difference between panic and a phobic fear?

A

There is no identifiable trigger with panic.

59
Q

not wanting to leave the house, the fear of wide open and/or public places, or the fear of being unable to escape or get help

A

agoraphobia

60
Q

what is the fear of fear hypothesis?

A

some people have easily aroused sympathetic nervous systems, which causes worry easier. When you worry, you adapt safety behaviors which help relieve stress but they increase vulnerability to panic.

61
Q

what is systematic desensitization?

A

This is done by forming a hierarchy of fear, involving the conditioned stimulus (e.g. a spider), that are ranked from least fearful to most fearful. The patient works their way up starting at the least unpleasant and practicing their relaxation technique as they go. When they feel comfortable with this (they are no longer afraid) they move on to the next stage in the hierarchy.

62
Q

what is flooding?

A

It is sometimes referred to as exposure therapy or prolonged exposure therapy. As a psychotherapeutic technique, it is used to treat phobia and anxiety disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder. It works by exposing the patient to their painful memories with the goal of reintegrating their repressed emotions with their current awareness. Flooding is a psychotherapeutic method for overcoming phobias. This is a faster (yet less efficient and more traumatic) method of ridding fears when compared with systematic desensitization. In order to demonstrate the irrationality of the fear, a psychologist would put a person in a situation where they would face their phobia at its worst. Under controlled conditions and using psychologically-proven relaxation techniques, the subject attempts to replace their fear with relaxation.

63
Q

excessive anxiety and worry about anything where danger is not a factor. “free floating anxiety” they expect the worst and believes that worry helps them identify and solve problems

A

generalized anxiety disorder

64
Q

significant distress/anxiety symptoms following a trauma. symptoms include moodiness, avoidance, arousal (racing heart, sweating, hyperventilating, etc.)

A

post traumatic stress disorder

65
Q

Treatment for PTSD and GAD

A

same medications we’ve talked about before, but symptoms usually return after treatment ends. use exposure based therapies:
1.cognitive processing therapy
2.eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
3.prolonged exposure
All contain systematic desensitization, imaginal vs. in vivo, and relaxation training.

66
Q

persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that are disturbing and inappropriate for the situation, and feel intrusive or foreign. attempts to ignore them trigger anxiety

A

obsessions

67
Q

actions that you take to suppress the obsessive thoughts and/or provide mental relief. they feel mandatory or unstoppable. They probably realize that the behaviors are irrational, but they often develop into rituals.

A

compulsions

68
Q

PANDAS

A

pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections

69
Q

Treatment for OCD

A

SSRIs or atypical antipsychotics have a 50-80% response rate, but relapse is common. Therapy is the treatment of choice usually, with a 60-90% response rate and lasting gains after treatment ends.

70
Q

instability of interpersonal relationships, self image, emotions, and impulsivity.

A

borderline personality disorder

71
Q

Treatments for BPD

A

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, group therapy, transference focused therapy, and a variety of different meds.

72
Q

a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control. Maladaptive perfectionism and irrational beliefs of flaws and mistakes. Treated with CBD to challenge the maladaptive thoughts and utilize behavioral experiments

A

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

73
Q

restriction of food to become significantly underweight, the fear of gaining weight, and severely distorted body image

A

anorexia nervosa

74
Q

binge eating and compensatory actions (vomiting, laxatives, diuretics), on average 10 times a week, carried out in secret.

A

bulimia nervosa

Psychopathology 248 (8 decks)

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