Chapter 11

Question 1

The idea that there is a common factor underlying externalizing disorders (strongly connected to disconstraint/constraint)

Answer 1

Externalizing Spectrum

Question 2

What does ODD stand for?

Answer 2

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Question 3

What is ODD?

Answer 3

consistently negativistic, hostile, disobedient, and defiant behavior. They do not tend to be aggressive toward other people or animals, not likely to steal, or to destroy property.

Question 4

Examples of ODD behavior

Answer 4

Losing temper easily, arguing with adults, defying rules, deliberately trying to annoy people, blaming mistakes on others, etc.

Question 5

What percent of people with ODD will be diagnosed with ADHD?

Answer 5

50%

Question 6

What does CD stand for?

Answer 6

Conduct Disorder

Question 7

What is CD?

Answer 7

consistent violations of others and age appropriate norms. Characterized by a persistent pattern of 1.Aggression toward people and animals 2.Destruction of property 3.Decietfulness or theft 4.Serious violations of rules and social norms

Question 8

CD is more difficult in which age group?

Answer 8

Children. 30-50% develop adult conduct disorders. Adolescents usually grow out of it. It is more common in boys than girls.

Question 9

Don’t empathize with other people’s emotions (don’t seem to care)

Answer 9

Callous-Unemotional Traits (Limited Prosocial Emotions Specifier)

Question 10

Diagnosis of CD in children

Answer 10

A diagnosis of CD with limited prosocial emotions is given to children who meet the full criteria for CD and have at least two of the following characteristics:

1. Lack of remorse of guilt for their actions
2. Lack of empathy for others
3. Lack of concern about performance in important life domains
4. Shallow or deficient emotions

Question 11

Biological Explanation of ODD and CD

Answer 11

1. They have been linked to genes (gene is MAOA-the short version) involved in the regulation of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. The combination of certain genes and a history of abuse is strongly linked to CD.
2. Neurological Deficits
3. Prenatal/Birth Factors
4. BIS/BAS dysfunction

Question 12

What does BIS stand for?

Answer 12

Behavioral Inhibition System: The idea that there are neurological mechanisms that regulate our behavior. Scan the environment looking for punishment queues or negative consequences.

Question 13

What does BAS stand for?

Answer 13

Behavior Activation System: scans the environment looking for rewards (positive consequences) and activates approach behavior

Question 14

Cognitive Factor explaining CD and ODD

Answer 14

Distorted Thinking such as hostile attributions to others behavior, aggressive solutions to problems and failure to consider consequences of action (focus on the immediate payoff)

Question 15

Sociocultural/Family factors explaining ODD and CD

Answer 15

Poverty, dangerous neighborhoods and overcrowded housing, maltreatment, harsh discipline with a lack of warmth and deviant peer groups.

Question 16

Behavioral Interventions for the treatment of externalizing problems in youth

Answer 16

1. Punishment is not effective
2. Positive reinforcement is needed
3. Medication for co-morbid ADHD is needed

Question 17

Cognitive Interventions for the treatment of externalizing problems in youth

Answer 17

Try to get them to think through interpretations and options before acting.
Note: This does not work with little kids

Question 18

Characteristics that go along with Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer 18

Grandiose sense of self importance, lack of empathy for others, self centered, arrogant, haughty behaviors/attitudes.

Question 19

Theoretical Explanations for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer 19

1. Unrealistic and shallow self image as a means of coping
2. Develop when people are treated too positively
3. Develop as a response to rejection
4. Enhanced individualism in the culture
5. Smaller families
6. Emphasis on uniqueness

Question 20

Treatments for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer 20

None of the major treatments have had much success

Question 21

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Answer 21

Characterized by an impairment in the ability to form positive relationships with others, a tendency to engage in behaviors that violate basic rights of others and social norms and values, deceit and manipulativeness, and a focus on doing whatever it takes to gratify ones personal desires.

Question 22

Theoretical Explanations for ASPD

Answer 22

Genetics, problems with personality (poor impulse control, aggressiveness, fearlessness, sensation seeking, etc.) neuropsychological deficits (low activity in verbal skills, planning, and judgement), and negative childhood environment.

Question 23

The problem with the treatment of ASPD?

Answer 23

The individuals lack of conscience or desire to change. They also tend to blame others, so treatment is unlikely to help. Instead, treatment is focused on other things like drug and alcohol problems, anger management, or empathy building.

Question 24

Definition of psychopathology

Answer 24

Extends the criteria for antisocial personality disorder beyond persistent violations of others rights and social norms to include traits like egocentricity, shallow emotions, manipulativeness, and lack of empathy, guilt, and remorse. Often strongly associated with criminal externalizing behaviors, and overlaps with ASPD.

Question 25

What percent of people with psychopathology could be diagnosed with ASPD?

Answer 25

90%

Question 26

Explain Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Answer 26

characterized by persistent intermittent anger based outburst of non injurious and nondestructive physical or verbal aggression greatly out of proportion to the circumstances.

Question 27

Theories behind IED

Answer 27

May be related to imbalances in serotonin systems or to genetic factors, but little research into its causes has been done.

Question 28

Treatments for IED

Answer 28

Cognitive behavioral treatments help individuals identify and avoid triggers for outburst and appraise situations in ways that do not provoke aggression on their part. Medications such as lithium have been shown to reduce aggression in individuals with this disorder.