Test 2 Flashcards
What domains are prokaryote cells classified in?
Bacteria and archea
Are prokaryotes smaller or larger than eukaryote cells?
Smaller
Prokaryote cell’s size allows them to what?
Reproduce very quickly and effectively
The region in a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is located
Nucleoid
Compartments that are specialized for specific cellular functions
Organelles
Encloses the cytoplasm; regulates interactions with the external environment
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Contains the genetic material (DNA); nucleolus is the site of ribosome formation
Location where polypeptides and proteins are formed
Ribosomes
Small sacs that move materials between organelles in the endomembrane system
Vesicles
Component of the endomembrane System that has ribosomes attached; synthesizes proteins
Rough ER
Endomembrane system organelle where lipids and some carbohydrates are synthesized; detoxifies some chemicals
Smooth RE
Processing and packaging center
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle that contains enzymes that break down incoming molecules and cellular components
Lysosome
Site of photosynthesis and carbohydrate formation
Chloroplast
Site of cellular respiration and ATP synthesis
Mitochondrion
Layer of cellulose that supports cells
Cell wall
Internal framework of protein fibers: moves organelles and maintains cell shape
Cytoskeleton
Involved in moving the cell or moving materials along the surface of the cell
Flagella and cilia
Name the types of junctions?
Adhesion junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions and plasmodesmata
Junctions that hold cells together
Adhesion junctions and tight junctions
A junction that allows the passage of small molecules between cells
Gap junction
Small membrane-lined channels that span the cell wall and contains strands of cytoplasm, which allows materials to pass from one cell to another
Plasmodesmata
The capacity to do work
Energy
What are the two basic forms of energy
Potential and kinetic
Potential energy
Stored energy
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
The relative amount of disorganization
Entropy
The energy currency of cells
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Protein molecules that function as organic catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes
The reactant molecules that the enzyme acts on
Substrates
The energy needed to cause molecules to react to one another
Energy of activation
The three ways substances can enter a cell
Passive transport, active transport and bulk transport
A form of passive transport in which molecules move down their concentration gradient until equilibrium is achieved
Diffusion
Occurs when an ion or molecule diffuses across a membrane with assistance of a channel protein or carrier protein
Facilitated diffusion
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Osmosis
Transporta macromolecules out of a cell via vesicle formation and often results in secretion
Exocytosis
Transports macromolecules into a cell via vesicle formation
Endocytosis
Makes use of receptor proteins in the plasma membrane
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Photosynthesis
A process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced using solar energy
The combination of a reduction and a oxidation
Redox reaction
What are the four phases of complete glucose breakdown
Glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle ,then electron transport chain
What are the two types of fermentation
Lactic acid and alcohol
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
What is gained in glycolysis?
2 ATP and NADH
Where does the preparatory reaction take place?
Matrix of the mitochondria
What is gained in the preparatory reaction?
CO2 and NADH
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
The matrix of the mitochondria
What is gained in the citric acid cycle?
NADH, FADH2, CO2, and 2 ATP
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
In the cristae of the mitochondria
What is gained from the electron transport chain?
34 ATP and H2O
