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Biology > Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis Of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Element

A

A substance that can not be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means

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3
Q

What elements are all living organisms mostly composed of?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus

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4
Q

Atomic Theory

A

The atomic theory states that elements consist of atoms

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5
Q

Atomic symbol

A

The name given to an element and it’s atoms. This name is represented by one or two letters.

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6
Q

What are the three types of subatomic particles?

A

Neutrons, electrons, and protons

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7
Q

Neutrons

A

A subatomic particle that has no electrical charge

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8
Q

Protons

A

A Subatomic particle that has a positive charge

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9
Q

Electrons

A

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

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10
Q

Where are the protons and neutrons located within a cell?

A

The nucleus

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11
Q

Where are the electrons located in an atom?

A

Electrons move around the nucleus

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12
Q

The mass number of an atom is equal to what?

A

The sum of its protons and neutrons

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13
Q

What is the difference between mass and weight?

A

Mass is constant but weight is associated with gravity

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14
Q

Atomic mass

A

The average of the mass numbers for the atoms of elements

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15
Q

Noble gases

A

The atoms in group 8 of the periodic table

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16
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

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17
Q

Isotopes have the same number of protons but the they have different what?

A

Mass numbers

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18
Q

Octet rule

A

The octet rule states that if an atom has 2 or more shells, the outer shell is most stable when it has 8 electrons

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19
Q

Valence shell

A

An atom’s outermost shell

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20
Q

Molecule

A

A group of atoms bonded together

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21
Q

Compound

A

A molecule that contains atoms of more than one element

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22
Q

What are the two primary types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic and covalent

23
Q

Ionic bond

A

Attraction between opposite charges

24
Q

Covalent bond

A

When 2 atoms share electrons in order to have a completed outer shell

25
Q

How does an ionic bond form?

A

It forms when 2 atoms are held together by the attraction between opposite charges

26
Q

Ions

A

Charged atoms

27
Q

Salts

A

Solid substances that usually separate and exist as individual ions in water

28
Q

What are three types of bonds

A

Hydrogen, ionic, and covalent

29
Q

Which bond is the strongest

A

Covalent

30
Q

Which bond is the weakest?

A

Hydrogen

31
Q

Double covalent bonds

A

2 atoms share 4 electrons

32
Q

Reactants

A

Molecules that participate in the reaction

33
Q

Products

A

Molecules formed by the reaction

34
Q

What is the most important molecule on earth

A

Water

35
Q

Electronegativity

A

An Atom’s affinity for electrons in a covalent bond.

36
Q

Polar

A

A covalent bond in which electrons are not equally shared

37
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Positive hydrogen atoms in one molecule attracted to the to the negative oxygen atoms in other water molecules

38
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Molecules that are attracted to water

39
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Nonionized and nonpolar molecules that are not attracted to water

40
Q

What are some properties of water that are important to life

A

Solvent, cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, varying density and ice is less dense than water

41
Q

Solvent

A

Able to dissolve other substances

42
Q

Cohesion

A

The ability of water molecules to cling to each other do to hydrogen bonding

43
Q

Adhesion

A

The ability of water molecules to cling to other polar surfaces

44
Q

What is the difference between an acid and a base?

A

An acid has more hydrogen ions and a base has More hydroxide ions

45
Q

Acids

A

substances that dissertate in water releasing hydrogen ions

46
Q

Bases

A

Substances that either take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions

47
Q

pH

A

A mathematical way of indicating the number of hydrogen ions in a solution

48
Q

pH scale

A

A scale that is used to indicate the Acidity or Basicity of a solution

49
Q

What does a pH of seven represent

A

A neutral state in which the hydrogen ions and hydroxide ion concentrations are equal

50
Q

What is the range of the pH scale

A

0 to 14

51
Q

Buffer

A

A chemical or a combination of chemicals that keeps pH within established limits

52
Q

What is the most abundant element by weight in the human body

A

Oxygen

53
Q

Why does water freeze from the top down

A

Because ice is less dense than water

Biology (7 decks)

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