Test #2: 9

Question 1

What does Bonilla critic about Marxist views?

Answer 1

• marxism views racism as ideological tool used to divide working class
• reductionist view, racism is seen as a function of capital reproduction

Question 2

What does Bonilla critic about psychological views on racism?

Answer 2

• says people see racism as irrational psychological beliefs
• a holdover from older times
• says this is reductionist, not looking at society just individuals

Question 3

What does the Professor critic about the persistence of racial inequality?

Answer 3

• because class has more to do with inequality then race

- but he replies, why are we ignoring that Black people are mainly in lower classes

Question 4

What alternative to marxism does Bonilla create?

Answer 4

-Racialized social systems

Question 5

What are radicalized social systems?

Answer 5

-societies in which economic, political, social and ideological levels are partially structured by the placement of actors in racial categories

Question 6

What do systems of racial categorization always involve?

Answer 6

• some form of hierarchy that produces definite social relations between races
• rewards those considered ‘white’

Question 7

What is a consequence of racialized social systems?

Answer 7

• they result in different groups developing dissimilar objective interests
• racially motivated behaviour is regarded as rational

Question 8

Is racism rational or irrational according to Bonilla?

Answer 8

-irrational

Question 9

Racialized systems are the product of what?

Answer 9

-historically situated processes of racialization

Question 10

Define racialization

Answer 10

-people believe race is a biological fact

Question 11

What does racism provide?

Answer 11

• the rules for perceiving and dealing with the other in a racialized society
• similar to West and Zimmermann

Question 12

What is a main way inequality becomes structured in a society?

Answer 12

-spatial segregation

Question 13

What is spatial segregation?

Answer 13

• when societies divide themselves up geographically

- such that people in different ethnic groups occupy different geographical locations

Question 14

How was spatial segregation enforced?

Answer 14

• overt rules prevented racialized minorities from moving into white neighbourhoods in the 1950s
• followed by covert rules

Question 15

Are neighbourhood inequalities stable or unstable?

Answer 15

-very stable, reproduced over generations

Question 16

In Wacquant’s article, what different types of socio-spatial seclusions did they discuss?

Answer 16

-ghettos, ethnic clusters and gated communities

Question 17

What are ghettos?

Answer 17

• impoverished places in society where people are forced to stay
• walls

Question 18

What are ethnic clusters?

Answer 18

• people choose to live in certain ethnic neighbourhoods
• Italian neighbourhood, Chinese, etc.
• bridges

Question 19

What are gated communities?

Answer 19

-walls to keep others out

Question 20

What is the traditional ghetto vs. the hyperghetto?

Answer 20

• traditional ghetto’s have economic integration but not social integration (i think)
• hyperghetto’s are like a prison, no social or economic integration

Question 21

What did Wacquant says spatial seclusion was driven by and what made it worse?

Answer 21

• driven by primarily class or race

- and worsened by the lack of the welfare state

Question 22

What did Anderson say in his article?

Answer 22

• even when Black Americans achieve socio-economic mobility

- they are seen by others as being out of place

Question 23

What does gender as a social structure focus specifically on?

Answer 23

-microlevel interactions

Question 24

What question does Risman ask in her article?

Answer 24

• Why does sexism still persist?

- the stalled fight on gender equality

Question 25

How does Risman answer her question?

Answer 25

• gender is not something affected by a structure
• it is a kind of structure
• it constrains and enables our actions

Question 26

How will change come about according to Risman?

Answer 26

-change has to occur at all three levels that gender as a structure operates at

Question 27

What does Risman see as the primary sticking point?

Answer 27

• interactional cultural expectations

- which is individual level

Question 28

Where does Risman propose we fight?

Answer 28

-against status expectations and cognitive bias

Question 29

How did the idea of intersectionality emerge?

Answer 29

-as part of political activism among women of colour

Question 30

What does Collins say about intersectionality?

Answer 30

• Black feminists see oppression interaction with multiple identities
• the interlocking nature of oppression

Question 31

What does Hall say about intersectionality?

Answer 31

• warns about avoiding essentialism in identity politics

- replacing negative stereotypes with positive stereotypes is still bad

Question 32

What do intersectional theories aim to do?

Answer 32

• highlight viewpoints of multiply marginalized people
• especially women of colour
• not try to be value neutral, be more normative

Question 33

How do intersectional theories examine identities?

Answer 33

• they examine how they dynamically interact within particular contexts
• how they’re co-created within particular institutional arrangements