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SOCI 333 > Test #1: 1-2 > Flashcards

Test #1: 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when you think of sociology as a science?

A
  • pursuit of truth via systemic accumulation of knowledge through empirical research
  • theories are explanations about the world
  • we wouldn’t study the 19th century sociologists
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2
Q

What happens when you think of sociology as a humanities?

A
  • defined by a canon, the highest quality works (like English with Shakespeare)
  • different type of pursuit of truth
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3
Q

What are the benefits of viewing sociology as a humanities?

A
  • you gain critical thinking and analyzation
  • theory takes us beyond facts to bigger ideas that stand the test of time
  • issues we will never truly solve
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4
Q

What are the consequences of viewing sociology as a humanities?

A
  • canons are social constructs influenced by inequalities

- the canon is arbitrary and historically contingent

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5
Q

Who began the canon?

A

-Talcott Parsons began the canon via his book the structure of social action

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6
Q

What 3 traditions of social thought did Parson’s book involve?

A
  • positivism
  • utilitarianism
  • idealism
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7
Q

Define positivism

A
  • social action is determined by a set of external and objective relationships and rules within which the actor is embedded
  • Durkheim and macroextremism
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8
Q

Define utilitarianism

A
  • Social action is voluntaristic and determined by internal and subjective motivations and decisions
  • being in charge of our actions
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9
Q

Define idealism

A
  • social action occurs within societies characterized by a common set of ultimate ends or values
  • Max Weber, society teaches us values which then motivate us
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10
Q

What are the three components of sociology according to Parson’s?

A

People are:

  • externally determined by social structures
  • internally motivated
  • internal decisions are oriented around societal values
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11
Q

What were the three components of the social system?

A
  • social system
  • cultural system
  • personality system
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12
Q

What was the social system?

A
  • interaction b/w roles and resources or people and objects

- an ex) relationship between capitalist and workers

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13
Q

What was the cultural system?

A
  • beliefs, expressive symbols and values

- language, stop-signs, logos, value of education or hard work

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14
Q

What was the personality system?

A
  • subjective motivations and needs developed over the life course
  • as I grow up I develop my own interests
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15
Q

How does the cultural system reenforce the personality system?

A

-as we grow up in a society we internalize cultural beliefs, value and symbols through socialization

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16
Q

How does the personality system reenforce the cultural system?

A

-as we internalize the cultural system we behave in ways that reproduce culture

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17
Q

How does the personality system reenforce the social syst

A
  • when we pursue our life goals we adopt roles and interact with others
  • these roles reward us
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18
Q

How does the cultural system reenforce the social system?

A

-the cultural system justifies roles and resource distribution because it makes us value things like education

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19
Q

Define semantics

A

The meaning of words

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20
Q

Define polysemy

A

When words have multiple meanings

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21
Q

Define ontology

A

Questions about what exists, does society actually exist as a force

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22
Q

Define epistemology

A

How we know what exists, does social structure actually exist and how do we know it?

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23
Q

What is theory 1 by Abend?

A
  • a general proposition which establishes a relationship between 2 or more variables
  • more generalization = better
24
Q

What is an example of theory 1?

A
  • Durkheim’s theory of egoistic suicide

- social integration is negatively associate with suicide rates

25
Q

What is theory 2 by Abend?

A

-it draws upon general propositions but does not generalize beyond the specific case

26
Q

What is an example of theory 2 by Abend?

A

-Weber’s Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism because he does not say religion always causes capitalism, just in that particular case it does

27
Q

Is theory 1 or 2 idiographic?

A

-theory 2

28
Q

Is theory 1 or 2 nomoethic?

A

-theory 1

29
Q

What is idiographic?

A

-a real concrete thing that happened

30
Q

What is nomoethic?

A

-generalizable and theoretical things

31
Q

What is theory 3 by Abend?

A
  • does NOT focus on causal explanation
  • it offers an original interpretation or way of making sense of a certain part of the empirical world
  • focuses on the significance of the event
32
Q

What is an example of theory 3?

A

-Marx found the significance of capitalism was how it created two classes divided against each other

33
Q

What is theory 4 by Abend?

A

-the canonical approach of studying theorists

34
Q

What is theory 5 by Abend?

A

-Paradigms or schools of thought which produce sociological knowledge

35
Q

Is sociology considered pluralistic and why?

A
  • Yes

- Because there are multiple active paradigms

36
Q

What is theory 6 by Abend?

A

-combine what is with what ought to be

37
Q

What is theory 7 by Abend?

A

-meta-theorizing: studying the process of knowledge creation in sociology

38
Q

Traditionally, how was sociology broken into two roles around theory?

A

-there were theorists and empiricists

39
Q

What was a ‘theorist’?

A
  • uses reasoning and logic to make theories

- remains in the realm of the abstract

40
Q

What was an ‘empiricist’?

A

-would test the theories

41
Q

What have the two roles of sociological theorizing transformed into today and what are problems with them?

A
  • theorists do both theorizing and empirical research today

- challenge is how to go back and forth between the general and abstract

42
Q

What are the three ways to move between the general and abstract?

A
  • deduction
  • induction
  • abduction
43
Q

What is deduction?

A
  • begins with general propositions

- deduce hypotheses then test them empirically

44
Q

What is induction?

A
  • begins by observing an empirical phenomenon

- inductively build general propositions that can be applied to other phenomenon

45
Q

What is abduction?

A
  • looking for empirical phenomenon that violate existing propositions
  • then create new or modified theories that explain the violated phenomenon
46
Q

What ideas and theorist is abduction based on?

A

-American pragmatist Charles Peirce

47
Q

What do traditional approaches to deduction and induction treat theory like?

A
  • objective

- its validity does not depend on the researchers perspective

48
Q

How does abduction deviate from the traditional approach to deduction and induction?

A
  • it acknowledges we always begin research with pre-existing paradigms that are social cultivated
  • the theory will be dependent on our social position
49
Q

Why has the perspective of the researcher caused a problem in sociology?

A
  • because generally most researchers are white cis heterosexual men and they theorize about groups other than their own
  • this can cause harm to those groups
50
Q

What do outsiders have to do to gain access to institutions to theorize about themselves?

A

-need to internalize the paradigms and worldview of the insiders

51
Q

What was feminist standpoint theory made in response to?

A

-the problematic aspects of theory creation where white men are theorizing about POC or women

52
Q

What idea’s is feminist standpoint based on?

A
  • there are characteristics common among women’s experience of the world that are different from mens experiences
  • these experiences are omitted, ignored or even distorted by male-dominated science
53
Q

What differentiates standpoint theorists from traditional theorists?

A
  • they embrace how their own social position informs the development of a theory
  • traditionally, sociologists try to create objective knowledge
54
Q

What did Patricia Collins look at in her article, “Learning from the outsider within…”

A
  • black female sociologists are outsiders within a discipline dominated by white men
  • the ideas of self-definition and self-valuation
  • she wanted the article to push sociology into new directions that reframe the traditional perspective
55
Q

What is wrong with only white cis men theorizing?

A

-there is only 1 paradigm theorizing

SOCI 333 (6 decks)

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