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SOCI 333 > Test #2: 8 > Flashcards

Test #2: 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Karl Marx’s guiding question?

A
  • How do people produce their means of sustenance?

- he believed to understand humans, we must understand how they live

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2
Q

How did Marx say we produced our sustenance?

A

Always social so he deemed them:

-relations of production

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3
Q

What comes with relations of production?

A

-a ruling class whose position gives them control over others

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4
Q

What is the mode of production?

A
  • relations and forces of production (capitalism, feudalism)

- forces of production are how someone produces like hunter-gatherer, agricultural etc.

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5
Q

How did Marx say history unfolded or progressed?

A
  • existing modes of production are replaced by new modes of production
  • through revolutionary changes
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6
Q

How did Marx see modes of production?

A
  • unstable, contradictory even

- they easily break down and evolve

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7
Q

What acts like an economic base?

A
  • modes of production

- superstructure spreads ideology

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8
Q

What type of split did Marx see early on?

A

-those who value material production and this who value mental production

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9
Q

What was the capitalist mode of production characterized by?

A
  • class divisions between the bourgeoisie and proletariat
  • they own capital
  • sell their labour
  • the accumulation of surplus value
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10
Q

What two forms of exchange make up surplus value?

A
  • commodity 1 –> money –> commodity 2

- money 1 –> commodity –> money 2

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11
Q

Explain more about exchange 1, commodity 1 –> money-> commodity 2?

A
  • worker exchanges labour for wages to buy things

- goal is use-value (worker wants money for the food)

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12
Q

Explain more about exchange 2, money 1 –> commodity –> money 2?

A
  • using capital to invest in something
  • only works if the money produced is greater than the principal amount
  • the goal is more money (capital)
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13
Q

What was a key question for Marx or the goose that lays the golden egg?

A

-How to create surplus value?

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14
Q

What three ways did Marx outline for creating surplus value?

A
  • create more for less (automation, depressing wages)
  • expand to new markets (imperialism, privatization)
  • eliminate competitors (monopolies, concentration of wealth)
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15
Q

What did Marx say drove the Bourgeoisie and was the cause of breakdown?

A

-create surplus value

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16
Q

What is capital accumulation and what was it inspired by?

A
  • its neo-marxism, inspired by Marx

- a focus on capitalist pursuits of surplus value to explain major historical changes at a global and local scale

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17
Q

What did Neo-marxist geographer David Harvey distinguish in terms of capital accumulation?

A
  • regimes of accumulation

- modes of social and political regulation

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18
Q

What did Harvey mean by regimes of accumulation?

A

-primary process for accumulating surplus value

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19
Q

What did Harvey mean by modes of social and political regulation? What is an example? (4)

A
  • forcing the behaviour of individuals into a configuration
  • keeps the regime of accumulation functioning
  • an ex) government regulations on monopolies or even ensuring labour supply via public education
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20
Q

What is an example of capital accumulation?

A

-the Fordist-Keynesian regime

21
Q

What is the Fordist-Keynesian regime? (4)

A
  • mass production of goods concentrated in one place
  • higher wages and government assistance helps stimulate consumerism
  • labour is formal, long term and unionized
  • government is active in regulating economy, redistributing wealth and delivering services
22
Q

When was the government known as the welfare state?

A

-under the Fordist-keynesian regime

23
Q

What happened in the 1970s?

A
  • Fordism no longer provided a viable method of accumulation

- Western economies slipped into economic crisis

24
Q

What did the economic crisis in the 1970s cause?

A
  • it created a vacuum that was filled by a new economic theory
  • neoliberalism
25
Q

What was neoliberalism?

A
  • political economic theory
  • liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills
  • private property, free market and free trade
  • role of the state is to create and preserve an institutional framework that does this
26
Q

As a policy, what was neoliberalism associated with?

A
  • rollback of the welfare state
  • deregulation of the economy
  • privatization of public services
  • crime and punishment and workfare policies
27
Q

What did the crime and punishment and workfare policies aim to do?

A
  • coerce people into the market system

- punishing the poor

28
Q

What did the popularization of neoliberalism occur alongside?

A

-a flexible regime of accumulation

29
Q

What is a flexible regime of accumulation?

A
  • free trade agreements allowing capital to move to the most lucrative locations
  • mass production is replaced by niche markets and just-in-time manufacturing and delivery
  • unionization declines and work becomes more precarious, informal
30
Q

What did Harvey associate the popularization of neoliberalism with?

A

-this process was driven by the upper class

31
Q

What did Burawoy and Wright develop?

A
  • a concept of sociological Marxism

- based on extending Marx’s theory of the contradictory reproduction of class relations

32
Q

What did Burawoy and Wright say class relations were based on?

A
  • relations of production
  • the sum total of the rights and powers that different actors have
  • over their inputs in the productive process
  • the outputs that result from production
33
Q

What were inputs and outputs for Burawoy and Wright?

A
  • inputs were labour, land or capital

- outputs were the products they helped to produce

34
Q

What are class relations then according to Burawoy and Wright?

A

-when the rights and powers of people over productive resources are unequally distributed

35
Q

How did Burawoy and Wright say class relations were exploitative in 3 ways?

A
  • the profit of exploiters depends on the profit loss of the exploited (workers)
  • this depends on the exclusion of workers to access certain resources
  • exclusion generates profits for explorers because it allows them to take the profits from the workers
36
Q

Why is the exploitative relationship inherently unstable according to Burawoy and Wright?

A

-because the exploding class depends on the willingness of the exploited class to keep labouring

37
Q

What are the four criticisms of neomarxism and marxism?

A
  • economic reductionism
  • focused on private property as the basis for power to the exclusion of other sources
  • tendency to see elites as more rational, coherent and organized than reality
  • overly normative
38
Q

What is the criticism economic reductionism?

A
  • is everything about capitalism

- what about cultural norms or human psychology to explain things instead of economics

39
Q

What was the criticism focused on private property as the basis for power to the exclusion of other sources? (3)

A
  • Weber argued class was determined by property and skill, and distinguished economic class from social status
  • Bourdieu distinguished economic, cultural and social capital
  • also, racism, sexism, homophobia etc.
40
Q

What was the criticism overly normative?

A
  • should theory just describe the way the world is?

- or should it describe the way the world ought to be?

41
Q

What question do Fourcade and Healy answer in their book?

A
  • What is the impact of digital technologies, tracking, big data and artificial intelligence algorithms on processes of
  • inequality and stratification
42
Q

What three processes at the core of how markets are being changed via technology did Fourcade and Healy highlight?

A
  • Dragnets
  • scores
  • behavioural interventions
43
Q

What are dragnets by Fourcade and Healy?

A
  • devouring as much information as possible

- argue organizations gather data just to gather data

44
Q

What are scores by Fourcade and Healy?

A
  • big data becomes the basis for classifying or scoring people
  • übercapital
45
Q

What is übercapital?

A
  • when big data becomes the basis for moral judgements about people
  • even though we do not fully understand how those scores were created
46
Q

What happens to those who accrue übercapital?

A

-advantages such as better prices, service, kinder consideration and higher standing across markets

47
Q

What are behaviour interventions by Fourcade and Healy ?

A

-designed to act in certain ways
-predict their responses to certain stimulations
(addictiveness of our phones)

48
Q

What becomes the new basis for class divisions according to Fourcade and Healy?

A

-übercapital

SOCI 333 (6 decks)

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