Test 2 Flashcards
Rene Descartes
Principiae philosophiae-1644 Earth formed from a star -fire, rock, water, air -topography due to outlayer collapse -material escaped and came to surface during hot weather
Thomas Burnett
Biblical
Telluris theoria sacra-1681
Modified Descartes model
-the biblical flood identified with the collapse of the crust
-oceans and mountains are collapsed structures
Robert Hooke
Earthquakes and subterranean eruptions 1705-after death Mountain at the bottom of ocean Cycles of erosion, deposition, slow change cause earthquakes -internal heat became exhausted
James Hutton
- 1700’s
- soil is replenished by weathering
- erosion of land, deposition+consolidation of sediment, followed by uplift
- cyclical view of mountain building
Jean-Baptist’s Lamarck
Hydrologie 1802
- earths centre of gravity makes slow circuit around its geometry centre
- ocean basins make slow westward circuit, redistrute sediments
Eli de Beaumont
on mountain systems, 1852
- earth has been cooling down
- shrinking inner earth has caused stress buildup in outer rigid crust
- crust buckles and forms mountain ranges
- uplift of mountains is rapid+violent
- faunal ‘catastrophies’ and extinctions attributed to these violent uplifts
Charles Darwin
1800’s
-earthquake generates a 1-2m adult scarp and elevated shorelines
-mountains can be produced by repeated earthquakes over a long period of time
—a unifirmitarisn approach despite catastrophic nature of earthquakes
James Dana
1800’s
Geological results of the cooling
-cooling of molten core leads to irregular contraction
-lateral movements
-continents becomes larger, oceans deeper
Successive pulses of mountains building
-geosyncline filled with sediments
-fulled with sediments, becomes folded into mountain range
Thomas Chamberlin
1800’s-1900’s
- combined isostasy with thermal contraction
- during cooling some parts contract more than others
- continents become elevated and squeezed -faults and folds
- isostatic adjustment enhances erosion
Alfred Wegener
Origin of continents 1912
- They float on a sea of magma
- They have puzzle piece markings (move)
- They are still in motion
Mantle convection
Creeping of the mantle caused by convection currents from the core
Arthur Holmes
1931
Mantle convection could force continents towards or away from each other
Ott Hilgenberg
1800’s-1900’s
The expanding Globe
-argues earths expansion
Tutorial Wilson
1990’s
1960 argued for expansion
Plausible causes-decrease in gravitational constant-phases change within earth
Effect-circumference increased by 1,100 miles-average rate of 0.5mm/y
Consequences-only mid-ocean basin have grown throughout time
Robert Dietz
1961 paper
-continents and ocean evo. by spreading ocean floor
Argument-cause-large scale thermal convection overturn in mantle, driven by radioactive decay heat
Keith Runcorn
Fossilized evidence of earths magnetic field in igneous and seditmentary rocks
- paleomagnetic evidence for continental drift-1962
- apparent polar wander paths (APWA) really show movement of continents
Vine-Matthews-Morley
1963: explain magnetic bands along MOR
- newly created sea floor magnetized in the direction of the magnetic field, and as a sea floor spreads it records an alternately magnetized pattern.
- caused by reversal of magnetic field
Seismology was
Earthquakes
1889- japan earthquake observed in Germany-along mantle boundaries
Sea floor topography
Atlanti cmountain range biscovered by German echo technology in WII
-canyon running through it
Harry Hess
Guyotes -underwater table mountain -wave erosion History of Ocean Basins -formed near MOR, and sink because ocean depth increases
Hot spot tracks
Tuzo Wilson (now converted) in 1963
- support techtonics
- Hawaii is an example of hot spot track
- above hot mantle upwelling
Transform faults
Wilson- Pangea apart along pre-existing weakness fracture zone is only active between ridge segments -transform -divergent -convergent
Mantle Plumes
-Jason Morgan 1971
-hotspot formed by plume
Argument for plumes
-basalt of MOR differs from that of hot spots
-topography around hotspots
-hotspot active before cot I split apart
1970s velocities
Sea floor spreading rates
Orientation from fracture zones+beach balls
Leonardo da Vinci
1400-1500
- identifies serpent tongues as fish teeth
- argues fossils come from living organisms in sediments
Other ideas-fallen stars
—glossopatrae tongues of snakes that St.Peter had turned to stone
Georgius Agricola
1400-1500
De natura fossilium 1546
=anything dug out
-fossils formed by extraordinary action of petrifying juice
Palissy
1500’s
Collector
-ancient organisms
-notes that coastal marine fauna corresponds to freshwater fauna
-claims that fossil shells and fish lived in cavities within rocks containing saline water
-water and fish later petrified together
Steno
1600’s
Shark head dissection
-teeth of modern shark looks like glossopetrae
1669-Prodomus
-all fossils which resembled life forms are just that
-rocks that look like animal parts: first testable hypothesis on fossils
Robert Hooke
1705 (posthumous) book:
Fossils are impressions of organisms observed in rock
-noted similarity of modern and petrified wood
-suggested that new life forms had come into being through geologic time
-noted that many fossil life forms no longe exist
Lwhyd
1600-1700
-fossils grow from seeds+eggs of plants and animals lodged in rock crevices by rain+wind and activated by heat, saline moisture or other life giving forces
John Woodward
-established a systematic collection
1728 book
An attempts towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England Hood dissolved Earth’s crust
Joachim Jakob Scheuchzer
-1725 unearthed a spectacular fossil near Oeningen, Baden , Germany
-1730 book Physica Sacra
-home diluvii testis
1758-fish fossils
1811-Cuvier examines fossil
Huge salamander
1831- renamed Andrias scheuzeri
Georges Cuvier
1700-1800
Compared mammoth jaws to Indian and African elephants
-showed that all three were distinct species
Stephan J. Gould
1972
Evolution often happens rapidly during environmental stress, separated by long periods of stability
John William Dawson
1846-brought a fossil
Green +white layers gathered from Precambrian
-identifies as forminifera
-proposed name Eozoon Canadense
-claims its one of the brightest gems in the scientific crown of Canada
Charles Walcott
1800-1900
Interprets stromatolites
Described/named Precambrian
Names mm-sized black coach disks in Precambrian shales in Grand Canyon as Chuaria
Found Burgess Shale fossil site
-saucer-sized jellyfish like fossils found at Edicara mine Australia recognized as Precambrian, oldest multi-celled animals
Stanley Tyler
1953 invested Gunfint
Formation, 2,100 MOR Lron-rich
Lake Superior -fine grained black chert w/ stromatolites
Slender filaments-tubular bodies
Small spheres-spores
William Schopf:
1993 paper
3,465+/-5 myr old fossils from Australia
-tiny cells like beads on a string
-age:bracketed by dates of volcanic rocks
Isotope signature
Certain isotopes are referred metabolism
-different fingerprints of organic carbon
Genetics
Genetic distance between current life forms
Stanley Miller
1900-2000
- earth’s early atmosphere was oxygen free, but rich in hydrogen
- lightning would produce organic molecules
Charles Lyell
1700’s-1800’s
- visit Etna: estimates shells in beds below lava are 100,000 years old
- 3 standing columns of a Roman building show bearings of marine organisms
- fossils show gradual turnover of species through time
Cuvier
First to recognize mass extinction
Catastrophic view
Denied evolution
Lamarck
Species evolved into fossils
Principal of faunal succession
- rocks deposited in a particular time contain distinctive fossils
- each layer contains distinctive set of fossils
- individual species of fossil can be used to correlate strata from widely separated places
- correction implies simultaneous deposition
William smith
- also worked out principal
- span of rock layers containing fossil species is called a zone
- span of time is called its range
Norman Newell
1900-2000
1967 Revolutions in the History of Life
-modern look at mass extinction
-conceptually equivalent to catastrophism
-pointed out 6 mass extinction events in the past 550 million years
John Sepkaski
Review of entire literature- marine fossil record(1981) -statistical analysis of marine fossils-regular extinction events —Causes— Anoxia -black shakes with pyrite -bottom waters rich in H2S \:may indicate global warming Meteorite impact
Luis Alvarez
1900’s
Proposed with geologist son Walter in 1980 that meteorite caused extraction of dinosaurs from clay layer high in iridium discover Ed in Italy
-layer around the globe
-glassy spherules, shocked quartz crystals, microscopic diamonds
-chicxulub crater in Mexico’s Yukatan
Human caused extinction
- more babies born in a day
- timed with appearance of humans
- climate change
Preston Cloud
1972 -A working model of the primitive earth
-shows interrelated
Atmospheric-geological-biological
History of Precambrian earth
James Lovelock + Lynn Margulis
1969 paper
Planetary atmosphere-compositional and other changes associated with the presence of life
Evidence-atmospheric composition
