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Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rene Descartes

A 
Principiae philosophiae-1644
Earth formed from a star 
-fire, rock, water, air
-topography due to outlayer collapse 
-material escaped and came to surface during hot weather
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2
Q

Thomas Burnett

A

Biblical
Telluris theoria sacra-1681
Modified Descartes model
-the biblical flood identified with the collapse of the crust
-oceans and mountains are collapsed structures

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3
Q

Robert Hooke

A 
Earthquakes and subterranean eruptions 
1705-after death
Mountain at the bottom of ocean 
Cycles of erosion, deposition, slow change cause earthquakes 
-internal heat became exhausted
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4
Q

James Hutton

A
  • 1700’s
  • soil is replenished by weathering
  • erosion of land, deposition+consolidation of sediment, followed by uplift
  • cyclical view of mountain building
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5
Q

Jean-Baptist’s Lamarck

A

Hydrologie 1802

  • earths centre of gravity makes slow circuit around its geometry centre
  • ocean basins make slow westward circuit, redistrute sediments
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6
Q

Eli de Beaumont

A

on mountain systems, 1852

  • earth has been cooling down
  • shrinking inner earth has caused stress buildup in outer rigid crust
  • crust buckles and forms mountain ranges
  • uplift of mountains is rapid+violent
  • faunal ‘catastrophies’ and extinctions attributed to these violent uplifts
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7
Q

Charles Darwin

A

1800’s
-earthquake generates a 1-2m adult scarp and elevated shorelines
-mountains can be produced by repeated earthquakes over a long period of time
—a unifirmitarisn approach despite catastrophic nature of earthquakes

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8
Q

James Dana

A

1800’s
Geological results of the cooling
-cooling of molten core leads to irregular contraction
-lateral movements
-continents becomes larger, oceans deeper
Successive pulses of mountains building
-geosyncline filled with sediments
-fulled with sediments, becomes folded into mountain range

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9
Q

Thomas Chamberlin

A

1800’s-1900’s

  • combined isostasy with thermal contraction
  • during cooling some parts contract more than others
  • continents become elevated and squeezed -faults and folds
  • isostatic adjustment enhances erosion
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10
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

Origin of continents 1912

  1. They float on a sea of magma
  2. They have puzzle piece markings (move)
  3. They are still in motion
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11
Q

Mantle convection

A

Creeping of the mantle caused by convection currents from the core

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12
Q

Arthur Holmes

A

1931

Mantle convection could force continents towards or away from each other

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13
Q

Ott Hilgenberg

A

1800’s-1900’s
The expanding Globe
-argues earths expansion

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14
Q

Tutorial Wilson

A

1990’s
1960 argued for expansion
Plausible causes-decrease in gravitational constant-phases change within earth
Effect-circumference increased by 1,100 miles-average rate of 0.5mm/y
Consequences-only mid-ocean basin have grown throughout time

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15
Q

Robert Dietz

A

1961 paper
-continents and ocean evo. by spreading ocean floor
Argument-cause-large scale thermal convection overturn in mantle, driven by radioactive decay heat

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16
Q

Keith Runcorn

A

Fossilized evidence of earths magnetic field in igneous and seditmentary rocks

  • paleomagnetic evidence for continental drift-1962
  • apparent polar wander paths (APWA) really show movement of continents
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17
Q

Vine-Matthews-Morley

A

1963: explain magnetic bands along MOR
- newly created sea floor magnetized in the direction of the magnetic field, and as a sea floor spreads it records an alternately magnetized pattern.
- caused by reversal of magnetic field

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18
Q

Seismology was

A

Earthquakes

1889- japan earthquake observed in Germany-along mantle boundaries

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19
Q

Sea floor topography

A

Atlanti cmountain range biscovered by German echo technology in WII
-canyon running through it

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20
Q

Harry Hess

A 
Guyotes 
-underwater table mountain
-wave erosion 
History of Ocean Basins 
-formed near MOR, and sink because ocean depth increases
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21
Q

Hot spot tracks

A

Tuzo Wilson (now converted) in 1963

  • support techtonics
  • Hawaii is an example of hot spot track
  • above hot mantle upwelling
22
Q

Transform faults

A 
Wilson-
Pangea apart along pre-existing weakness fracture zone is only active between ridge segments 
-transform
-divergent 
-convergent
23
Q

Mantle Plumes

A

-Jason Morgan 1971
-hotspot formed by plume
Argument for plumes
-basalt of MOR differs from that of hot spots
-topography around hotspots
-hotspot active before cot I split apart

24
Q

1970s velocities

A

Sea floor spreading rates

Orientation from fracture zones+beach balls

25
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

1400-1500

  • identifies serpent tongues as fish teeth
  • argues fossils come from living organisms in sediments

Other ideas-fallen stars
—glossopatrae tongues of snakes that St.Peter had turned to stone

26
Q

Georgius Agricola

A

1400-1500
De natura fossilium 1546
=anything dug out
-fossils formed by extraordinary action of petrifying juice

27
Q

Palissy

A

1500’s
Collector
-ancient organisms
-notes that coastal marine fauna corresponds to freshwater fauna
-claims that fossil shells and fish lived in cavities within rocks containing saline water
-water and fish later petrified together

28
Q

Steno

A

1600’s
Shark head dissection
-teeth of modern shark looks like glossopetrae
1669-Prodomus
-all fossils which resembled life forms are just that
-rocks that look like animal parts: first testable hypothesis on fossils

29
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1705 (posthumous) book:
Fossils are impressions of organisms observed in rock
-noted similarity of modern and petrified wood
-suggested that new life forms had come into being through geologic time
-noted that many fossil life forms no longe exist

30
Q

Lwhyd

A

1600-1700
-fossils grow from seeds+eggs of plants and animals lodged in rock crevices by rain+wind and activated by heat, saline moisture or other life giving forces

31
Q

John Woodward

A

-established a systematic collection
1728 book
An attempts towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England Hood dissolved Earth’s crust

32
Q

Joachim Jakob Scheuchzer

A

-1725 unearthed a spectacular fossil near Oeningen, Baden , Germany
-1730 book Physica Sacra
-home diluvii testis
1758-fish fossils
1811-Cuvier examines fossil
Huge salamander
1831- renamed Andrias scheuzeri

33
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

1700-1800
Compared mammoth jaws to Indian and African elephants
-showed that all three were distinct species

34
Q

Stephan J. Gould

A

1972

Evolution often happens rapidly during environmental stress, separated by long periods of stability

35
Q

John William Dawson

A

1846-brought a fossil
Green +white layers gathered from Precambrian
-identifies as forminifera
-proposed name Eozoon Canadense
-claims its one of the brightest gems in the scientific crown of Canada

36
Q

Charles Walcott

A

1800-1900
Interprets stromatolites
Described/named Precambrian
Names mm-sized black coach disks in Precambrian shales in Grand Canyon as Chuaria
Found Burgess Shale fossil site
-saucer-sized jellyfish like fossils found at Edicara mine Australia recognized as Precambrian, oldest multi-celled animals

37
Q

Stanley Tyler

A

1953 invested Gunfint
Formation, 2,100 MOR Lron-rich
Lake Superior -fine grained black chert w/ stromatolites

Slender filaments-tubular bodies
Small spheres-spores

38
Q

William Schopf:

A

1993 paper
3,465+/-5 myr old fossils from Australia
-tiny cells like beads on a string
-age:bracketed by dates of volcanic rocks

39
Q

Isotope signature

A

Certain isotopes are referred metabolism

-different fingerprints of organic carbon

40
Q

Genetics

A

Genetic distance between current life forms

41
Q

Stanley Miller

A

1900-2000

  • earth’s early atmosphere was oxygen free, but rich in hydrogen
  • lightning would produce organic molecules
42
Q

Charles Lyell

A

1700’s-1800’s

  • visit Etna: estimates shells in beds below lava are 100,000 years old
  • 3 standing columns of a Roman building show bearings of marine organisms
  • fossils show gradual turnover of species through time
43
Q

Cuvier

A

First to recognize mass extinction
Catastrophic view
Denied evolution

44
Q

Lamarck

A

Species evolved into fossils

Principal of faunal succession

  • rocks deposited in a particular time contain distinctive fossils
  • each layer contains distinctive set of fossils
  • individual species of fossil can be used to correlate strata from widely separated places
  • correction implies simultaneous deposition
45
Q

William smith

A
  • also worked out principal
  • span of rock layers containing fossil species is called a zone
  • span of time is called its range
46
Q

Norman Newell

A

1900-2000
1967 Revolutions in the History of Life
-modern look at mass extinction
-conceptually equivalent to catastrophism
-pointed out 6 mass extinction events in the past 550 million years

47
Q

John Sepkaski

A 
Review of entire literature- marine fossil record(1981)
-statistical analysis of marine fossils-regular extinction events 
—Causes—
Anoxia 
-black shakes with pyrite 
-bottom waters rich in H2S
\:may indicate global warming 
Meteorite impact
48
Q

Luis Alvarez

A

1900’s
Proposed with geologist son Walter in 1980 that meteorite caused extraction of dinosaurs from clay layer high in iridium discover Ed in Italy
-layer around the globe
-glassy spherules, shocked quartz crystals, microscopic diamonds
-chicxulub crater in Mexico’s Yukatan

49
Q

Human caused extinction

A
  • more babies born in a day
  • timed with appearance of humans
  • climate change
50
Q

Preston Cloud

A

1972 -A working model of the primitive earth
-shows interrelated
Atmospheric-geological-biological
History of Precambrian earth

51
Q

James Lovelock + Lynn Margulis

A

1969 paper
Planetary atmosphere-compositional and other changes associated with the presence of life
Evidence-atmospheric composition

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