350BC - time of earth is immense compared to our time - water flows back and forth within Earth’s channels and pushes Earth with it - fire-air-water-earth-above one another - teleological explanations (p over c)

1350 - land shifts towards hemisphere - Land is mostly one hemisphere (af. And Europe) - earth’s mass is centre of the universe - erosion turns land into ocean

1644–Principae philosophiae - extinguished star - 4 phases of cooling: internal layering, outer shell cracked and collapsed into water, continents and oceans formed

1669 —Prodromus —De Solide intra solidum - strata deposited by turbid water - three stratigraphic principles - landscape in Tuscany (cyclic stages) - fossils are genuine rocks who were originally life forms -as shark teeth

- 1700’s - suggests great age for Earth from fallen boulders - fossils grew from seeds and eggs within rock activated by heat and saline solution

1715. .Cause of the saltiness of Oceans.. - determine age of earth by the salt consentration in the ocean

1778–Des eloquent de la Nature - experiments with iron sphere, Earth cooled from hot state - has taken 75kyr

1787–Classification of Mountains - Neptunist - 4 stages 4. Volcanic rocks 3. swept together mountains 2. Stratified strata 1. Primitive/transitional strata - basalt (2and4) - catastrophic view

Final ESS People/time Flashcards by Coco Tucker-Gritt

Aristotle

350BC

time of earth is immense compared to our time
water flows back and forth within Earth’s channels and pushes Earth with it
fire-air-water-earth-above one another
teleological explanations (p over c)

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Buridan

1350

land shifts towards hemisphere
Land is mostly one hemisphere (af. And Europe)
earth’s mass is centre of the universe
erosion turns land into ocean

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Da Vinci

1500–isolated in his time and space
-excellent observations:sediments accumulate oceans, rivers create valleys, fossils come from living organisms
+notebooks

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Agricola

1555
De Re Metallica
-mainly about mining practices, noted strata, mineral classification
-first to use the term fossil for anything dug up

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Palissy

1560/80
Recepte Veritable 1563, Discours Admirable 1580
-similarities between experimental crystallization of salpetre and formation of crystals (not magic)
-recognized fossils as ancient organisms that lived in underground ponds

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Descartes

1644–Principae philosophiae

extinguished star
4 phases of cooling: internal layering, outer shell cracked and collapsed into water, continents and oceans formed

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Ussher

1650 —Annales veteris testamenti

God created earth on Saturday October 22 4004BC

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Athanasius Kircher

1665–Mandas Subterraneus

-volcanic activity from interaction of water and molten rock underground

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Steno

1669 —Prodromus —De Solide intra solidum

strata deposited by turbid water
three stratigraphic principles
landscape in Tuscany (cyclic stages)
fossils are genuine rocks who were originally life forms -as shark teeth

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Burnet

1681 —Telluris theoria sacra
7 stages of earth consistent with bible
-chaos, smooth,flood,2nd coming,perfect,state, star

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Robert Hook

1700 notes similarity of modern and petrified wood

-may fossil life for,s mo longer exist, new life forms have come into being

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E. Lhwyd

1700’s
suggests great age for Earth from fallen boulders
fossils grew from seeds and eggs within rock activated by heat and saline solution

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Edmund Halley

.Cause of the saltiness of Oceans..

- determine age of earth by the salt consentration in the ocean

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Joachim Scheuchzer

1730 Physica sacra

Misinterpreted fossil as Homo diluvii testis

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Benoit de Maillet

1748 —Telliamed
2 billion years old 
-supported evo.
-water lost to space 
-earth drying

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Comte de Buffon

1778–Des eloquent de la Nature

experiments with iron sphere, Earth cooled from hot state
has taken 75kyr

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Werner

1787–Classification of Mountains

Neptunist
4 stages
4. Volcanic rocks
3. swept together mountains
2. Stratified strata
1. Primitive/transitional strata
basalt (2and4)
catastrophic view

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Hutton

1795–Theory of the Earth
-Plonist
Observations:
-magma rocks (granite) cross cutes limestone at Glen Tilt
-unconformities (soccer point, Jedburgh) realest cycles of deposition, uplift, and erosion

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James Hall

1798
Experiments on basalt and lava
First geochemical experiments supported Huttons theory

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Jean-Baptist’s Lamark

1802–Hydrogeologie: oceans move westward

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Cuvier

1802
-geologic column and map of Paris basin
-cyclic alternation of freshwater and marine because of uplift and subsidence
-recognizes mass extinctions
-shows “home deluvii testis”to be salamander
1812 Discours Preliminaire
-mammoth encased in ice when glacial conditions overwhelmed countries

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William Smith

1815 —geologic makes of England

—principle of faunal succession

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Charles Lyell

1830–textbook Principles of geology

popularized Hutton’s uniformitarianism
principle of cross cutting relations
fossils show gradual turnover of species through time

Agassiz

1840–Etude sur les glaciers

-evidence for past ice age, ice sheets must have been widely spread

James Dana

1847 paper—Geological results of the Earth’s contraction | Geosyncline hypothesis: sediment fill becomes folded

Elie de Beaumont

1852–Notice sur les systems des montagnes | -cooling earth contracts, crustbuckles, mountains as regular network of pentagons

John Phillips

1850 —age of Earth from sediment accumulation in Ganges -96million years

Darwin

1833 observes earthquakes in S. Am, mountains grow - 1859 On the origin of species - notes dilemma: sudden appearance of animals in Cambrian - age of earth from erosion of Weald Dome:>300million years

Penck

1894–Morphologie der Erdoberflaeche | Multiple recent glaciations (Guenz,Mindel,Riss,Wuerm)

Charles Doolittle Walcott

1879 Stromatolites 1899-Chuaria in Grand Canyon’s PC shales 1909 found Burgess Shale fossil site

Dawson

1864–Eozoon Canadense | Dawn animals of Canada...was wrong

Kelvin

1890-Earth is not older than the sun | Heat arguments for sun age=earth <10 million years

John Joly

1900 -age of earth by salt content in ocean | 95+/-5 million years

Chamberlain

1895–map of North America during ice ages - 1897 methods of multiple working hypothesis - 1900 during cooling isostasy causes continents to elevate

Svante Arrhenius

1896 On the influence of Carbonic acid in the air upon temperature on the ground -ice ages linked to CO2 in atmosphere

Pierre and Marie Curie

1903-radium gives off heat | Earth Is OLD

Rutherford

1904 | Suggests U-He dating

Wegener

1912 DIE ENTSTENHUNG DER KONTINENTE - continents raft on oceanic some - Atlantic opening in geologic time - continents are still moving

Arthur Holmes

1911 oldest rock 1,640 myrs 1930 suggests mantle convection 1943 ages on timescale 1947 isochromes meet at 3,500 myr=age of earth

Milankovic

1941 —Kanin der Erdbestrahlung | -calculated radium curves over the past 650,000yrs{correlates to Penck glacial epochs

Coleman

1926-ice ages are older and recent | Finds Precambrian ice age

Guy Callendar

1938 The artificial production of CO2 and its influence on temperature: human generated CO2 has increased global temperature

Ken Creer

1954 | First APWP

Charles Keeling

1961: keeling curve CO2 rising

Tuzo Wilson

1st a proponent of expanding earth, then converted to sea-floor spreading —1960 some consequences of expansion of the earth 1963 hotspots 1965 transform faults 1966 opening of Proto-Atlantic

Robert Dietz

1961 Continent and ocean basin evolution by spreading of the sea floor

Harry Hess

History of the ocean basin | 1962

Run corn

1962 —Paleomagnetic evidence for continental drift

Vine-Mathews-Morley

Magnetic unconformities on sea floor | 1963

Norman Newell

1967 Revolutions in the history of life | -6 extinction events in the Phanerozoic

James Lovelock

1969-Planetary atmospheres... | Changes associated with the orences of life

Gould

Punctuated equilibrium

Preston cloud

1972 - a working model of primitive earth - shows interrelated atmospheric-geological-biological history

Plat Velocities from...

Geology(1970s) VLBI (1980s) GPS(1990s)

Luis Alvarez

1980–meteorite caused K/T extinction event