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Final ESS People/time Flashcards

1
Q

Aristotle

A

350BC

  • time of earth is immense compared to our time
  • water flows back and forth within Earth’s channels and pushes Earth with it
  • fire-air-water-earth-above one another
  • teleological explanations (p over c)
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2
Q

Buridan

A

1350

  • land shifts towards hemisphere
  • Land is mostly one hemisphere (af. And Europe)
  • earth’s mass is centre of the universe
  • erosion turns land into ocean
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3
Q

Da Vinci

A

1500–isolated in his time and space
-excellent observations:sediments accumulate oceans, rivers create valleys, fossils come from living organisms
+notebooks

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4
Q

Agricola

A

1555
De Re Metallica
-mainly about mining practices, noted strata, mineral classification
-first to use the term fossil for anything dug up

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5
Q

Palissy

A

1560/80
Recepte Veritable 1563, Discours Admirable 1580
-similarities between experimental crystallization of salpetre and formation of crystals (not magic)
-recognized fossils as ancient organisms that lived in underground ponds

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6
Q

Descartes

A

1644–Principae philosophiae

  • extinguished star
  • 4 phases of cooling: internal layering, outer shell cracked and collapsed into water, continents and oceans formed
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7
Q

Ussher

A

1650 —Annales veteris testamenti

God created earth on Saturday October 22 4004BC

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8
Q

Athanasius Kircher

A

1665–Mandas Subterraneus

-volcanic activity from interaction of water and molten rock underground

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9
Q

Steno

A

1669 —Prodromus —De Solide intra solidum

  • strata deposited by turbid water
  • three stratigraphic principles
  • landscape in Tuscany (cyclic stages)
  • fossils are genuine rocks who were originally life forms -as shark teeth
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10
Q

Burnet

A

1681 —Telluris theoria sacra
7 stages of earth consistent with bible
-chaos, smooth,flood,2nd coming,perfect,state, star

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11
Q

Robert Hook

A

1700 notes similarity of modern and petrified wood

-may fossil life for,s mo longer exist, new life forms have come into being

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12
Q

E. Lhwyd

A
  • 1700’s
  • suggests great age for Earth from fallen boulders
  • fossils grew from seeds and eggs within rock activated by heat and saline solution
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13
Q

Edmund Halley

A
  1. .Cause of the saltiness of Oceans..

- determine age of earth by the salt consentration in the ocean

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14
Q

Joachim Scheuchzer

A

1730 Physica sacra

Misinterpreted fossil as Homo diluvii testis

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15
Q

Benoit de Maillet

A 
1748 —Telliamed
2 billion years old 
-supported evo.
-water lost to space 
-earth drying
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16
Q

Comte de Buffon

A

1778–Des eloquent de la Nature

  • experiments with iron sphere, Earth cooled from hot state
  • has taken 75kyr
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17
Q

Werner

A

1787–Classification of Mountains

  • Neptunist
  • 4 stages
    4. Volcanic rocks
    3. swept together mountains
    2. Stratified strata
    1. Primitive/transitional strata
  • basalt (2and4)
  • catastrophic view
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18
Q

Hutton

A

1795–Theory of the Earth
-Plonist
Observations:
-magma rocks (granite) cross cutes limestone at Glen Tilt
-unconformities (soccer point, Jedburgh) realest cycles of deposition, uplift, and erosion

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19
Q

James Hall

A

1798
Experiments on basalt and lava
First geochemical experiments supported Huttons theory

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20
Q

Jean-Baptist’s Lamark

A

1802–Hydrogeologie: oceans move westward

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21
Q

Cuvier

A

1802
-geologic column and map of Paris basin
-cyclic alternation of freshwater and marine because of uplift and subsidence
-recognizes mass extinctions
-shows “home deluvii testis”to be salamander
1812 Discours Preliminaire
-mammoth encased in ice when glacial conditions overwhelmed countries

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22
Q

William Smith

A

1815 —geologic makes of England

—principle of faunal succession

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23
Q

Charles Lyell

A

1830–textbook Principles of geology

  • popularized Hutton’s uniformitarianism
  • principle of cross cutting relations
  • fossils show gradual turnover of species through time
24
Q

Agassiz

A

1840–Etude sur les glaciers

-evidence for past ice age, ice sheets must have been widely spread

25
Q

James Dana

A

1847 paper—Geological results of the Earth’s contraction

Geosyncline hypothesis: sediment fill becomes folded

26
Q

Elie de Beaumont

A

1852–Notice sur les systems des montagnes

-cooling earth contracts, crustbuckles, mountains as regular network of pentagons

27
Q

John Phillips

A

1850 —age of Earth from sediment accumulation in Ganges -96million years

28
Q

Darwin

A

1833 observes earthquakes in S. Am, mountains grow

  • 1859 On the origin of species
  • notes dilemma: sudden appearance of animals in Cambrian
  • age of earth from erosion of Weald Dome:>300million years
29
Q

Penck

A

1894–Morphologie der Erdoberflaeche

Multiple recent glaciations (Guenz,Mindel,Riss,Wuerm)

30
Q

Charles Doolittle Walcott

A

1879 Stromatolites
1899-Chuaria in Grand Canyon’s PC shales
1909 found Burgess Shale fossil site

31
Q

Dawson

A

1864–Eozoon Canadense

Dawn animals of Canada…was wrong

32
Q

Kelvin

A

1890-Earth is not older than the sun

Heat arguments for sun age=earth <10 million years

33
Q

John Joly

A

1900 -age of earth by salt content in ocean

95+/-5 million years

34
Q

Chamberlain

A

1895–map of North America during ice ages

  • 1897 methods of multiple working hypothesis
  • 1900 during cooling isostasy causes continents to elevate
35
Q

Svante Arrhenius

A

1896 On the influence of Carbonic acid in the air upon temperature on the ground
-ice ages linked to CO2 in atmosphere

36
Q

Pierre and Marie Curie

A

1903-radium gives off heat

Earth Is OLD

37
Q

Rutherford

A

1904

Suggests U-He dating

38
Q

Wegener

A

1912 DIE ENTSTENHUNG DER KONTINENTE

  • continents raft on oceanic some
  • Atlantic opening in geologic time
  • continents are still moving
39
Q

Arthur Holmes

A

1911 oldest rock 1,640 myrs
1930 suggests mantle convection
1943 ages on timescale
1947 isochromes meet at 3,500 myr=age of earth

40
Q

Milankovic

A

1941 —Kanin der Erdbestrahlung

-calculated radium curves over the past 650,000yrs{correlates to Penck glacial epochs

41
Q

Coleman

A

1926-ice ages are older and recent

Finds Precambrian ice age

42
Q

Guy Callendar

A

1938 The artificial production of CO2 and its influence on temperature: human generated CO2 has increased global temperature

43
Q

Ken Creer

A

1954

First APWP

44
Q

Charles Keeling

A

1961: keeling curve CO2 rising

45
Q

Tuzo Wilson

A

1st a proponent of expanding earth, then converted to sea-floor spreading
—1960 some consequences of expansion of the earth
1963 hotspots
1965 transform faults
1966 opening of Proto-Atlantic

46
Q

Robert Dietz

A

1961 Continent and ocean basin evolution by spreading of the sea floor

47
Q

Harry Hess

A

History of the ocean basin

1962

48
Q

Run corn

A

1962 —Paleomagnetic evidence for continental drift

49
Q

Vine-Mathews-Morley

A

Magnetic unconformities on sea floor

1963

50
Q

Norman Newell

A

1967 Revolutions in the history of life

-6 extinction events in the Phanerozoic

51
Q

James Lovelock

A

1969-Planetary atmospheres…

Changes associated with the orences of life

52
Q

Gould

A

Punctuated equilibrium

53
Q

Preston cloud

A

1972

  • a working model of primitive earth
  • shows interrelated atmospheric-geological-biological history
54
Q

Plat Velocities from…

A

Geology(1970s)
VLBI (1980s)
GPS(1990s)

55
Q

Luis Alvarez

A

1980–meteorite caused K/T extinction event

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