Ancient History Mid Term Flashcards
Cuneiform
Earliest Symbol of writing
Sumerian, Mesopotamia
3200BC
Cuneiform
Significance
Development of the civilization Sophisticated commerce Records Admin First epic Overcame inability to represent abstract ideas
Hammurabi
Babylonian, Meso.
1754BC
Hammurabi significance
Established standards for conduct
Organized civilization
Fines, punishments, justice
Rules for economic exchange
Babylon
Meso.
Kingdom
1700-500BC
Babylon sig.
United ancient Meso.
Great location for trade
Trade centre
Parthians
Iranian political and cultural power
247BC-224CE
Meso.
3rd Persian Empire
Parthians
Returning Persia to Persians
Not under direct Roman control
Hellenistic influence
Sasanid Empire
224-651ce
4th Persian Empire
Sassanid sig.
Last empire before Islām
Iranian state after Alexander the Great
Era of cultural development
Satrap
A provincial governor in the Ancient Persian Empire
Established by Darius the 1
Appointed by the king
Payed tribute to the king
Satrap sig.
Retain local authority to govern their Empire and establish in-direct rule
Trireme
Maritime vessel in Med.
Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans
3 rows of rowers
400ce
Trireme sig.
Advanced war technology
Won the battle of Salamis in the Persian war (the Greeks war)
Hoplite
Foot soldier
Ancient Greece
600-300BCE
Hoplite sig.
Greeks term for citizens that they gave spears and gave spears
Need for bigger armies
Carthage
Phoenician state 600-200bc North west Africa+Med. Major trade hub Hostile to Greeks in Sicily+Roman Republic Punic wars, Sicilian wars
Carthage sig.
Powerful before Roman Empire
Proximity to trade routes
Harbour
Became a Roman colony under Julius Caesar
Polis
Fortified city centre
-acropolis
Archaic Period
Ruled by bodies of citizens
Polis sig.
Strong sense of loyalty belonging to their original polis
Identities and citizenships
Colonies, enslaved, military
Alexander the Great
Macedonia
356-323BCE
Conquered other city states
Alexander the Great sig.
Unified Greece Corinthian League Conquered others Took Persians Mix of culture from settlement Generals caught over the empire after death
Confucianism
Social + ethical philosophy
Filial piety
Humaneness
Ritual
Confucius (551-479)BC—warring state period
China (Han dynasty 200bc Quing dynasty 1900’s)
Confucianism sig.
Moral framework
Brought stability after changeover of dynasties
Bases of good government
Qin Shihuangdi
Emperor of China (259-210bc)
Founder of Qin Dynasty
Qin Shihuangdi sig.
First official emperor Based on legalism reforms Abolished aristocracy, hereditary Reform states for central power Standardized currency and writing systems
Xiong’nu
200bc-100ce Northwest Steppe of China Nomadic Fought and traded empirical China Appeared in only Chinese records Everything China isn’t Horses
Gandhara
Region in the Peshawar valley
Northwest Indian subcontinent
Important Buddhist and Hindu centre of learning
Romanitas
Romannesss
117-890ce
Political and cultural status
Romanitas
Pride in their civil way of life
Recognition that they don’t own everything
Define people who aren’t, people who are
Aqueduct
Water-course
Advanced tech. And innovation
Irrigation, health improved=bathing, drinking water
Pax Romana
Refers to the Roman time of peace Inner peace for the citizens Civil service jobs Uniform justice system more equal Uniform money expand trade Safer roads
Oases
Pocket of sustainable living in a dessert or barren land
Oases sig.
Opened trade
Trade posts for caravan
Water
Can now cross deserts
Bactrian Camels
Domesticated around 2500bc in Arabia
Used in inner Asian
Cold and warm temp
Bactrian camels sig.
Tolerance to cold, drought, high altitudes, sand
Enabled travel
Sogdians
Iranian civilization
500bc-1000ce
Sogdians sig.
Main caravan merchants of central Asia Expansive commercial network Control trade from east and west Expanded to the steppes Settled Languages, translation Religiously tolerant
Kushan empire
Bactrian territories
Formed from Yuezhi
1st century
Kushan empire
Connected land and sea trade Cosmopolitan Religion=Greek, Iranian, Indian Hellenistic influence+Buddhism= Mahayana Buddhism Tolerant Sponsored art
Mahayana Buddhism
In India
Boddhisattva
Beginning of the common era
Mahayana Buddhism sig.
Teaches that enlightenment can be thought in a single life time
Open to everyone
=popular and powerful
Largest major religion
Boddhisattva
Anyone on the path to enlightenment
An ideal person
The idea deity guidance is closer
More accessible
Xuanzang
Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, translator
500 ce
Pilgrimage to India to translate and bring back Buddhist texts
Dunhuang
Edge of Gobi desert China, Gansu province Western point of China Became part of China in Han dynasty Lots defence needed Caravan town+commerce centre
Palmyra
Gateway to Rome 2000bc Taken by Rome in 100ce Semitic Cosmopolitan Greek on top of Persian Trade centre,, especially to Rome Wealth, business, finance -offices, insurance, financial institutions
Tabgach/Tuoba
Xianbei clan Nomadic Eurasian steppe 368-535 Sinicized- sucked into Chinese culture Long and powerful northern dynasty before reunification under sui + tang
Chang’an
Ancient capital (Zhou-tang)
Since neolithic
Ideal location for capital-mountains-yellow River-wei River
Pipa
Chinese instrument Tang Dynasty Oud, Pipa, Biwa,Bipa Spread of ideas and culture Silk Road Trade influence
Foederati
Foreign Barbarian tribes Fall of Roman Empire Invited in because it was too big-need more soldiers Becoming less Roman Merit hierarchy
Odoacer
Head of foederati
Proclaimed himself king of Italy (476)
Deposed Romulus Augustus
End western empire
Huns
300-500
Raids to western Roman territory
Contributed to fall of Roman Empire
Pushed other nomadic tribes their way
Constantine
300
Emperor of western Roman Empire
Became sole ruler moved capital to Byzantine
Converted empire to Christianity
Ummah
Islamic community 622 Anyone in the faith Universal community Identity Not political
Dar al-Islām
Regions where Islam is the state
Law prevails
Islamic rule only
Baghdad
Heart of Meso. Biggest city at the time Population House of wisdom Mongol got it in 1258 Centre for Arab and Islamic civilization Capital of Abbasid dynasty 762
House of Wisdom
Abbasid library Centre of knowledge, translation Circe 700 Many languages Many scholars cosmopolitan
Shari’a
Islamic law Standard for living Code of living God’s wishes Laws stayed after decline of Caliphate Interpreted differently-akkk Religion split
Ibn Buttunta
1300 Scholar/explorer Travelled entire Islamic world Stories/shared knowledge Scribe record the world
Monsoon
Flooding and drought Predict weather Sail north then south Time it Wind current in the Himalayan mountains Indian+Arabian benefit
Dhow
Indian ship 600bc-600ce Better use of wind New tech. Copied Borrowed compass from Chinese
Junk
Song Dynasty 960-1279 Massive Most advanced at the time Rudder Compartment hull for anti flooding
Melaka/Malacca
Had to pass through to get to China Could tax straight Super cosmopolitan Diverse Trade centre
Srivijaya
Ruled Malacca
Indonesian empire
1200-1400
Settlement of the sea faring people
Scriptorium
Dark ages Associated with monasteries Dispersal of knowledge Information spreading with books Religious knowledge
Bologna
First university 1088 Law Students made demands Large scale education Sophisticated Cosmopolitan people got along Took over some scriptorium Secular
Avicenna/Ibn Sina
Persian physician, astronomer, polymath, writer
Philosopher-scientist of Islām
980-1037
Christendom
1095-1350
Inner conflict always
No unified pol power
Empire of faith
Peasants Crusade
1096
Popular crudsade
Lead by Peter the Hermit
Appeal of the crusades
T-O map
Medival world map
Jerusalem is the centre
Religion influences knowledge
Al-Andalus
Medieval Muslim territory in south Spain
Iberia
711-collapse of Ummayad dynasty 1000
Caliphate took the Visigoths not good mil.
Convivencia
Live in peace Jews conditions favourable ish Unde Muslim Scholars respected Traded well Could have their own shit Job protection Able to cooperate
Reconquista
Christians reconquered 1000 Competition umong christians Fueled the reconquering Forced conversion Fake Christians
Granada
Last place to be reconquered
Tribute state that was left
