Test 1

Question 1

What are the two theories for the earth magnetic field and when were they hypothesized?

Answer 1

Geodynamo and cosmic hypothesis in the 1900s

Question 2

Which magnetic field hypothesis was proven more plausible and how?

Answer 2

Geodynamo by the calculation of the magnetic field in a deep mine (showed it got stronger)

Question 3

Aristotle…
When?
What?

Answer 3

300BC

1. Teleological though
   - explanation based on purpose not cause
2. The earth is different from heaven as it can be changed and corrupted

Question 4

Ibn Sina
When?
What?

Answer 4

1000

Erosion must be balanced by unpilft

Question 5

Name the renaissance scientists (4) in Oder

Answer 5

Da Vinci
Agricola
Palissy
Steno

Question 6

Da Vinci…
When?
What?

Answer 6

14/1500’s

• Argues that valleys are created by rivers and mountains are eroded by rain
• Noted strata near seashore (painting)

Question 7

Agricola …
When?
What?

Answer 7

14/1500’s
-De Re Metallica 
(Everything then known about mining)
-noted strata worldwide 
-classification based on physical properties

Question 8

Palissy
When?
What?

Answer 8

1500’s
Discourse Admirable
Draws parallels between experimental crystallization and natural formation of crystals
As conformation, he observed a quartz with water and spec of dirt inside, thus thyme a not magic

Question 9

Steno
When?
What?

Answer 9

1600’s
Prodromus 
-very solid object comes from fluid 
-strata deposited gradually from turbid water or by precipitation 
-principals of stratigraphy
—original horizontality
—Superposition
— continuity

Question 10

What other group did Steno contribute to?

Answer 10

Relative time:stratigraphy

Question 11

What is Neptunism?

Answer 11

The belief that rocks formed from water, a large primeval flood

Question 12

What is Plutonis?

Answer 12

The belief that rocks formed from heat, sedimentary rocks formed later

Question 13

What scientist is associated with Neptunists?

Plutonists? And their dates

Answer 13

Werner-17/1800’s

Hutton -1700s

Question 14

What are the steps in rock formation according to Neptunits?

Answer 14

1. Primeval ocean
2. Ocean cooled and calmed, rocks precipitated out
3. Oceans drained
4. Volcanic activity

Question 15

What was the problem(s) with neptunist theory?

Answer 15

Where did the water go?
Tilted layers -Siccer Point
Cross-cutting -granite/primitive strata crossed younger rocks

Question 16

What order did the strata go in according to Werner?

Answer 16

1a. Primitive strata
1b. Transformative strata
2. Stratified strata
3. Swept together mountains
4. Volcanic rocks and lava

Question 17

Which scientists took biblical approaches? Dates?

Answer 17

Ussher-15/1600’s
Annales veteris testamenti
4004BC

Burnet-16/1700’s
Telluris Theoria Sacra 
7 stage biblical account 
1. Chaos
2.smooth 
3.flood
4. Present 
5. 2nd coming of Christ 
6. Perfect state 
7. Earth becomes a star

Question 18

What is faunal succession and who come up with it?

Answer 18

William smith -17/1800’s

Question 19

Who else contributed to the relative time/stratigraphy potion?

Answer 19

Cuvier -17/1800’s. Diluvialism:re[eated great universal floods are a primary geological agent
Lyell-17/1800’s popularized uniformitarianism -principal of cross cutting relation

Hutton
Steno

Question 20

Absolute time contributors and competent sides

Answer 20

Lwhyd
Joly
Philips
Darwin

Vs

Buffon
Lord Kelvin

Question 21

Lwhyd

Answer 21

16/1700’s 
Glacial boulders
-1 ever 20 years 
-10,000boulders 
-20,000 years old

Question 22

Joly
When?
What?
Proposed age?

Answer 22

18/1900’s
Age based on uniformatarianism assumptions
1.oceans were fresh water
2. Sodium supply is constant from the dissolution of rocks
3. No process has removed salt from ocean
Age-95+/-5 million years

Question 23

Philips

Answer 23

1800’s
Calculated how long it took sedimentary rocks to accumulate in the Ganges basin
Age:96 million years

Question 24

Darwin

Answer 24

1800’s
Earth needs to be very old for evolution to work
Based on a cliff of 500ft :
Age: 300 million years

Question 25

Buffon

Answer 25

1700’s
Histories Naturelle
7 stage hypothesis 
1. Formulation of molten Earth
2. Cooling to hand-hot 
3. Enveloped in universal sea
4. Great volcanic activity 
5. Emergence of Lang animals 
6. Congigureation of land masses 
7. Humans appear 

Built the iron sphere experiment
Age:74,000

Question 26

Lord Kelvin

Answer 26

18/1900’s 
Based on heat arguments and the law of conservation of energy;
3 processes that will end
1. Spinning 
2. Heat 
3. The sun shines 

Age: 2,200 years old

Question 27

Radioactivity … who?

Answer 27

Rutherford
Holmes
Patterson

Question 28

Rutherford

Answer 28

18/1900
Rutherford’s law of radioactive decay
Radioactive atoms decay randomly but at a relatively average rate
Decay-transform into the daughter element
Can date from 400 to 2,200 million of years

Question 29

Holmes

Answer 29

18/1900’s produced geological time scale that hasn’t changed much since
Plotted data from isochromes
Age:3,500 millions of years old

Question 30

Patterson

Answer 30

1900’s
From a meteorite
Age: 4,500 million years old