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Psychology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of the self, environment
Enables humans to exert voluntary control and communicate mental states
Can be altered

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2
Q

Sequential processing

A

Processing one aspect of a problem at a time

Used on new or complex tasks

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3
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

Brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.

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4
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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5
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to see visible objects when ones attention is directed elsewhere. (Monkey business)

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6
Q

Change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment (two guys switching)

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7
Q

During sleep, the human auditory cortex…

A

Responds to sound stimuli

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8
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Internal biological clock. Regular bodily rhythm that occurs on a 24 hour cycle. Altered by age, experience

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9
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNC)

A

When light hits the eye’s retina, signals the SNC suppress melatonin production.
At night the SNC calms down allowing the release of melatonin into the bloodstream.

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10
Q

Sleep

A

Periodic natural loss of consciousness

Different from unconsciousness caused by comas, anesthesia etc..

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11
Q

EEG and sleep

A

Can detect brainwaves when an individual is asleep

When awake but relaxed, alpha waves

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12
Q

NREM-1 Sleep

A

Irregular brain waves of the non-REM sleep stage.

May experience hypnagogic sensations.

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13
Q

NREM-2 Sleep

A

Deeply relaxed state that lasts for 20 minutes. EEG depicts bursts of rapid rhythmic brain activity

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14
Q

NREM-3

A

sleep state that lasts for 30 minutes;
Delta waves, slow longer waves
After an hour total of the sleep cycle and this stage, head back to NREM-2

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15
Q

REM Sleep

A

After going back to NREM-2.
Recurring sleep stage.
Heart rate rises and breathing becomes rapid and irregular.
Eyes dart around which indicates dreaming.
Genitals become aroused, no matter the dream
Motor cortex is active, brainstem blocks its messages enabling the relaxation of muscles.

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16
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

The body is internally aroused but externally calm.

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17
Q

The sleep cycle…

A

It repeats itself every 90 minutes.

REM sleep periods get longer.

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18
Q

Dreams

A

Sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a person’s mind.
The Two-Track mind is continuously monitoring the environment during sleep, brings in stimuli

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19
Q

Reasons we sleep…

A

To file away memories
Cognitive development
Neural pathways…

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20
Q

REM starts in the…

A

Pons

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21
Q

Dreams are like…

A

Noise from machines, just a byproduct of the brain working.

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22
Q

Substance use disorder

A

Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and risk

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23
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemicals that change perceptions and mood

Stimulate, inhibit or mimic activities of neurotransmitters

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24
Q

Tolerance

A

Dwindling effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug

Required to take longer and larger doses to experience the drugs effect

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25
Q

Addiction

A

Caused by increased intake of psychoactive drugs or by compulsive and dysfunctional behaviours

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26
Q

Withdrawal

A

Discomforted distress that follow ending the use of an addictive drug or behaviour

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27
Q

Depressants

A

Reduce neural activity and slow body functions

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28
Q

Stimulants

A

Excite neural activity and speed up body functions, raise energy and self confidence

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29
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychedelic drugs that distort perception and trigger sensory images in the absence of sensory input. Marijuana.

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30
Q

Learning

A

Acquiring new and enduring information or behaviours through experience

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31
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together.

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32
Q

Cognitive learning

A

Acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or though language

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33
Q

Classical conditioning

A

One learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events; produces respondent behaviour

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34
Q

Operant conditioning

A

One learns to associate an action and its consequences;

Produces operant behaviour

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35
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

Evokes no response before conditioning

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36
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Naturally occurring event, triggers a response.

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37
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

Unlearned, naturally occurring response to US

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38
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

After pairing with the US, produces the same response (CR)

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39
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

Something that occurs after CS is presented.

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40
Q

Acquisition

A

Event experienced the first time.

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41
Q

Extinction

A

Losing the CR after not encountering the UR after CS

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42
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

CR comes back after extinction; after a pause.

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43
Q

Generalization

A

Responds to similar stimuli in same way.

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44
Q

Discrimination

A

Being able to differentiate between similar stimuli.

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45
Q

Pavlov’s legacy

A

Showed how learning can be studied objectively
Other species can be conditioned
Pavlov’s principles influence human health

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46
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

Rewarded behaviour is likely to be repeated. Revealed principles of behaviour control.
Cat in puzzle box.

47
Q

Operant chamber

A

Skinner Box. Contains button to obtain food & record behaviour of the animal inside.

48
Q

Shaping

A

A procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer towards a desired behaviour using successive approximations.
Helps us understand what non verbal organisms perceive.

49
Q

Primary VS Conditioned reinforcers

A

1) Unlearned; often satisfy a biological need

2) Gains reinforcing power through their link with primary reinforcers.

50
Q

Immediate reinforcers VS

Delayed reinforcers

A

Immediate VS Delayed rewards

51
Q

Cons of physical punishment

A

Punished behaviour is only suppressed, teaches the child to discriminate among situations.
May increase aggression, shows violence as a way to cope with problems.

52
Q

Punishment

A

A decrease in behaviour following an event.

53
Q

Positive punishment

A

Behaviour decreases as a result of a stimulus.

54
Q

Negative punishment

A

Behaviour decreases following the removal of a stimulus.

55
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

56
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Learning occurs rapidly.

Behaviour reinforced after every time; by effect can cause rapid extinction when reinforcer is absent.

57
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

Slower acquisition, but much greater resistance to existence

58
Q

Skinner’s Legacy

A

Urged people to use operant principles to influence others

Criticized for neglecting people’s personal freedom.

59
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by observing others.

60
Q

Modelling

A

Observing and imitating a specific behaviour.

Helps one anticipate a behaviours consequences in observed situations.

61
Q

Antisocial effects of

observational learning

A

OL may have adverse effects.

Media such as video games can be sources of OL, aggressiveness

62
Q

!Memory

A

Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information.

63
Q

Information processing model

A

Compares human memory to a computer’s operation.

Assumes we must encode, store, retrieve information.

64
Q

Stages of the IPM

A

1) Encoding: Getting information into the memory system.
2) Storage: Retaining encoded information over time.
3) Retrieval: Getting information out of memory storage

65
Q

Forming memories…

A

1) Recording information as a quick SENSORY MEMORY
2) Processing information into SHORT-TERM MEMORY (OR WORKING) where it is encoded through rehearsal.
3) Moving information into LONG-TERM MEMORY for later retrieval.

66
Q

Working memory

A

Newer understanding of short-term memory.

Includes the conscious and active processing of information and information retrieved from long-term memory.

67
Q

Two-Track Memory System

A 
Implicit (non declarative) memory
\+ Explicit (declarative) memory
Where encoding is done.
Automatic processing = implicit memories
Effortful processing = explicit memories
68
Q

Implicit (non declarative) memory

A

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations without conscious awareness. Formed via automatic processing.

69
Q

Explicit (declarative) memory

A

Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved, formed via effortful processing.

70
Q

Sensory memory

A

First stage in forming explicit memories.

Records immediate and very brief information, fleeting in nature.

71
Q

Iconic memory

A

Image like memory of a scene.

72
Q

Echoic memory

A

Sensory memory of sounds.

73
Q

Total recall; George Sperling

A

Group of letters for 1/20th of a second, people could recall half of them. They could recall an entire a row immediately, but after 0.5 second, only half. Then with a tone, they could remember for more than 0.5 seconds.

74
Q

Short-term memory

A

Miller: People can store 7 bits of info. 7 digits, 6 letters, five words.

75
Q

Short-term memory decay

A

Unless rehearsed, verbal information may be quickly forgotten.

76
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar units, occurs naturally.

77
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids; techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

78
Q

Spacing effect

A

Tendency for distributed study to yield better long term retention than through masses study.

79
Q

Massed practice

A

Produces speedy short term learning and feelings of confidence; cramming.

80
Q

The Testing Effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than just rereading.

81
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Learning meaningful information requires 1/10th the effort than learning nonsense.

82
Q

Retaining information in the brain…

A

Long term memory capacity has no real limit. Information isn’t stored in just one spot.
Emotions, language, views require brain networks.

83
Q

The hippocampus is…

A

Our explicit memory system. Semantic + Episodic
Hippocampus processes and feeds it to other areas of the brain. The hippocampus acts as a loading dock where the brain registers and stores aspects of an event.

84
Q

Semantic memory

A

Explicit memory of facts or general knowledge,

85
Q

Episodic memory

A

Explicit memory of personally experienced events.

86
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Memories migrate for storage via the memory consolidation process. R/L store different information.

87
Q

Hippocampus in animals…

A

A type of nutcracker bird can locate up to 600 caches of pine seed it previously buried.

88
Q

Cerebellum

A

Great role in forming and storing memories by classical conditioning.

89
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Deep brain structure involved in motor movement.
Helps form memories for physical skills;
implicit memories.

90
Q

Effects of emotions on memory…

A

Excitement or stress triggers hormone production.

Provokes the amygdala to boost activity in the memory forming area; flashbulb memories.

91
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Clear memories of emotionally significant events, occur via emotion-triggered hormonal changes.

92
Q

Key memory structures of the brain…

A

Hippocampus + frontal lobes: Explicit memory formation.

Cerebellum + basal ganglia: Implicit memory formation.

93
Q

Synaptic changes

A

Kandel and Schwartz
Cell synapses increase and become more efficient with experience and learning. More serotonin is released during learning. LTP…

94
Q

Long-term potential (LTP)

A

Increase in a synapse’s firing potential.

Basis for learning and memory.

95
Q

Recall

A

Memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier; fill in the blank test.

96
Q

Recognition

A

Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned; multiple choice test

97
Q

Relearning

A

Memory demonstrated by quicker learning when learning material the second time. Demonstrated by Ebbinghaus and his nonsense syllables. As days went on, he needed less and less time to remember.

98
Q

Priming

A

Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. One memory clicks another.

99
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Links between an anchor and the memory.
Associations formed at the time of encoding.
Memories are context dependant: Charles = Law.

100
Q

State dependant memory

A

What is learned in one state can be easily recalled if the individual is in the same state.

101
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with an individual’s current mood.

102
Q

Serial position effect

A

Recall the first and last things in a list.

103
Q

Encoding failure

A

Forgetting. Caused by age related memory decline, conscious attention to limited portions of vast sights.

104
Q

Storage decay

A

The course of forgetting is initially rapid and then evens off with time; explained by the fading of physical traces of memory

105
Q

Retrieval failure

A

Stored information that cannot be assessed; stems from interference and motivated forgetting.

106
Q

Proactive interference

A

Older information disrupting the recall of newer information. Old attacks the new.

107
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Newer information disrupting the recall of older information. New attacks the old.

108
Q

Motivated forgetting (!)

A

According to Freud, people repress bad memories to protect themselves. Repressed memory lingers and can be retrieved.

109
Q

Memory researchers… (Not Freud)

A

Succeed in forgetting unwanted neutral information.
Great struggle to struggle to forget emotional events.
People just rather not talk about it, doesn’t actually leave the brain.

110
Q

Reconsolidation

A

The process in which perviously stored memories are potentially altered before being stored again.

111
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information.

112
Q

Imagination effect

A

Occurs when repeatedly imagining fake events creates false memories. Ex: car crash, when suggestive language was used people thought it was worse.

113
Q

Source amnesia

A

Faulty memory for how, when, or where info was imagined.

Real source amnesia actually never happened.

Psychology (4 decks)

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