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Psychology > Chapter 2 Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasticity

A

The brains ability to change especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building NEW PATHWAYS based on experience.

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2
Q

Biological psychology

A

Study of links between biological and psychological processes.

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3
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Study of BRAIN ACTIVITY linked with COGNITION (perception, thinking, memory, language).

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4
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

Neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body

DENDRITES DETECT

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6
Q

Axon

A

The neuron extension that sends messages to other neurons or to muscles and glands.

AXONS ANNOUNCE

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7
Q

Action potential

A

Nerve impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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8
Q

Glial cells (glia)

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. They also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory.

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9
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dentrite or cell body of a receiving neuron.
The tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.

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10
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Neurons that carry information from the body’s tissues and organs to the central nervous system

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11
Q

Motor neurons

A

Neurons that carry instructions from the central nervous system to the body’s organs and tissues

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12
Q

Interneutons

A

Neurons in the brain and spinal cord that link the sensory and motor neurons.

They process info to make sense of events inside body and outside in environment.

Most neurons in central nervous system are this type.

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13
Q

Cell body

A

Part of neurons that contains the nucleus. Called the soma.

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14
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers axons and speeds transmission of the neural signal

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15
Q

Axon terminals

A

Branching fibers at the end of an axon.

Contains synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap.

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16
Q

Stronger stimuli…

Poke VS Slap

A

Cause more neurons to fire more frequently.

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17
Q

What happens in the synaptic gap?

A

Neurons send neurotransmitters across this space between one terminal branch to the next neurons dendrite or cell body.

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION.

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18
Q

Refractory period

A

Brief period (fraction of second) following an action potential.

During this period, neuron can’t fire (can’t generate new action potential)

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19
Q

All-or-none-response

A

Neurons reaction of either firing or not

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20
Q

Ions

A

Positively charged or negatively charged particles (atoms or molecules)

Sodium+, potassium, proteins-, chloride-

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21
Q

Reuptake

A

A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Neuron produced chemicals that cross the synaptic gap to carry messages to other neurons or to muscles and glands.

Released from synaptic vesicles;
Into the synaptic gap.

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23
Q

Opiate

A

Chemical, such as opium, morphine, or heroin that depresses neural activity.
Temporarily lessening pain & anxiety.

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24
Q

Four steps of action potential in the axon.

A

Series of depolarizations…

1) Resting state: axon is polarized (more - particles inside than outside)
2) Depolarization: Sodium ions rush into the axon
3) Repolarization: Potassium ions rush out of axon.
4) Return to resting: sodium/potassium pumps restore resting polarization.

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25
Q

Reflex

A

Simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

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26
Q

Endocrine system

A

The body’s “slow” chemical communication system. A set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

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27
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through bloodstream and affect others.
Doesn’t affect decision making.

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28
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Sacks in the axon terminals that hold neurotransmitter molecules.

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29
Q

Hemisphere

A

One half of the brain.

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30
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Large bundle of fibers that join the right and left hemisphere. Allows communication.

Information is a bit slower when it has to cross.

Cut: split brain

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31
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Peripheral nervous system division that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

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32
Q

Retinas to brain…

A

Right visual field to the
Left side of retina to the
Left brain hemisphere.

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33
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive inner layer of the back of the eye containing receptors.

34
Q

Somatosensor

A

Sensory impressions, such as pressure and pain that arise from the skin and inside the body

35
Q

Haptic

A

Use of touch in identifying objects

36
Q

Contralateral innervation

A

Information from one side of the body processed by the opposite hemisphere of the brain.

37
Q

Language ability usually in which hemisphere?

A

Left

38
Q

Right hemisphere is good at?

A

Spacial tasks such as recognizing faces and puzzles.

39
Q

Brainstem

A

Oldest and innermost region of the brain. It’s structures (hindbrain and midbrain) direct several automatic and survival related functions

40
Q

Forebrain

A

Upper portion of brain.

Contains thalamus, limbic system, two cerebral hemisphere.

41
Q

Reticular formation

A

A nerve network that runs through the centre of the brainstem;
Role in alertness; mostly attention

42
Q

Cerebellum

A

Back of the brainstem.
Assists in movement and in timing functions of the brain.
Learning.

43
Q

Pons

A

In the brainstem.

Involved in coordinating movement, sleep, dreaming.

44
Q

Medulla

A

Area of the brain on top of spinal cord.
It helps regulate involuntary functions (basic life functions).
HEART RATE BREATHING

45
Q

Hindbrain

A

Portion of brain closest to the spinal cord;

Composed of medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation.

46
Q

Midbrain

A

In the brainstem.
Plays a role in vision and audition.
Triggers head movement if there is sound in environment.

47
Q

Limbic system

A

Neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres.
Includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus.
Emotions and drives.
Forms a ring around the thalamus.

48
Q

Thalamus

A

In the forebrain, top of brainstem.

Connected to most areas of the cortex, relays sensory information to the cerebellum and medulla.

49
Q

Hippocampus

A

Neural centre located in the limbic system.

Helps process for storing conscious memories of facts and events. (Form new memories)

50
Q

Amygdala

A

Two bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system

Linked to emotion; fear & aggression.

51
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Limbic system. Below thalamus.
Maintenance activities: eating, drinking, body temperature, sex.
Helps govern endocrine system via pituary gland.
Linked to emotion and reward.

52
Q

Four lobes of the brain…

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

53
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Portion of cerebral cortex at the top of the head.

Receives sensory input for touch and body position.

54
Q

Frontal lobes

A

The portion of the cerebral cortex behind forehead.

Speaking, muscle movements, making plans and judgements

55
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Portion of cerebral cortex at the back of the head.

Has areas that receive information from the visual fields.

56
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Portion of cerebral cortex above ears.

Receives information from ears.

57
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

A thin layer of interconnected neurons covering the cerebral hemisphere.
The body’s ultimate control and information processing centres.

58
Q

Visual cortex

A

In occipital lobes. Processes information from eyes.

59
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

The cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes.

Registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

60
Q

Motor cortex

A

Cerebral cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes.

Controls voluntary movements.

61
Q

Auditory cortex

A

In temporal lobes. Processes information from the ear.

62
Q

Hallucination

A

False sensory experience, such as hearing something without an external auditory stimulus.

63
Q

Association areas

A

Cerebral cortex areas involved in higher mental functions

Learning, remembering, thinking, speaking.

64
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Formation of new neurons.

65
Q

Broca’s area

A

In the frontal lobe.

Speech production.

66
Q

Wernike’s area

A

In temporal lobes.

Language comprehension.

67
Q

Angular gyrus

A

In the parietal lobes.

Only involved in language in one hemisphere.

68
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere is…

A

Good at constructing theories go explain our behaviour.

69
Q

Pancreas

A

Regulates level of sugar in the blood

70
Q

Parathyroids

A

Regulate level of calcium in the blood

71
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Affects metabolism

72
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Fight or flight response (adrenaline)

73
Q

Testis or ovary

A

Male/female sex hormones

74
Q

Both the endocrine and nervous systems…

A

Secrete molecules that activate receptors.

76
Q

fMRI

A

Reveals blood flow in the brain, use this to detect what areas are active when doing experiments. (Lying)

77
Q

Glutamate

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory

78
Q

Neural networks

A

Neurons in the brain clustered into groups.

Process lyrics and tunes at the same time…

79
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs such as the heart. Two subdivisions

80
Q

Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, emotion.

81
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

82
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system subdivision that arouses the, mobilizing its energy

83
Q

MRI

A

Just brain anatomy

Psychology (4 decks)

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