Final Test Flashcards

Question

Personality disorders

Answer 1

Inflexible and enduring behaviour pattern that impairs social functioning. Characterized by with drawl, avoidance of social contact, insecurity, instability, or manipulative behaviours

Answer 2

Lack of conscious for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. Sociopath or psychopath’s; have low emotional intelligence. Individuals may be aggressive and ruthless or clever con artists.

Answer 3

Process by which the sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

Answer 4

Process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information transforming it into meaningful objects and events

Answer 5

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information. Stimulus influences what we perceive. Ex: looking at the cockpit of a plane. DATA DRIVEN...

Answer 6

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes. Draws on one’s experiences and expectations. Uses background knowledge to influence perception. Ex: Making figures out of things who are not there; Where’s Waldo, we have a goal... THEORY DRIVEN

Answer 7

1. Receives sensory stimulation 2. Transform stimulation to neural impulses 3. Deliver the neural information to the brain

Answer 8

Minimum stimulus energy to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.

Answer 9

Below and individuals absolute threshold for conscious awareness. Stimuli that are so weak that people do not consciously notice them.

Answer 10

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. Individual experience a different threshold as a just noticeable difference (JND)

Answer 11

Principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different. Exact percentage differs based on the stimulus Ex: if something was 100 g would have to be 102 g (2%) to differentiate.

Answer 12

Reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation. | Helps focus on information changes in the environment without being distracted by background chatter.

Answer 13

1. Projector mounted on a contact lens makes the projected image move with the eye. 2. At first, the person sees the whole image. 3. Then, as the eye grows accustomed to the unchanging stimulus the image begins to break into fragments that fade and reappear.

Answer 14

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing rather than another. I fix for an individual sees, hears, tastes, and feels.

Answer 15

1. Context creates expectations that influence individual perception. 2. Motivation provides energy to work towards a goal. 3. Experiences, assumptions and expectations can shape and colour views of reality via top down processing. Ex: Picture of a bright light causes eye pupils to react, as if it was real light.

Answer 16

Distance from the peak of one light wave to the peak of the next. Wavelengths visible to the human eye extend from shorter waves of blue violet light to the longer waves of red.

Answer 17

Dimension of colour that is determined by the wavelength of light.

Answer 18

Amount of energy in a light wave. Influences what individuals perceive as brightness or loudness. Determined by the waves amplitude or height.

Answer 19

1. Short: High frequency; Blueish colors, high-pitched sounds 2. Long: Low frequency; reddish colors, low-pitched sounds

Answer 20

Great: bright colours; loud sounds Small: dull colours; quiet sounds

Answer 21

1. The iris controls the amount of light entering the eye. 2. Light hits the lens in the eye after passing through the pupil. 3. The lens focusses the light rays into an image on the retina.

Answer 22

Light-sensitive inner surface of the eye. | Contains receptor rods and cones and layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Answer 23

Rods: detect black, white and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones do not respond. Cones: detect fine detail and give rise to colour sensations in daylight or well lit conditions. We have three types: RGB.

Answer 24

Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

Answer 25

Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye and has no receptor cells.

Answer 26

``` Number: 6 million Location in retina: Centre Sensitivity in dim light: Low Colour sensitivity: High Detail sensitivity: High ```

Answer 27

``` Number: 20 million Location in retina: Periphery Sensitivity in dim light: High Colour sensitivity: Low Detail sensitivity: Low ```

Answer 28

Due to overcorrecting... | Like a seesaw, it goes towards the opposite extremity before balancing out.

Answer 29

The retina contains three different types of colour receptors: RGB. When stimulated in combination these receptors can produce the perception of any color.

Answer 30

Opposing retinal processes enable colour vision. | Opposing retinal processes: red-green, yellow-blue, white-black.

Answer 31

Colour processing combines the trichromatic theory and the opponent processing theory. Occurs in two stages: 1. The retina’s RGB cones respond in varying degrees to different colour stimuli. 2. The cones’ responses are processed by opponent process cells.

Answer 32

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus. Includes shape angels or movement. Nerve cells pass scene specific test information to other cortical areas, where more complex patterns are interpreted. One temporal lobe area by the right ear enables a person to perceive faces.

Answer 33

Refers to an organized whole. | Gestalt psychologists emphasized the human tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Answer 34

Perceiving objects as unchanging, even as illumination and retinal images change. Objects have consistent color, brightness, shape, size.

Answer 35

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.

Answer 36

Perception that the form of a familiar object is constant, even when retinas receive changing images of them.

Answer 37

Perception that objects have a constant size, even when ones distance from them varies.

Answer 38

Part of a stimulus stands out as a figure against a less prominent background

Answer 39

A stimulus pattern in which figure-ground organization can be reversed.

Answer 40

Nearness, similarity, continuity, closure, contiguity

Answer 41

Stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together. (group of people vs a single dude aside)

Answer 42

Stimuli that are similar in size, shape, colour, or form tend to be grouped together.

Answer 43

Perceptions tend toward simplicity and continuity.

Answer 44

Tendency to complete a figure so that it has a consistent overall form.

Answer 45

Nearness in time and space; perception that one thing has caused another. (moving a desk and something falls, you immediately think you did it)

Answer 46

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk. Device for testing depth perception. Most infants refuse to walk across the visual cliff.

Answer 47

Ability to see three dimensional space to accurately judge distance.

Answer 48

Depth cue that can be sensed with one eye.

Answer 49

Depth cue that can be senses with two eyes

Answer 50

Small discrepancies in images on the right and left retinas

Answer 51

Perception of space and depth caused chiefly by the fact that the eyes receive different images.

Answer 52

Changes in the shape of the lens of the eye. Bending the lens to focus on nearby objects.

Answer 53

Based on apparent convergence of parallel lines in environment

Answer 54

To depict two objects of the same size at different distance, the more distant object is made smaller.

Answer 55

When one object partially blocks another

Answer 56

They can contribute to depth perception, coarse texture implies closeness, line texture implies distance

Answer 57

Smog, fog, dust, and haze add to the apparent distance of an object.

Answer 58

Nearby objects move a lot as your head moves, distant objects move slightly.

Answer 59

Misleading or distorted perception

Answer 60

Two equal length lines topped with inward or outward pointing V’s appear to be different length, based on experience with edges and corners

Answer 61

The moon looks up to 50% larger when near the horizon than when high in the sky. - Monocular cues to an object’s distance make the horizon Moon appear FARTHER AWAY. - If it’s farther away, the brain assumes that it must be larger than the moon high in the sky. - When distance cues are taken away, the object will immediately shrink.

Final Test Flashcards

(85 cards)