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Psychology > Final Test > Flashcards

Final Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological disorder

A

Syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour.

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2
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

Characterized by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity;
causes can be genetic

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3
Q

Medical model

A

The concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and possibly cured.

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4
Q

Mental illness is…

A

Diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms; cured through therapy

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5
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

The interaction of one’s biological, psychological, and socio-cultural environment helps form their behaviours, thoughts, and feelings.

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6
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of environmental influences on gene expressions that occur without a DNA change.
In one environment, a gene will stay dormant.
In another, it will be expressed. Twins.

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7
Q

DSM-5

A

Manual of Mental Disorders.

Diagnostic labels.

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8
Q

The risks and benefits of labels…

A

Risk: can be self fulfilling, the mentally ill are seen as violent.
Benefits: guide medical diagnosis, helps professionals.

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9
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviours that reduce anxiety.

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10
Q

Three types of anxiety disorders…

A

Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias

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11
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Characterized by continually tense, fearful behaviour.

State of autonomic nervous system arousal.

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12
Q

Panic disorder

A

Characterized by unpredictable minutes long episodes of intense dread.

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13
Q

Phobias

A

Characterized by persistent irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

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14
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

Characterized by unwanted, repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

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15
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

Characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, and other symptoms after a severely threatening and uncontrollable event.

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16
Q

Depression

A

Characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness for long periods of time.

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17
Q

Bipolar (Manic depressive) disorder

A

Characterized by alternating between a helpless state of depression and an overexcited state of happiness.
During states of mania, norepinephrine is overabundant.

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18
Q

Depression’s three thinking styles…

A

Internal: Self blaming
Global: Blaming external factors
Stable: Saying nothing will ever change.

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19
Q

Depression’s vicious cycle…

A
  1. Stressful experiences
  2. Negative explanatory style
  3. Depressed mood
  4. Cognitive and behaviour changes
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20
Q

Non suicidal self injury (NSSI)

A

People with poor communication skills or trying to gain relief from intense negative thoughts through the distraction of pain.

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21
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or diminished inappropriate emotional expression. Chief example of a psychotic disorder.

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22
Q

Psychotic disorders

A

Group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions and a loss of contact with reality.

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23
Q

People with schizophrenia show…

A

Excess of dopamine receptors, low activity in frontal lobes, unusual corpus callosum.

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24
Q

Understanding schizophrenia…

A

Risk is correlated with parents.

Difference between twins implies that some nongenetic factor is at work.

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25
Q

Personality disorders

A

Inflexible and enduring behaviour pattern that impairs social functioning. Characterized by with drawl, avoidance of social contact, insecurity, instability, or manipulative behaviours

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26
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Lack of conscious for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members.
Sociopath or psychopath’s; have low emotional intelligence.
Individuals may be aggressive and ruthless or clever con artists.

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27
Q

Sensation

A

Process by which the sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

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28
Q

Perception

A

Process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information transforming it into meaningful objects and events

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29
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information.
Stimulus influences what we perceive.
Ex: looking at the cockpit of a plane.
DATA DRIVEN…

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30
Q

Top down processing

A

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes.
Draws on one’s experiences and expectations.
Uses background knowledge to influence perception.
Ex: Making figures out of things who are not there; Where’s Waldo, we have a goal…
THEORY DRIVEN

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31
Q

Basic sensory system steps…

A
  1. Receives sensory stimulation
  2. Transform stimulation to neural impulses
  3. Deliver the neural information to the brain
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32
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulus energy to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.

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33
Q

Subliminal sensation

A

Below and individuals absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
Stimuli that are so weak that people do not consciously notice them.

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34
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
Individual experience a different threshold as a just noticeable difference (JND)

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35
Q

Weber’s law

A

Principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different.
Exact percentage differs based on the stimulus
Ex: if something was 100 g would have to be 102 g (2%) to differentiate.

36
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation.

Helps focus on information changes in the environment without being distracted by background chatter.

37
Q

Example of sensory adaptation…

A
  1. Projector mounted on a contact lens makes the projected image move with the eye.
  2. At first, the person sees the whole image.
  3. Then, as the eye grows accustomed to the unchanging stimulus the image begins to break into fragments that fade and reappear.
38
Q

Perceptual set

A

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing rather than another. I fix for an individual sees, hears, tastes, and feels.

39
Q

Context, motivation and emotion…

A
  1. Context creates expectations that influence individual perception.
  2. Motivation provides energy to work towards a goal.
  3. Experiences, assumptions and expectations can shape and colour views of reality via top down processing.
    Ex: Picture of a bright light causes eye pupils to react, as if it was real light.
40
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the peak of one light wave to the peak of the next.
Wavelengths visible to the human eye extend from shorter waves of blue violet light to the longer waves of red.

41
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of colour that is determined by the wavelength of light.

42
Q

Intensity

A

Amount of energy in a light wave.
Influences what individuals perceive as brightness or loudness.
Determined by the waves amplitude or height.

43
Q

Short VS Long wavelengths…

A
  1. Short: High frequency; Blueish colors, high-pitched sounds
  2. Long: Low frequency; reddish colors, low-pitched sounds
44
Q

Great amplitude VS small amplitude

A

Great: bright colours; loud sounds
Small: dull colours; quiet sounds

45
Q

The eye…

A
  1. The iris controls the amount of light entering the eye.
  2. Light hits the lens in the eye after passing through the pupil.
  3. The lens focusses the light rays into an image on the retina.
46
Q

The retina

A

Light-sensitive inner surface of the eye.

Contains receptor rods and cones and layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

47
Q

Retinal receptors…

A

Rods: detect black, white and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones do not respond.
Cones: detect fine detail and give rise to colour sensations in daylight or well lit conditions. We have three types: RGB.

48
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

49
Q

Blind spot

A

Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye and has no receptor cells.

50
Q

Cone stats… (5)

A 
Number: 6 million
Location in retina: Centre
Sensitivity in dim light: Low
Colour sensitivity: High
Detail sensitivity: High
51
Q

Rod stats… (5)

A 
Number: 20 million
Location in retina: Periphery
Sensitivity in dim light: High
Colour sensitivity: Low
Detail sensitivity: Low
52
Q

After images…

A

Due to overcorrecting…

Like a seesaw, it goes towards the opposite extremity before balancing out.

53
Q

Young-Helmholtz Theory

A

The retina contains three different types of colour receptors: RGB.
When stimulated in combination these receptors can produce the perception of any color.

54
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Opposing retinal processes enable colour vision.

Opposing retinal processes: red-green, yellow-blue, white-black.

55
Q

Current colour processing theory

A

Colour processing combines the trichromatic theory and the opponent processing theory.
Occurs in two stages:
1. The retina’s RGB cones respond in varying degrees to different colour stimuli.
2. The cones’ responses are processed by opponent process cells.

56
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus. Includes shape angels or movement.
Nerve cells pass scene specific test information to other cortical areas, where more complex patterns are interpreted.
One temporal lobe area by the right ear enables a person to perceive faces.

57
Q

Gestalt

A

Refers to an organized whole.

Gestalt psychologists emphasized the human tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

58
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Perceiving objects as unchanging, even as illumination and retinal images change.
Objects have consistent color, brightness, shape, size.

59
Q

Colour constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.

60
Q

Shape constancy

A

Perception that the form of a familiar object is constant, even when retinas receive changing images of them.

61
Q

Size constancy

A

Perception that objects have a constant size, even when ones distance from them varies.

62
Q

Figure-ground organization

A

Part of a stimulus stands out as a figure against a less prominent background

63
Q

Reversible figure

A

A stimulus pattern in which figure-ground organization can be reversed.

64
Q

Five gestalt principles…

A

Nearness, similarity, continuity, closure, contiguity

65
Q

Nearness

A

Stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together. (group of people vs a single dude aside)

66
Q

Similarity

A

Stimuli that are similar in size, shape, colour, or form tend to be grouped together.

67
Q

Continuity

A

Perceptions tend toward simplicity and continuity.

68
Q

Closure

A

Tendency to complete a figure so that it has a consistent overall form.

69
Q

Contiguity

A

Nearness in time and space; perception that one thing has caused another. (moving a desk and something falls, you immediately think you did it)

70
Q

Visual cliff

A

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk. Device for testing depth perception. Most infants refuse to walk across the visual cliff.

71
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to see three dimensional space to accurately judge distance.

72
Q

Monocular depth cue

A

Depth cue that can be sensed with one eye.

73
Q

Binocular depth cue

A

Depth cue that can be senses with two eyes

74
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Small discrepancies in images on the right and left retinas

75
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A

Perception of space and depth caused chiefly by the fact that the eyes receive different images.

76
Q

Accommodation

A

Changes in the shape of the lens of the eye. Bending the lens to focus on nearby objects.

77
Q

Linear perspective

A

Based on apparent convergence of parallel lines in environment

78
Q

Relative size

A

To depict two objects of the same size at different distance, the more distant object is made smaller.

79
Q

Overlap

A

When one object partially blocks another

80
Q

Texture gradient

A

They can contribute to depth perception, coarse texture implies closeness, line texture implies distance

81
Q

Aerial perspective

A

Smog, fog, dust, and haze add to the apparent distance of an object.

82
Q

Relative motion or motion parallax

A

Nearby objects move a lot as your head moves, distant objects move slightly.

83
Q

Illusion

A

Misleading or distorted perception

84
Q

Müller-Lyer Illusion

A

Two equal length lines topped with inward or outward pointing V’s appear to be different length, based on experience with edges and corners

85
Q

The moon illusion

A

The moon looks up to 50% larger when near the horizon than when high in the sky.

  • Monocular cues to an object’s distance make the horizon Moon appear FARTHER AWAY.
  • If it’s farther away, the brain assumes that it must be larger than the moon high in the sky.
  • When distance cues are taken away, the object will immediately shrink.

Psychology (4 decks)

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