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BIO 204 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

apical meristem becomes

A

flower

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2
Q

angiosperms

A

monocots and dicots

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3
Q

4 sets of leaf primordia (4 whorls)

A

sepals
petal
stamen
pistil

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4
Q

sepals

A

leaf primordia modified for protecting inside (surround petals)

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5
Q

calyx

A

sepals together

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6
Q

petal

A

colored to attract pollinator

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7
Q

corolla

A

petals together

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8
Q

stamen

A

boy part
produce pollen which contains sperm
anther and filament

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9
Q

anther

A

produces pollen

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10
Q

filament

A

support

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11
Q

androecium

A

stamen together

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12
Q

pistil

A

female parts
has eggs
ovary, style, and stigma

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13
Q

gynoecium

A

pistils together

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14
Q

ovary

A

where eggs are produced

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15
Q

style

A

support

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16
Q

stigma

A

bulb

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17
Q

perianth

A

sepals and petals together

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18
Q

complete flower

A

has all 4 whorls

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19
Q

incomplete flower

A

lacks at least 1 of 4 whorls

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20
Q

perfect flower

A

has both male and female parts

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21
Q

imperfect flower

A

has only male or female parts (entirely male or entirely female)

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22
Q

staminate

A

entirely male flower (imperfect)

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23
Q

pistillate

A

entirely female flower (imperfect)

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24
Q

monoecious plant

A

male and female all on 1 plant

corn

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25
Q

dyoecious plant

A

2 separate plants
1 male plant and 1 female plant
marijuana

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26
Q

inflorescences

A

flowers on the branches

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27
Q

pollination

A

act of moving pollen to receptive location

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28
Q

self-pollination

A

flower that can accept its own pollen

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29
Q

cross-pollination

A

leads to more variety of genes
plants have biochemical blocks (rejects its own pollen)
if its own pollen lands on it, it won’t grow

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30
Q

pollination vectors

A

means by which pollen gets where it needs to go

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31
Q

kinds of pollination vectors

A

animal

inanimate

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32
Q

kinds of animal pollination

A

insects
birds
bats

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33
Q

kinds of insect pollination

A 
beetles
bees
butterflies
moths
flies
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34
Q

beetles means of pollination

A

crawlers and chewers
beetle pollinated flowers=large (southern magnolia)
don’t respond to color much
beetles want nectar

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35
Q

possible reason for inferior ovary

A

beetle damage

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36
Q

coevolution of flowers

A 
crude insects (beetles) evolved with old flowers
sophisticated insects (bees) evolved with sophisticated flowers
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37
Q

bees means of pollination

A

fly and land on flowers (landing platform)
responsive to color (see contrast between light outside and dark inside–nectar guide)
when bee lands on landing platform in pulls stamen down and hits them on head leaving pollen

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38
Q

constancy

A

as long as nectar holds out bees will continue to go back to same flowers

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39
Q

butterflies means of pollination

A 
day fliers (land on edge of flower)
ROY flowers
stick tongue down to get nectar
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40
Q

moths

A 
night fliers (hover, don't land)
bright white flowers, open at night, and tube like
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41
Q

flies means of pollination

A

like bad scents

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42
Q

bird pollination

A

hummingbirds
like nectar from same flowers as butterflies (ROY)
color attracts them because they can’t smell

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43
Q

bat pollination

A

not technically blind but don’t see well
nocturnal
white, large, open at night, with certain smell (fruity/overripe fruit)
land in flower and eat nectar and pollen
desert (cactus) and rainforests use bat pollination

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44
Q

types of inanimate pollination

A

wind

water

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45
Q

wind pollination

A

end up at correct place by mere chance
flower has no smell or color (produces as much pollen as possible instead)
typically imperfect
reproduce by catkins (male flowers on wand hanging down with a few female flowers at end) –pine trees
takes place before canopy is set
occurs with trees growing in blocks (pollen travels next door)

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46
Q

water pollination

A

ex: valisneria
1. female attached by root to part underwater and male floats up (not attached)
2. male and female come together for pollination
3. male floats off and female pulled under

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47
Q

radial symmetry

A

petals all the same size

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48
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

one bigger petal (landing platform)

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49
Q

hypogynous with superior ovary

A

ovary above

apples, pears

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50
Q

perigynous with superior ovary

A 
ovary sitting in open cup (not fused)
above other parts
pit fruits (peaches, plums)
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51
Q

epigynous with inferior ovary

A

ovary attached to cup
below other parts
hypanthium surrounds ovary

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52
Q

microsporocytes

A

pollen sacs
beginning cells
make pollen
diploid

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53
Q

anther fertilization

A
  1. pollen sacs (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis (now have 4n microspores)
  2. 4 microspore divide mitotically to give 8n (pollen grains)
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54
Q

cell walls of pollen grains

A
  1. intine (inner): made of cellulose

2. exine (outer): made of sporopollenin (very tough)

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55
Q

pollen grains

A 
generative cell (splits and forms 2 sperm cells)
tube cell (leads way down to ovary--drills down)
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56
Q

ovary fertilization

A
  1. egg divides meiotically
  2. 3 spores closest to gap abort (1 functional megaspore)
  3. undergoes 3 mitoses (8 products)
  4. 1 cell from each side moves to the middle (3 on each side and 2 in the middle)
  5. separate tube and generative cells come down to ovary through pollen tube (tube cell aborts when it reaches ovary)
  6. 2 sperm in generative cell (one joins egg to form embryo, other joins polar nuclei to give endosperm)
  7. embryo surrounded by endosperm with thick seed coat (seed in fruit) all inside ovary (whole thing becomes fruit)
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57
Q

berry

A

fleshy pericarp
ovary wall fleshy and containing 1+ carpels and seeds
simple
blueberries, grapes, cranberries, tomato, peppers, etc

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58
Q

pepo

A

berry with ovary wall a hard rind
simple
watermelon, pumpkins, all melons
separate male and female parts on same plant

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59
Q

hesperidium

A

berry with ovary wall a leathery rind
simple
oranges, lemons, limes (citrus)

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60
Q

drupe

A

only a portion of pericarp fleshy
simple
exocarp thin, mesocarp fleshy, endocarp stony, single seed and carpel
avocado, plum, peach, apricot, nectarine, coconut, etc.

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61
Q

pome

A 
outer portion of pericarp fleshy
inner portion papery
floral tube fleshy
several seeds and carpels
apples, pears, pomegranetes
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62
Q

types with fleshy pericarp

A

simple

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63
Q

types with dry pericarp

A

dehiscent and indehiscent

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64
Q

simple

A

berry (pepo and hesperidium)
drupe
pome

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65
Q

dehiscent

A 
*pops open at maturity*
legume
follicle
capsule
silique
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66
Q

indehiscent

A 
*doesn't pop open at maturity*
samara
schizocarp
caryopsis/grain
nut
achene
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67
Q

one-seeded indehiscent fruits

A

caryopsis/grain
nut
achene

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68
Q

legume

A

composed of 1 carpel
splits along 2 sutures
edamame, green beans, peas, peanuts (indehiscent)

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69
Q

follicle

A

composed of 1 carpel

splits along 1 suture

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70
Q

capsule

A

composed of 2+ carpels
dehiscing in 1 of 4 different ways
opium poppies, okra

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71
Q

silique

A

composed of 2 carpels

separate at maturity and leave a persistent partition wall

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72
Q

samara

A

pericarp bearing winglike growth

leaves of maple tree (spin down when they fall)

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73
Q

schizocarp

A

pericarp doesn’t bear winglike growth
2-many carpels
united when immature
split apart at maturity

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74
Q

caryopsis/grain

A

one carpel
if more doesn’t split apart at maturity
one seeded
corn, rice (carbs)

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75
Q

nut

A

seed not united to pericarp all around
large fruit with thick stony wall
walnut, pecan

76
Q

achene

A

seed not united to pericarp all around
small fruit with thin wall
sunflower seeds

77
Q

aggregate

A

fruits formed from several ovaries
develop from 1 flower
strawberries, blackberries, raspberries

78
Q

multiple fruits

A

fruits formed from several ovaries
develop from many flowers
pineapple, fig

79
Q

plant domestication

A

changing characteristics to fit what we want in final product
plant becomes reliable on humans for growth and have therefore lost fitness
ex: corn (dependent on humans for reproduction)

80
Q

fitness

A

ability to pass genes on to next generation

81
Q

Decandolle

A

“The Origin of Cultivated Plants”

used historical linguistics to trace food lineage back to where they started

82
Q

quinine

A

first medicine

comes from bark of tropical tree

83
Q

china

A

rice, millet, soybeans, bamboo, tea

84
Q

india

A

meat, barley, dates, cotton

85
Q

mesopotamia

A

wheat, barley, lentils, peas (english), olives, dates, grapes, flax (linen)

86
Q

salinization

A

land becomes saltier the more it is used and irrigated (as water dries the salt is left behind)
wheat very intolerant to salt
wheat -> wheat and barley -> barley -> nothing

87
Q

egypt

A

wheat, barley, lentils, english peas, olives, dates, grapes, flax (linen) (SAME AS MESOPOTAMIA)
agriculture based on flooding of the Nile River

88
Q

tropical asia

A

mango, citrus, tarro, coconut, banana

89
Q

central africa

A

sorghum, okra, yams, black eyed peas, coffee

*brought into the US to feed slaves

90
Q

western hemisphere (US, Mexico)

A

corn, beans (various kinds), peanuts, cotton, peppers, tomatoes, tobacco, chocolate, pineapple, pumpkins, squash, avocado, potatoes, sunflower, manioc, rubber, vanilla

91
Q

seed

A

dormant plant

92
Q

steps of germination

A
  1. water absorbed and seed coat bursts (inhibitor compounds washed out)
  2. oxygen: feeds mitochondria (very energy consuming activity) and aerates soil
  3. temperature: cold temp. causes compound inhibitors to break down by freezing and thawing
    * 1, 2, & 3 ONLY THINGS NEEDED
  4. light: some plants only germinate with light
  5. fire: seeds will have no competition if fire has come through area (Jack Pines need this)
  6. digestive enzymes: some seeds have to pass through digestive tract of animal so seed coat can break down
93
Q

hilium

A

scar on seed

94
Q

micropyle

A

hole (break in integuments)

allows oxygen across seed coat

95
Q

hypocotyl region

A

first out when seed coat bursts
“hypocotyl hook”
tough and pulls plumule up after

96
Q

coleoptile

A

protective sheath around plumule

97
Q

coleorhiza

A

protective sheath around radicule

98
Q

direction of growth of plumule and radicule

A

plumule grows up

radicule grows down

99
Q

how is popcorn made

A

water molecules explode and turn embryos inside out

100
Q

bran

A

talks about pericarp and aleurone layer
has vitamins and lipids
provides fiber for a diet

101
Q

germ

A

embryo

contains a lot of lipids and oils

102
Q

total number of flowering plants (angiosperms)

A

235,000

103
Q

number of angiosperms that have been cultivated

A

150

104
Q

6 plants that 80% of calories consumed come from

A 
corn
wheat
rice
potatoes
sweet potatoes
manioc
105
Q

14 most consumed plants

A

corn, wheat, rice, potatoes, sweet potatoes, manioc, sugar cane, sugar beets, pinto beans, soy beans, barley, sorghum, coconut, banana
*grown today on very large scale

106
Q

problems with todays agriculture

A
  1. 9 kcal of energy to get 1 kcal of food
  2. soil erosion (every time field is plowed it is open to wind and other elements and erosion occurs
  3. salinization
107
Q

ways to improve todays agriculture

A 
crop improvements
new crops
seed banks
transgenic plants
medicinal plants
ethnobotany
108
Q

crop improvement

A
  • grow 14 more efficiently with more yield and higher nutrient content
    1. hybrid corn
    2. triticale
    3. green revolution (not as efficient)
109
Q

hybrid corn

A

combines 2 pure strains of corn to get perfect hybrid
more uniform and efficient crop (no genetic variation)
problem: whole crop wiped out if disease strikes

110
Q

triticale

A

triticum (wheat) and secale (rye)

can be grown in many more places than wheat but with lower yield

111
Q

new crops

A
  • especially new carb and protein sources
    1. jojoba: SW america (plant that saved the whales)
    2. guayule: latex found in stems
    3. grain amaranths: brought back (produces protein)
112
Q

seed banks

A

save seeds of all known crops in world today
1 in each country (each focuses on their major crops and indigenous crops)
backup in case of disease
US: wheat and corn

113
Q

transgenic plants

A

take crop plant and add genes (by splicing) from some other source
GMOs: genetically modified organisms (very controversial)

114
Q

medicinal plants

A

doctrine of signatures (universal idea)

Herbals: huge book with all ideas of doctrine

115
Q

doctrine of signatures

A
  1. god is great/all knowing
  2. people are stupid
  3. god provided stupid humans with signatures about what plants are good/bad
    ex: lobed leaf for liver, walnuts=brain
    * not necessarily true
116
Q

ethnobotany

A

fusion of anthropology and botany
ethnobotanist sits down with tribes to learn about their plants and medicines
ex used today: curare, sangre de drago, una de gato

117
Q

curare

A

from someone studying poison of poison dart
causes paralysis of muscles
used in surgery

118
Q

sangre de drago

A

used to seal wounds (latex)

true antiseptic

119
Q

una de gato

A

“cat’s claw”
grows as a vine and climbs using claws on branches
used for tea

120
Q

nutritional needs

A

CO2, H2O, minerals, light

121
Q

minerals

A

macro and micro

122
Q

macro

A

needed in great amount
C H O P K N S Ca [Fe] Mg (Si)
Si recently added
Fe moved to micro

123
Q

micro

A

needed in smaller amounts
trace elements needed to catalyze reactions (can be reused over and over again)
Fe now micro element

124
Q

water

A

greatest need of any plant
absorbed and lost in transpiration (leaves through open stomate)
ions pumped in by ATP through root hairs and water follows
soil needs to be well aerated so there is O2 present to be used by ATP to push ions across

125
Q

cohesion-adhesion-tension theory

A

H2O molecules cohere to each other (bc polar)
molecules bonded to walls of tube (adhesion) (when 1 molecule leaves through stomate another is pulled up into its place–sun=driving force in pulling water molecules up)

126
Q

mass/pressure flow theory

A

xylem/phloem tubes run up plant
sugar pumped in at top of phloem tube by ATP and water follows
sugar pumped out at bottom of phloem tube by ATP (to be stored in root) and water follows
high pressure at top of phloem tube
low pressure at bottom of phloem tube

127
Q

aphids

A

drink sugar water from phloem

can’t stop drinking when full so sugar water comes out their back side

128
Q

sap collection

A

spicket drilled into XYLEM of sugar maple tree

sap rising up xylem and drawn off into bucket when it hits the spicket

129
Q

CO2

A 
often limiting factor for plant growth
CAM plants (succulents): adapted for stomates to open at night --> less water stress and more CO2 enters and is stored (CO2 used for photosynthesis)
130
Q

what effects stomates

A

open and close effected by H2O availability and blue light

131
Q

blue light

A

opens stomates starting at dawn

triggers release of K+ across membrane going inward and water follows

132
Q

effect of increased temp on stomates

A

closes stomates

increased cell respiration and CO2 production

133
Q

types of cell growth and development

A
  1. cell division (apical meristem actively dividing)
  2. cell growth (elongation)
  3. cell differentiation/specialization
  4. production of hormones
134
Q

hormones

A

produced at everyday plant parts
no separate glands–no endocrine system
sometimes inhibitory at 1 concentration and catalyze at another concentration

135
Q

5 main hormones

A 
auxins
cytokinins
ethylene
abscisic acid
gibberellins
136
Q

auxins

A

effects studied by Darwin

  1. phototropism
  2. cell differentiation
  3. promotion of fruit growth
  4. apical dominance
  5. prevent abscission
  6. weed control
137
Q

phototropism

A

indole acetic acid moves down xylem
at some point it starts moving sideways to dark side which stimulates differential elongation on light side which turns everything to grow towards light

138
Q

cell differentiation

A
  1. auxins in leaf primordia (auxins move down and make cells turn into vascular tissue (xylem and phloem))
  2. auxins in terminal bud (when bud bursts auxins are produced and ooze down short distance to make vascular cambium produce big vessel elements to carry more sugar water up
  3. artificial auxins (promote root growth)
139
Q

promotion of fruit growth

A

young fertilized ovule produces auxin which stimulates ovary to become fruit which protects seed
spray unfertilized flower with auxins to produce seedless fruit

140
Q

apical dominance

A

auxins keep lateral buds from producing competing branches
has lesser effect farther you get from terminal bud
if you cut off terminal bud all lateral buds will grow (why we prune shrubs)

141
Q

prevent abcission

A

auxins prevent abscission zone from forming
apple orchards spray trees with auxins so apples don’t fall on ground and instead stay until ready to be picked all at once

142
Q

weed control

A

auxins delivered at toxic levels
only targets dicots (doesn’t effect grass)
became big during Vietnam war (sprayed in forests to see enemies)

143
Q

cytokinins

A

don’t act alone–act with something else sometimes auxins (RATIO MATTERS)
1. promote cytokinesis (stimulate cell division)
found in actively dividing areas of plants
2. promote lateral buds
3. prevent leaf senescence (leaf aging)–keep chlorophyll going longer

144
Q

ethylene (gas)

A
  1. promotes fruit development
  2. promotes abscission
  3. promotes femaleness in cucurbits (squash)
  4. promote stem thickening
  5. aerenchyma tissue
145
Q

promotes fruit development (ethylene)

A

tomatoes shipped green then gassed with ethylene to quickly ripen before putting out at store to sell
if 1 tomato in box is overripe all others will ripen bc it will produce enough ethylene to ripen others as well

146
Q

promotes abscission

A

citrus growth–lightly spray grapefruit trees so some fall off premature and branch doesn’t break
(work against auxins)

147
Q

promotes femaleness in cucurbits

A

cucurbits grow on monoecious vines
early in season have all male flowers
spray some male flowers with ethylene to turn them female and get fruit sooner

148
Q

promote stem thickening

A

ethylene produced in stress response
makes stem stronger to pull cotyledons above ground when covered in pebbles
thicken trunk of pine tree on edge of cliff to protect from wind

149
Q

aerenchyma tissue

A

oxygen stress –> ethylene formation –> formation of cellulase (breaks down cellulose–what cells are made of)

150
Q

tropisms

A

phototropism
gravitropism/geotropism
thigmotropism

151
Q

gravitropism/geotropism (C-)

A

roots grow down (positive geotropism)
stem grows up (negative geotropism)
statoliths involved in this

152
Q

statoliths

A

auxins attach to these
they drop to the bottom and stimulate cells on bottom to elongate making them grow up (stems)
don’t know why roots grow down though

153
Q

thigmotropism

A

tendrils reach up and wrap around support structure

when back side touches cells elongate and wrap up around structure

154
Q

phytochrome mediated response

A 
used to detect if in light/not in light
P(red)  P(far red)
red=inactive far red=active
when it experiences red light it goes to far red (vice versa)
red --> far red = day conversion
far red --> red = night conversion
1.  seed germination
2. etiolation
3. phototropism
4. photoperiodism
155
Q

phytochrome seed germination

A

some seeds have to be in light to germinate (weed seeds)

why we cover weeds with mulch

156
Q

etiolation

A

taller and thinner than normal stems due to plant seeking light
can undergo de-etiolation response to green up

157
Q

photoperiodism

A

flowering response
use this to determine what time of year it is by amount of sunlight during day
some plants on a flowering schedule (every 16 hours)
1. long day (summer)
2. short day (late fall, winter, early spring)

158
Q

florigen

A

could possibly carry phytochrome to bud which triggers it to turn into a flower

159
Q

temperature mediated response

A

let seeds sit out in winter they will freeze and thaw repeatedly which will give around 100% germination
stratification
scarification
vernalization

160
Q

stratification

A

in big pot put layers of sand then seed then sand then seed…

161
Q

scarification

A

put seeds in giant tumbler to weaken seed coat/create scars which will promote germination

162
Q

vernalization

A

need for certain number of hours of cold for maximum bloom and fruit
peaches need cold but can’t withstand late freezes

163
Q

circadian rhythms

A

24 hour cycles

plants reset themselves every 24 hours due to temperature and light

164
Q

things affected by circadian rhythm

A 
flower opening and closing
auxin production
mitosis
root pressure
discharge of fungal spores
165
Q

flower opening and closing

A

schedule adapted to accommodate pollinators

166
Q

auxin production

A

schedule of when elongation events take place

167
Q

mitosis

A

different plants have different times of cell elongation

168
Q

root pressure

A

higher root pressure at dawn

169
Q

discharge of fungal spores

A

dispersed early in morning so they catch a light breeze and travel a short distance

170
Q

4 external factors

A

tropisms
phytochrome
temperature mediated response
circadian rhythm

171
Q

abscisic acid

A

plant tranquilizer (inhibitor-works against other hormones)

  1. promotes dormancy
  2. promotes leaf and fruit abscission
  3. transpiration
172
Q

ABA promotes dormancy

A

after winter ABA destroyed by all the freezes and thaws throughout season
terminal bud and acorn

173
Q

ABA promotes leaf and fruit abscission

A

works against auxins and with ethylene

174
Q

ABA transpiration

A

collection of water leads to collection of ABA which closes stomates and prevents transpiration

175
Q

gibberellins

A

1st gibberellin isolated from fungus on rice plant that made them fall over

  1. promote cell division and elongation
  2. promote production of parthenocarpic fruits
  3. promote seed and pollen germination
176
Q

gibberellins promote cell division and elongation

A

do job of cytokinins and auxins
(dwarf mutants lacked production of gibberellins so spray to make stem grow)
useful to stretch things out

177
Q

gibberellins promote production of parthenocarpic fruits

A

promote production of seedless fruits

make seedless grapes and elongate them to make them bigger to sell

178
Q

chlorosis

A

spotted yellow on leaves

179
Q

necrosis

A

spots of dead tissue

180
Q

monocot # of petals

A

3’s

181
Q

dicot # of petals

A

2, 4, or 5

182
Q

connation

A

fusion within whorl (petals fused to petals)

183
Q

adnation

A

fusion between whorls (stamen fused to petal)

184
Q

endosperm

A

triploid

185
Q

embryo

A

diploid

186
Q

ovary becomes

A

fruit

BIO 204 (4 decks)

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