Test 1 Flashcards
characteristics of living things
highly organized metabolism/energy use homeostasis sensation/response reproduction/development adaptation
order of living things
subatomic particle -> atoms -> molecules -> organelles -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism -> population -> community -> ecosystem -> biosphere
photosynthesis equation
light + H20 + CO2 -> O2 + glucose
LEAVES
cellular respiration equation
O2 + glucose -> CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
homeostasis
maintaining relationship between inside and outside (staying the same)
chemoreceptors
detect toxins
response= taxis/chemotaxis (increases welfare by moving in opposite direction)
adaptation
ability to change in response to environment (long term or short term)
short term adaptation
behavioral response:
genetic variation
natural selection
takes time
long term adaptation
extinction or evolution (Grand Unifying Theory–GUT)
autotroph
feeds itself
heterotroph
feeds by eating other things
structures plant cells have
cell wall and cell membrane
structures plant cells don’t have
nervous system, endocrine system, and excretory system
protoplast
membrane and its contents
rough ER
ribosomes attached
proteins formed here
everything made against a membrane
smooth ER
lipids made here
everything made against a membrane
mitochondria
powerhouse of cell (make ATP/energy)
where are mitochondria most prevalent
animals: muscle cells
plants: where things are made
semi-autonomous (mitochondria)
have their own DNA so they control their own replication
have bacterial ribosomes so they can control their own protein synthesis
endosymbiont theory
larger bacteria engulfed smaller bacteria and kept it
3 kinds of plastids
chloroplast
chromoplast
leukoplast
chloroplast
semi-autonomous:
more conservative
for the most part they replicate themselves
thylakoid found here
thylakoid
contain pigments of photosynthesis
photosystem
200-300 pigments working together
energy sent inward
chlorophyll A
one in the middle
bright green
accessory pigments
surround chlorophyll A
chlorophyll B
dark green
carotenoids
yellow, orange, or red
chromoplast
have inner membrane and no outer membrane
only have carotenoids (Y, O, R)
appear when chloroplast lose chlorophyll and accessory pigments
leukoplast
no internal structure and no pigments
involved in synthesis of starch (amyloplasts)
2 kinds of microbodies
peroxisomes and glyoxisomes
peroxisomes
enzymes inside attack peroxides which are toxic to the plant and must be killed immediately
glyoxisomes
found in seeds
convert fat to carbohydrates (needed for germination)
Vacuole
largest organelle!!
fluid filled sac with outer membrane (tonoplast)
filled with cell sap
cell sap
stored ions, H2O, and other things
some is specialized (citric acid=citrus fruits)
anthocyanins
blue/purple
antioxidants (found in anything purple or blue)
golgi complex
repackages things and sends them out to be released out of cell wall
cellulose
chain of glucose
matrix composition
pectin, lignin, cutin, and suberin
pectin
provides bend
lignin
provides strength (like metal rod)
cutin
waxy (on top of leaves to make water roll off)
petiole
gives plant flex
suberin
like cork (water can’t penetrate)
middle lamella
spaces between 2 connected cells
plasmodesmata
opening in middle lamella connecting 2 cells
secondary cell wall found in:
plants that produce wood
ground tissues
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
parenchyma
forms masses of plant
capable of division
isodiametric in shape
can be specialized
chlorenchyma
specialized for photosynthesis
has chloroplast around edges
resin
used for sealing wounds
sticky
copal
used to make fire
smells good/repells mosquitos
chicle
originally used to make gum
collenchyma
elongated parenchyma cells
in the stem of a growing tree
sclerenchyma
found in specialized areas
fibers or sclereids
fiber
long and skinny
sclereids
short and stout
extremely thick secondary cell walls (shell of nut)
vascular tissue systems
xylem and phloem
xylem
carries water and minerals up
“tracheary elements”
made of fibers adapted to movement of water
vessel elements
more efficient movement of water can move through these
phloem
“sieve elements”
sieve plate
flow of materials from top to bottom
sieve plate
allows water to pass through
companion cells
provide energy in form of ATP to push sugars through/out
dermal tissue
open when turgor pressure is increased
help with release and intake of molecules
trichome
hairs that keep insects away and reflect light
nettles
long sharp trichomes filled with histimines (cause swelling and itching)
root functions
anchorage to ground
absorption
conduction (up through xylem to leaves for photosynthesis)
storage
root systems
taproot
fibrous root
adventitious root
taproot
leaves above ground with single large root (carrots)
fibrous root
tiny little roots below ground with lots of leaves above ground
adventitious
roots growing where they don’t usually (from leaves or branches that touch ground)
root specializations
storage prop roots pneumatophores clinging aerial haustorial
storage
carrots are roots modified for storage
prop roots
extra root along stem that help prop it up (corn)
pneumatophores
roots going above and below the water surface level
clinging
attach to bricks and cling to them
aerial
roots hanging from epiphytes on branch of tree
haustorial roots
parasitic
go into tree phloem and suck out nutrients (missletoe)
lateral roots
branches of root system
root cap
protects and detects gravity
meristem
region of dividing cells
where new cells are formed
elongating cells
push roots farther towards earth
root hairs
how water and minerals get in
3 leaf arrangements
alternate, opposite, and whorled
alternate
leaves in spiral around stem which keeps leaves from blocking photons from other stems
opposite
2 leaves coming from 1 node (1 on each side of stem)
whorled
3+ leaves coming from one node (all have a bud)
simple blade/simple leaf
one leaf on petiole
compound blade/compound leaf
multiple leaves coming from petiole
pinnately or palmately compound
difference between pinnately and opposite
pinnately has 1 bud
opposite has 2 buds
dicot venation
netted venation (either pinnately or palmately netted)
pinnately netted
1 main vein with many sub veins
palmately netted
many main veins
monocot venation
sessile blade with parallel venation
leaf abscission
leaves fall off of trees in the fall and winter
chlorophyll reaction to temp. change
very sensitive to temp. change. taken down and stored in roots after being broken down
bundle scars
suberin laid down on scar to seal and protect against pathogens and other harmful things when bundle sheath falls off
leaf modifications
bud scales, cotyledons, flower parts, spines, tendrils, water storage, flotation, carnivory
bud scales
modified leaves to protect delicate tissues of meristem (protect what’s inside)
cotyledons
“seed leaf”
leaf modified to store nutrients needed for germination
flower parts
leaves modified for reproduction
spines
leaves modified for protection (necessary in desert)
tendrils
leaves/parts of leaves used for climbing (to help seek sunlight)
water storage
succulents (store water in leaves and wilt as they lose water)
flotation
open air spaces to help leaves float
carnivory
modified to eat insects
live in places with few nutrients and limited nitrogen
digest chitin of exoskeleton (full of nitrogen)
4 main functions of stems
support
conduction (water and minerals conducted through stem)
production of new tissue
storage (store carbohydrates)
types of meristems
apical and lateral
apical meristem
found in all plants
found toward end of root and stems
increase length of plant part with division
primary growth
lateral meristem
increase girth of plant (fatter and sturdier)
woody plants
secondary growth
modifications of stems
xerophytes
rhizomes
stolon/runner
bulb
xerophytes
adapted to dry conditions (stems do photosynthesis and store water)
rhizomes
underground connection
stolon/runner
above ground connection
bulb
below ground (onion)
3 ways of protection
thorn
spine
prickle
thorn
stem
spine
leaf
prickle
trichome
vascular cambium
gives us wood
thick walled vessels to carry water
2 parts of vascular cambium
fasicular cambium and interfasicular cambium
cork
gives us bark
heartwood
middle non functioning part
sapwood
outer functioning part
fusiform initials
xylem rings
ray initials
cells going out from middle
carry waste to the center
what makes rings appear
contrast between the years spring wood and summer wood
dendrochromology
record of climate patterns on tree rings
transverse cut
straight up and down cut
see rings with rays going outward
tangential cut
“plain-sawn wood”
cheaper and used in construction
parabola look
radial cut
“quarter-sawn wood”
more expensive and used for furnishing
vertical lines with small perpendicular lines
periderm/bark layers
phloem, phelloderm, phellogen, phellum
easiest way to hurt tree
hurt bark
phelloderm
alive
phellogen
same thing as cork cambium
phellum
dead
water repellent and tough
lenticels
found under stomata
become stomate of woody plant
allow gasses across
oriented side to side
