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BIO 204 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

characteristics of living things

A 
highly organized
metabolism/energy use
homeostasis
sensation/response
reproduction/development
adaptation
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2
Q

order of living things

A

subatomic particle -> atoms -> molecules -> organelles -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism -> population -> community -> ecosystem -> biosphere

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3
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

light + H20 + CO2 -> O2 + glucose

LEAVES

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4
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

O2 + glucose -> CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)

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5
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining relationship between inside and outside (staying the same)

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6
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect toxins

response= taxis/chemotaxis (increases welfare by moving in opposite direction)

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7
Q

adaptation

A

ability to change in response to environment (long term or short term)

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8
Q

short term adaptation

A

behavioral response:
genetic variation
natural selection
takes time

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9
Q

long term adaptation

A

extinction or evolution (Grand Unifying Theory–GUT)

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10
Q

autotroph

A

feeds itself

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11
Q

heterotroph

A

feeds by eating other things

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12
Q

structures plant cells have

A

cell wall and cell membrane

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13
Q

structures plant cells don’t have

A

nervous system, endocrine system, and excretory system

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14
Q

protoplast

A

membrane and its contents

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15
Q

rough ER

A

ribosomes attached
proteins formed here
everything made against a membrane

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16
Q

smooth ER

A

lipids made here

everything made against a membrane

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17
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of cell (make ATP/energy)

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18
Q

where are mitochondria most prevalent

A

animals: muscle cells
plants: where things are made

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19
Q

semi-autonomous (mitochondria)

A

have their own DNA so they control their own replication

have bacterial ribosomes so they can control their own protein synthesis

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20
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

larger bacteria engulfed smaller bacteria and kept it

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21
Q

3 kinds of plastids

A

chloroplast
chromoplast
leukoplast

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22
Q

chloroplast

A

semi-autonomous:
more conservative
for the most part they replicate themselves
thylakoid found here

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23
Q

thylakoid

A

contain pigments of photosynthesis

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24
Q

photosystem

A

200-300 pigments working together

energy sent inward

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25
Q

chlorophyll A

A

one in the middle

bright green

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26
Q

accessory pigments

A

surround chlorophyll A

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27
Q

chlorophyll B

A

dark green

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28
Q

carotenoids

A

yellow, orange, or red

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29
Q

chromoplast

A

have inner membrane and no outer membrane
only have carotenoids (Y, O, R)
appear when chloroplast lose chlorophyll and accessory pigments

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30
Q

leukoplast

A

no internal structure and no pigments

involved in synthesis of starch (amyloplasts)

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31
Q

2 kinds of microbodies

A

peroxisomes and glyoxisomes

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32
Q

peroxisomes

A

enzymes inside attack peroxides which are toxic to the plant and must be killed immediately

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33
Q

glyoxisomes

A

found in seeds

convert fat to carbohydrates (needed for germination)

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34
Q

Vacuole

A

largest organelle!!
fluid filled sac with outer membrane (tonoplast)
filled with cell sap

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35
Q

cell sap

A

stored ions, H2O, and other things

some is specialized (citric acid=citrus fruits)

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36
Q

anthocyanins

A

blue/purple

antioxidants (found in anything purple or blue)

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37
Q

golgi complex

A

repackages things and sends them out to be released out of cell wall

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38
Q

cellulose

A

chain of glucose

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39
Q

matrix composition

A

pectin, lignin, cutin, and suberin

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40
Q

pectin

A

provides bend

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41
Q

lignin

A

provides strength (like metal rod)

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42
Q

cutin

A

waxy (on top of leaves to make water roll off)

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43
Q

petiole

A

gives plant flex

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44
Q

suberin

A

like cork (water can’t penetrate)

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45
Q

middle lamella

A

spaces between 2 connected cells

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46
Q

plasmodesmata

A

opening in middle lamella connecting 2 cells

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47
Q

secondary cell wall found in:

A

plants that produce wood

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48
Q

ground tissues

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

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49
Q

parenchyma

A

forms masses of plant
capable of division
isodiametric in shape
can be specialized

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50
Q

chlorenchyma

A

specialized for photosynthesis

has chloroplast around edges

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51
Q

resin

A

used for sealing wounds

sticky

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52
Q

copal

A

used to make fire

smells good/repells mosquitos

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53
Q

chicle

A

originally used to make gum

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54
Q

collenchyma

A

elongated parenchyma cells

in the stem of a growing tree

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55
Q

sclerenchyma

A

found in specialized areas

fibers or sclereids

56
Q

fiber

A

long and skinny

57
Q

sclereids

A

short and stout

extremely thick secondary cell walls (shell of nut)

58
Q

vascular tissue systems

A

xylem and phloem

59
Q

xylem

A

carries water and minerals up
“tracheary elements”
made of fibers adapted to movement of water

60
Q

vessel elements

A

more efficient movement of water can move through these

61
Q

phloem

A

“sieve elements”
sieve plate
flow of materials from top to bottom

62
Q

sieve plate

A

allows water to pass through

63
Q

companion cells

A

provide energy in form of ATP to push sugars through/out

64
Q

dermal tissue

A

open when turgor pressure is increased

help with release and intake of molecules

65
Q

trichome

A

hairs that keep insects away and reflect light

66
Q

nettles

A

long sharp trichomes filled with histimines (cause swelling and itching)

67
Q

root functions

A

anchorage to ground
absorption
conduction (up through xylem to leaves for photosynthesis)
storage

68
Q

root systems

A

taproot
fibrous root
adventitious root

69
Q

taproot

A

leaves above ground with single large root (carrots)

70
Q

fibrous root

A

tiny little roots below ground with lots of leaves above ground

71
Q

adventitious

A

roots growing where they don’t usually (from leaves or branches that touch ground)

72
Q

root specializations

A 
storage
prop roots
pneumatophores
clinging
aerial
haustorial
73
Q

storage

A

carrots are roots modified for storage

74
Q

prop roots

A

extra root along stem that help prop it up (corn)

75
Q

pneumatophores

A

roots going above and below the water surface level

76
Q

clinging

A

attach to bricks and cling to them

77
Q

aerial

A

roots hanging from epiphytes on branch of tree

78
Q

haustorial roots

A

parasitic

go into tree phloem and suck out nutrients (missletoe)

79
Q

lateral roots

A

branches of root system

80
Q

root cap

A

protects and detects gravity

81
Q

meristem

A

region of dividing cells

where new cells are formed

82
Q

elongating cells

A

push roots farther towards earth

83
Q

root hairs

A

how water and minerals get in

84
Q

3 leaf arrangements

A

alternate, opposite, and whorled

85
Q

alternate

A

leaves in spiral around stem which keeps leaves from blocking photons from other stems

86
Q

opposite

A

2 leaves coming from 1 node (1 on each side of stem)

87
Q

whorled

A

3+ leaves coming from one node (all have a bud)

88
Q

simple blade/simple leaf

A

one leaf on petiole

89
Q

compound blade/compound leaf

A

multiple leaves coming from petiole

pinnately or palmately compound

90
Q

difference between pinnately and opposite

A

pinnately has 1 bud

opposite has 2 buds

91
Q

dicot venation

A

netted venation (either pinnately or palmately netted)

92
Q

pinnately netted

A

1 main vein with many sub veins

93
Q

palmately netted

A

many main veins

94
Q

monocot venation

A

sessile blade with parallel venation

95
Q

leaf abscission

A

leaves fall off of trees in the fall and winter

96
Q

chlorophyll reaction to temp. change

A

very sensitive to temp. change. taken down and stored in roots after being broken down

97
Q

bundle scars

A

suberin laid down on scar to seal and protect against pathogens and other harmful things when bundle sheath falls off

98
Q

leaf modifications

A

bud scales, cotyledons, flower parts, spines, tendrils, water storage, flotation, carnivory

99
Q

bud scales

A

modified leaves to protect delicate tissues of meristem (protect what’s inside)

100
Q

cotyledons

A

“seed leaf”

leaf modified to store nutrients needed for germination

101
Q

flower parts

A

leaves modified for reproduction

102
Q

spines

A

leaves modified for protection (necessary in desert)

103
Q

tendrils

A

leaves/parts of leaves used for climbing (to help seek sunlight)

104
Q

water storage

A

succulents (store water in leaves and wilt as they lose water)

105
Q

flotation

A

open air spaces to help leaves float

106
Q

carnivory

A

modified to eat insects
live in places with few nutrients and limited nitrogen
digest chitin of exoskeleton (full of nitrogen)

107
Q

4 main functions of stems

A

support
conduction (water and minerals conducted through stem)
production of new tissue
storage (store carbohydrates)

108
Q

types of meristems

A

apical and lateral

109
Q

apical meristem

A

found in all plants
found toward end of root and stems
increase length of plant part with division
primary growth

110
Q

lateral meristem

A

increase girth of plant (fatter and sturdier)
woody plants
secondary growth

111
Q

modifications of stems

A

xerophytes
rhizomes
stolon/runner
bulb

112
Q

xerophytes

A

adapted to dry conditions (stems do photosynthesis and store water)

113
Q

rhizomes

A

underground connection

114
Q

stolon/runner

A

above ground connection

115
Q

bulb

A

below ground (onion)

116
Q

3 ways of protection

A

thorn
spine
prickle

117
Q

thorn

A

stem

118
Q

spine

A

leaf

119
Q

prickle

A

trichome

120
Q

vascular cambium

A

gives us wood

thick walled vessels to carry water

121
Q

2 parts of vascular cambium

A

fasicular cambium and interfasicular cambium

122
Q

cork

A

gives us bark

123
Q

heartwood

A

middle non functioning part

124
Q

sapwood

A

outer functioning part

125
Q

fusiform initials

A

xylem rings

126
Q

ray initials

A

cells going out from middle

carry waste to the center

127
Q

what makes rings appear

A

contrast between the years spring wood and summer wood

128
Q

dendrochromology

A

record of climate patterns on tree rings

129
Q

transverse cut

A

straight up and down cut

see rings with rays going outward

130
Q

tangential cut

A

“plain-sawn wood”
cheaper and used in construction
parabola look

131
Q

radial cut

A

“quarter-sawn wood”
more expensive and used for furnishing
vertical lines with small perpendicular lines

132
Q

periderm/bark layers

A

phloem, phelloderm, phellogen, phellum

133
Q

easiest way to hurt tree

A

hurt bark

134
Q

phelloderm

A

alive

135
Q

phellogen

A

same thing as cork cambium

136
Q

phellum

A

dead

water repellent and tough

137
Q

lenticels

A

found under stomata
become stomate of woody plant
allow gasses across
oriented side to side

BIO 204 (4 decks)

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