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BIO 204 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

plant taxonomy

A

rules used to put plants into categories

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2
Q

exact starting date

A

May 1, 1753

based on book published that day (“Plantarum”)

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3
Q

plants characterized by

A

number of stamen and carpel

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4
Q

how did botany explode

A

every ship had naturalist that would record new plants across world

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5
Q

levels of Linean system

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genera/genus
species
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6
Q

characteristics of fungi

A

have cell walls (made of cellulose or chitin)
somewhat related to plants, mostly considered animal though
artificial group (many evolutionary lines that converge)
ubiquitous (found everywhere)
heterotrophic (saprophytic) (live off dead matter but not parasitic)
all made of tubes (hyphae)
reproduction by spores

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7
Q

3 that differentiate fungi from each other

A

kind of tube (hyphae)
what cell walls made of
how they reproduce

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8
Q

septate hyphae

A

half walls in tube

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9
Q

non-septate/coenocytic hyphae

A

no walls in tube

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10
Q

P-chytridiomycota

A

major slayers of amphibians (whole species would disappear)
unicellular, parasitic, and aquatic
spread from affected ponds to unaffected ponds by botanists studying them

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11
Q

P-zygomycota

A

bread molds (black dots)
very simple creatures
capable of reproducing itself
spores=haploid
sporangium (contains spores), sporangiophore (stalk), rhizoids
when sporangium hit with light energy spores shot off, cow eats, poops out and spores spread to new area

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12
Q

P-ascomycota

A

sac fungi
ascus, perithecium, cleistothecium
truffles, morels, yeast, dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, and ergot

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13
Q

ascus

A

long skinny ascomycota with alternating +/- cells

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14
Q

perithecium

A

circular in shape with cells lining edge of inside with small hole at top

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15
Q

cleistothecium

A

circular in shape with cells lining edge of inside (same as perithecium but completely close–no hole)

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16
Q

truffles

A

hunted by trained pigs
they emit pheromones identical to pig pheromones
pig eats and spreads spores after eating and digesting and excreting

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17
Q

morels

A

look like brain on a stick

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18
Q

yeast

A

single celled
usually reproduce by buds
makes bread rise by trapping CO2 bubbles in gluten

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19
Q

dutch elm disease

A

caused by ascomycota brought in by pollen on elm trees

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20
Q

chestnut blight

A

trees in china immune but carry it
US trees not immune
US trees adapted so 99% american but with immunity of asian trees

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21
Q

ergot

A

fungus that attacks grains (especially rye)
invade grain and turn it into factory that produces spores
leads to ergotism (fingers and toes feel like burning bc they contain vasoconstrictors)
also produces LSD which can lead to hallucinations

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22
Q

basidiomycota

A

club fungus

hymenomycetes, gastromycetes, tellomycetes, deuteromycetes

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23
Q

hymenomycetes

A

edible, everyday mushrooms

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24
Q

gastromycetes

A 
spores inside basidiocarp
puff balls (spores spread when smooshed--shot out through hole)
flies attracted bc smell (land and get foot stuck. when try to leave they take chunk and spread spores)
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25
Q

tellomycetes

A

use somebody else’s parts to reproduce

smuts and rusts

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26
Q

smuts

A 
autoecious
has 1 host 
corn smut (fungus takes over corn chambers)
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27
Q

rusts

A

heteroecious
2+ hosts
ex: wheat and barberry

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28
Q

deuteromycetes

A

fungi imperfecti (no sexual rep.–spores produced asexually)
put in own catergory bc can’t reproduce together
basidiomycota, zygomycota, and ascomycota that have lost sexual abilities

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29
Q

deuteromycetes functions

A

help in cheese process, antibiotics, soy products production, ring worm (human and animal), athletes foot, and jock itch

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30
Q

lichens

A

combo of fungi and protista
mutualistic organisms
fungi: great at absorbing water and minerals
usually found in harsh envirionments
sensitive to pollution (if found you know air is healthy)
classified based on shapes (fruticose, foliose,crustose)

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31
Q

K-protista

A

myxomycota
oomycota
algae (chrysophyta, chlorophyta, euglenophyta, phaeophyta, pyrrophyta, and rhodophyta)

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32
Q

myxomycota

A

slime molds
capable of movement
have projections that go out and pick up bacteria
after a couple of days see gray dust (spores)
couple days after that see nothing

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33
Q

oomycota

A

egg fungi/water molds
swim to substrate (dead fly), grow on that (see white hyphae)
french wine grapes and peruvian potatoes experienced growing problems bc of this

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34
Q

algae

A

included under number of phyla
photosynthetic, aquatic, simple bodied (thallus), found everywhere
ecologically important (form base of pyramid in aquatic ecostystem)
important globally for O2 production (around 50% comes from algae)

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35
Q

ways to differentiate algae

A
  1. cell walls (have/don’t have and what they’re made of)
  2. types of photosynthetic pigment
  3. storage product
  4. how they move
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36
Q

phylum of algae

A 
euglenophyta
pyrrhophyta
chrysophyta
phaeophyta
rhodophyta
chlorophyta
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37
Q

euglenophyta

A

in between creature–more like animal but photosynthetic like plant
flagella
no cell wall, instead have pellicle (flexible)
chlorophyll A, B, and carotenoids
storage product= paramylon
have no sexual cycles (binary fission)

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38
Q

pyrrhophyta

A

dinoflagellates
bioluminescent
have 2 flagella (one wraps around, other long–work against each other making it have spinning movement)
chlorophyll A, C and fucoxanthin
storage=oils
armor cellulose plates
sometimes taken into coral/sponge as temp. mutualistic environment

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39
Q

zooxanthellae

A

single-celled dinoflagellates that are able to live in symbiosis with marine invertebrates

40
Q

red tide

A

caused by poisons produced by dinoflagellates in high temperature
poison taken in by shellfish
can also be airborn

41
Q

chrysophyta

A

diatoms, all unicellular
silica cell walls (fit over each other like petri dish)
don’t usually reproduce sexually (instead 2 halves split apart and make new creature, but every 6-8 weeks sexual cycle to kick back to usual size)
chlorophyll A, C, and carotenoids (including fucoxanthins)
storage=oils

42
Q

diatomaceous earth

A

full of diatoms

made by silica so don’t breakdown

43
Q

phaeophyta

A 
brown algae (common name= kelp)
multicellular
cold water marine creatures
cell walls made of cellulose w/ specialized matrix (algin)
chlorophyll a, c, and fucoxanthins
storage= laminarin
blade has air chambers to keep afloat
tissue along stipe that acts as phloem
44
Q

rhodophyta

A

red algae
no movement
found in warm water, marine, and tropical reefs
cell walls= cellulose (calcium carbonate in coral reefs)
chlorphyll a, carotenoids, phycobulins
storage=floridean starch

45
Q

chlorophyta

A 
green algae
freshwater
cell walls=cellulose
chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids
storage=starch
same movement as brown algae
46
Q

2 evolutionary lines

A
  1. filamentous: goes to green plants

2. colonial: goes nowhere

47
Q

oogamy

A

type of life cycle with nonmodal (stationary) egg and modal sperm that swims to it

48
Q

alternation of generations

A

gametophyte (n) –> gametes (egg and sperm) –> sporophyte (2n) –> spores (n) –> gametophyte (n)
spores produced by meiosis

49
Q

bryophytes

A 
group directly derived from filamentous green algae
differences between fil. green algae & mosses:
1.  production of cuticle
2. stomata produced
terrestrial
hepatophyta/hepaticophyta/liverworts
anthocerophyta/hornworts
bryophyta/mosses
50
Q

K-plantae (seedless vascular plants)

A

psilophyta
lycophyta
sphenophyta/equisetophyta
pterophyta

51
Q

hepatophyta/ hepaticophyta

A

liverwarts/liver plants
lobe like with rhizoids to anchor it and a gemmae cup on top surface
found on banks of river/stream
thallus: plant with undifferentiated stem and leaf
water falls into cup and sends gemmae flying

52
Q

anthocerophyta

A

hornworts

twists open to release spores

53
Q

bryophyta

A

mosses

54
Q

seedless vascular plants

A 
involves tubing (xylem and phloem)
dominance switched (sporophyte now dominant)
55
Q

function of xylem and phloem

A

provide mechanical support–allows plants to be really big

56
Q

what is required for reproduction

A

water so sperm can swim to egg

ex: mosses on shady side of tree where there is water

57
Q

psilophyta

A

whisk ferns

58
Q

lycophyta

A

have club/cone/strobilus

lycopodium and sellaginella

59
Q

lycopodium

A

club mosses (homoecious)

60
Q

sellaginalla

A

spike mosses (heteroecious)

61
Q

sphenophyta/equisophyta

A

horse tails

62
Q

pterophyta

A

ferns

very diverse

63
Q

angiosperm

A

hardwood

seed inside container (fruit)

64
Q

gymnosperm

A

soft wood
seed with no container (naked seed)
pollination replaces fertilization by swimming sperm which means they can grow anywhere

65
Q

coniferophyta

A

cone bearing (pines, spruces) with needles
softwood (not as dense)
have long tracheids
better adapted to cold and dry conditions (even in winter doing some photosynthesis to produce metabolic heat)
male at bottom, female at top (pollen has to move sideways)

66
Q

Ginkgophyta

A

dioecious

seed has covering that gets stinky as it ferments

67
Q

gnetophyta

A

link between gymnosperms and angiosperms

68
Q

filamentous green algae

A

starch storage, chlorophyll A, B, and carotenoids, cellulose cell walls, nonmodal egg and swimming sperm (oogamy), alternation of generations, gametopyte is dominant

69
Q

gymnosperm differences (seed plants)

A

production of seeds (embryo surrounded by nutrients surrounded by seed coat)
pollination (by wind)

70
Q

angiosperm differences (seed plants)

A

container around seed (fruit)– protection and dispersal
production of flowers (animal fertilization and double fertilization)
improved xylem and phloem

71
Q

K-Plantae (gymnosperms)

A

coniferophyta
cycadophyta
ginkgophyta
gnetophyta

72
Q

K-Plantae (angiosperms)

A

P-anthophyta/magnoliophyta

73
Q

P-anthophyta/magnoliophyta

A

Class-Monocotyledonae/Liliopsida (65,000 species)
Class-Dicotyledonae/Magnoliopsida (170,000 species)
*natural groups

74
Q

original angiosperm characteristics

A

small, woody, shrub like plants, simple leaves with entire margin, pinnately veined, many flowers on elongated axis, leaf-like stamens, pollen sacs running along edges (leaves modified to produce pollen), unsealed carpels, produced large amounts of endosperm

75
Q

who proposed semi-modern view on dicots and monocots

A

Bessey

Cronquist and Takhtajan confirmed it

76
Q

primitive characteristics

A 
elongated floral axis
parts spirally arranged
numerous separate flower parts
complete and perfect
regular symmetry
hypogyny (ovary above and exposed)
77
Q

advanced characteristics

A 
everything compacted
parts whorled (everything off same point)
fewer and fused flower parts
missing whorls and 1 sex
irregular symmetry (landing platform)
epigyny (ovary below)
78
Q

karyogamy

A

fusion of nuclei

79
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of cell contents

80
Q

fruticose

A

grass looking

81
Q

foliose

A

lobed

82
Q

crustose

A

specks/dots

83
Q

homoecious

A

1 spore 1 gametophyte

84
Q

heteroecious

A

2 spores 2 gametophytes

85
Q

colonial line

A

gonium, pandorina, and volvox

86
Q

gonium

A

8-16

87
Q

pandorina

A

16-32

88
Q

volvox

A

500

89
Q

chlamydomonas

A

breast cancer looking cells around volvox

can move together

90
Q

daughter colonies

A

cells inside volvox

91
Q

filamentous green algae spirogyra

A

cells with spiral chloroplast and pyrenoid

92
Q

pyrenoids

A

starch production

“beads on a string”

93
Q

individual cells of volvox linked by

A

protoplasmic connections

94
Q

conjugation tube

A

tube that connects supplying and receiving gametes

contents from supplying move across to receiving

95
Q

supplying gamete

A

gamete that gives up contents

96
Q

receiving gamete

A

gamete that receives contents from supplying gamete

97
Q

zygospore of spirogyra

A

formed when contents of supplying move to receiving and come together with the egg to form a zygote

BIO 204 (4 decks)

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