Exam 3 Flashcards
plant taxonomy
rules used to put plants into categories
exact starting date
May 1, 1753
based on book published that day (“Plantarum”)
plants characterized by
number of stamen and carpel
how did botany explode
every ship had naturalist that would record new plants across world
levels of Linean system
domain kingdom phylum class order family genera/genus species
characteristics of fungi
have cell walls (made of cellulose or chitin)
somewhat related to plants, mostly considered animal though
artificial group (many evolutionary lines that converge)
ubiquitous (found everywhere)
heterotrophic (saprophytic) (live off dead matter but not parasitic)
all made of tubes (hyphae)
reproduction by spores
3 that differentiate fungi from each other
kind of tube (hyphae)
what cell walls made of
how they reproduce
septate hyphae
half walls in tube
non-septate/coenocytic hyphae
no walls in tube
P-chytridiomycota
major slayers of amphibians (whole species would disappear)
unicellular, parasitic, and aquatic
spread from affected ponds to unaffected ponds by botanists studying them
P-zygomycota
bread molds (black dots)
very simple creatures
capable of reproducing itself
spores=haploid
sporangium (contains spores), sporangiophore (stalk), rhizoids
when sporangium hit with light energy spores shot off, cow eats, poops out and spores spread to new area
P-ascomycota
sac fungi
ascus, perithecium, cleistothecium
truffles, morels, yeast, dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, and ergot
ascus
long skinny ascomycota with alternating +/- cells
perithecium
circular in shape with cells lining edge of inside with small hole at top
cleistothecium
circular in shape with cells lining edge of inside (same as perithecium but completely close–no hole)
truffles
hunted by trained pigs
they emit pheromones identical to pig pheromones
pig eats and spreads spores after eating and digesting and excreting
morels
look like brain on a stick
yeast
single celled
usually reproduce by buds
makes bread rise by trapping CO2 bubbles in gluten
dutch elm disease
caused by ascomycota brought in by pollen on elm trees
chestnut blight
trees in china immune but carry it
US trees not immune
US trees adapted so 99% american but with immunity of asian trees
ergot
fungus that attacks grains (especially rye)
invade grain and turn it into factory that produces spores
leads to ergotism (fingers and toes feel like burning bc they contain vasoconstrictors)
also produces LSD which can lead to hallucinations
basidiomycota
club fungus
hymenomycetes, gastromycetes, tellomycetes, deuteromycetes
hymenomycetes
edible, everyday mushrooms
gastromycetes
spores inside basidiocarp puff balls (spores spread when smooshed--shot out through hole) flies attracted bc smell (land and get foot stuck. when try to leave they take chunk and spread spores)
tellomycetes
use somebody else’s parts to reproduce
smuts and rusts
smuts
autoecious has 1 host corn smut (fungus takes over corn chambers)
rusts
heteroecious
2+ hosts
ex: wheat and barberry
deuteromycetes
fungi imperfecti (no sexual rep.–spores produced asexually)
put in own catergory bc can’t reproduce together
basidiomycota, zygomycota, and ascomycota that have lost sexual abilities
deuteromycetes functions
help in cheese process, antibiotics, soy products production, ring worm (human and animal), athletes foot, and jock itch
lichens
combo of fungi and protista
mutualistic organisms
fungi: great at absorbing water and minerals
usually found in harsh envirionments
sensitive to pollution (if found you know air is healthy)
classified based on shapes (fruticose, foliose,crustose)
K-protista
myxomycota
oomycota
algae (chrysophyta, chlorophyta, euglenophyta, phaeophyta, pyrrophyta, and rhodophyta)
myxomycota
slime molds
capable of movement
have projections that go out and pick up bacteria
after a couple of days see gray dust (spores)
couple days after that see nothing
oomycota
egg fungi/water molds
swim to substrate (dead fly), grow on that (see white hyphae)
french wine grapes and peruvian potatoes experienced growing problems bc of this
algae
included under number of phyla
photosynthetic, aquatic, simple bodied (thallus), found everywhere
ecologically important (form base of pyramid in aquatic ecostystem)
important globally for O2 production (around 50% comes from algae)
ways to differentiate algae
- cell walls (have/don’t have and what they’re made of)
- types of photosynthetic pigment
- storage product
- how they move
phylum of algae
euglenophyta pyrrhophyta chrysophyta phaeophyta rhodophyta chlorophyta
euglenophyta
in between creature–more like animal but photosynthetic like plant
flagella
no cell wall, instead have pellicle (flexible)
chlorophyll A, B, and carotenoids
storage product= paramylon
have no sexual cycles (binary fission)
pyrrhophyta
dinoflagellates
bioluminescent
have 2 flagella (one wraps around, other long–work against each other making it have spinning movement)
chlorophyll A, C and fucoxanthin
storage=oils
armor cellulose plates
sometimes taken into coral/sponge as temp. mutualistic environment
zooxanthellae
single-celled dinoflagellates that are able to live in symbiosis with marine invertebrates
red tide
caused by poisons produced by dinoflagellates in high temperature
poison taken in by shellfish
can also be airborn
chrysophyta
diatoms, all unicellular
silica cell walls (fit over each other like petri dish)
don’t usually reproduce sexually (instead 2 halves split apart and make new creature, but every 6-8 weeks sexual cycle to kick back to usual size)
chlorophyll A, C, and carotenoids (including fucoxanthins)
storage=oils
diatomaceous earth
full of diatoms
made by silica so don’t breakdown
phaeophyta
brown algae (common name= kelp) multicellular cold water marine creatures cell walls made of cellulose w/ specialized matrix (algin) chlorophyll a, c, and fucoxanthins storage= laminarin blade has air chambers to keep afloat tissue along stipe that acts as phloem
rhodophyta
red algae
no movement
found in warm water, marine, and tropical reefs
cell walls= cellulose (calcium carbonate in coral reefs)
chlorphyll a, carotenoids, phycobulins
storage=floridean starch
chlorophyta
green algae freshwater cell walls=cellulose chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids storage=starch same movement as brown algae
2 evolutionary lines
- filamentous: goes to green plants
2. colonial: goes nowhere
oogamy
type of life cycle with nonmodal (stationary) egg and modal sperm that swims to it
alternation of generations
gametophyte (n) –> gametes (egg and sperm) –> sporophyte (2n) –> spores (n) –> gametophyte (n)
spores produced by meiosis
bryophytes
group directly derived from filamentous green algae differences between fil. green algae & mosses: 1. production of cuticle 2. stomata produced terrestrial hepatophyta/hepaticophyta/liverworts anthocerophyta/hornworts bryophyta/mosses
K-plantae (seedless vascular plants)
psilophyta
lycophyta
sphenophyta/equisetophyta
pterophyta
hepatophyta/ hepaticophyta
liverwarts/liver plants
lobe like with rhizoids to anchor it and a gemmae cup on top surface
found on banks of river/stream
thallus: plant with undifferentiated stem and leaf
water falls into cup and sends gemmae flying
anthocerophyta
hornworts
twists open to release spores
bryophyta
mosses
seedless vascular plants
involves tubing (xylem and phloem) dominance switched (sporophyte now dominant)
function of xylem and phloem
provide mechanical support–allows plants to be really big
what is required for reproduction
water so sperm can swim to egg
ex: mosses on shady side of tree where there is water
psilophyta
whisk ferns
lycophyta
have club/cone/strobilus
lycopodium and sellaginella
lycopodium
club mosses (homoecious)
sellaginalla
spike mosses (heteroecious)
sphenophyta/equisophyta
horse tails
pterophyta
ferns
very diverse
angiosperm
hardwood
seed inside container (fruit)
gymnosperm
soft wood
seed with no container (naked seed)
pollination replaces fertilization by swimming sperm which means they can grow anywhere
coniferophyta
cone bearing (pines, spruces) with needles
softwood (not as dense)
have long tracheids
better adapted to cold and dry conditions (even in winter doing some photosynthesis to produce metabolic heat)
male at bottom, female at top (pollen has to move sideways)
Ginkgophyta
dioecious
seed has covering that gets stinky as it ferments
gnetophyta
link between gymnosperms and angiosperms
filamentous green algae
starch storage, chlorophyll A, B, and carotenoids, cellulose cell walls, nonmodal egg and swimming sperm (oogamy), alternation of generations, gametopyte is dominant
gymnosperm differences (seed plants)
production of seeds (embryo surrounded by nutrients surrounded by seed coat)
pollination (by wind)
angiosperm differences (seed plants)
container around seed (fruit)– protection and dispersal
production of flowers (animal fertilization and double fertilization)
improved xylem and phloem
K-Plantae (gymnosperms)
coniferophyta
cycadophyta
ginkgophyta
gnetophyta
K-Plantae (angiosperms)
P-anthophyta/magnoliophyta
P-anthophyta/magnoliophyta
Class-Monocotyledonae/Liliopsida (65,000 species)
Class-Dicotyledonae/Magnoliopsida (170,000 species)
*natural groups
original angiosperm characteristics
small, woody, shrub like plants, simple leaves with entire margin, pinnately veined, many flowers on elongated axis, leaf-like stamens, pollen sacs running along edges (leaves modified to produce pollen), unsealed carpels, produced large amounts of endosperm
who proposed semi-modern view on dicots and monocots
Bessey
Cronquist and Takhtajan confirmed it
primitive characteristics
elongated floral axis parts spirally arranged numerous separate flower parts complete and perfect regular symmetry hypogyny (ovary above and exposed)
advanced characteristics
everything compacted parts whorled (everything off same point) fewer and fused flower parts missing whorls and 1 sex irregular symmetry (landing platform) epigyny (ovary below)
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
plasmogamy
fusion of cell contents
fruticose
grass looking
foliose
lobed
crustose
specks/dots
homoecious
1 spore 1 gametophyte
heteroecious
2 spores 2 gametophytes
colonial line
gonium, pandorina, and volvox
gonium
8-16
pandorina
16-32
volvox
500
chlamydomonas
breast cancer looking cells around volvox
can move together
daughter colonies
cells inside volvox
filamentous green algae spirogyra
cells with spiral chloroplast and pyrenoid
pyrenoids
starch production
“beads on a string”
individual cells of volvox linked by
protoplasmic connections
conjugation tube
tube that connects supplying and receiving gametes
contents from supplying move across to receiving
supplying gamete
gamete that gives up contents
receiving gamete
gamete that receives contents from supplying gamete
zygospore of spirogyra
formed when contents of supplying move to receiving and come together with the egg to form a zygote
