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BIO 204 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecology

A

study of house where we live (both place and interactions)

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2
Q

species

A

group of actually/potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated

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3
Q

actually/potentially interbreeding

A

biological species concept

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4
Q

natural population

A

geography, attraction, and reproductive cycles keep them separate

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5
Q

reproductively isolated

A

different times of reproduction

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6
Q

population

A

organisms of the same species occupying a particular place at a particular time

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7
Q

community definition

A

all individuals of species in a given area

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8
Q

levels of food pyramid

A

produces, consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, quarternary consumer

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9
Q

keystone species/top predator

A

quarternary consumers

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10
Q

10% rule

A

as you move up pyramid you only retain 10% of energy from previous level

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11
Q

5 level rule

A

in typical ecosystem, limited to 5 levels because original energy runs out

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12
Q

humans

A

omnivores (eat at multiple levels)

herbivores (vegetarians) get more energy

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13
Q

decomposers

A

throughout pyramid

break things down

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14
Q

ecosystem

A

community (biotic component) and its non-living surrounding (water and air) (abiotic component)

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15
Q

population growth formula

A 
N = rX + I - E - D
r=reproductive capacity (how quickly pop. can grow)
X=initial #
I=immigration (coming out)
E=emmigration (leaving)
D=mortality factor (death)
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16
Q

carrying capacity determined by

A

limiting factors

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17
Q

limiting factors

A

density dependent

density independent

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18
Q

density dependent

A

food, disease, space, predators, etc.

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19
Q

density independent

A

weather, etc.

20
Q

reproductive strategies

A 
opportunistic species (r)
equilibrium species (K)
21
Q

opportunistic species

A 
many small young
rapid maturation
little parental care
reproduce only once
small body size
poor adult survival
ex: insects, fish (smaller), rats, rabbits
22
Q

equilibrium species

A 
maintain at carrying capacity
few large young
slow maturation
intense parental care
reproduce many times
large body size
good adult survival
ex: humans, oak trees
*most endangered species found in this category
23
Q

community

A

symbiosis
competition
predation

24
Q

symbiosis

A

close/intimate relationship between 2 species living in 1 area
mutualism
commensalism

25
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit

lichens (fungus and algae)

26
Q

commensalism

A

one benefits, the other is unaffected
spanish moss and tree
remora and shark

27
Q

competition

A

2 species compete with each other (typically have similar needs and compete for resources)

28
Q

ecological niche

A 
all physical, chemical, and biological needs of species
habitat occupied (where it lives) and roles it plays (what it does)
29
Q

fundamental niche

A

environment occupied with no competition

30
Q

realized niche

A

smaller part of fundamental niche based on competition

31
Q

Gause’s principle

A

principle of competitive exclusion

complete competitors cannot coexist (1 species per niche, no more)

32
Q

MacArthur

A

one of first to use numbers in ecology

looked at warblers and noticed different species occupied different parts of the tree (removes competition)

33
Q

niche partitioning

A

dividing up environment between different species to remove competition

34
Q

predation

A

one animal eats another
helps keep population under carrying capacity
predators in nature go for young, old, sick

35
Q

coevolution of predators and prey

A

predators get better at hunting and prey get better at escaping

36
Q

prey defenses

A

structural defense
chemical defense
coloration defense
mimicry

37
Q

structural defense

A

shells, thorns, etc

armadillos, porcupines, sclerenchyma seed coat (plants)

38
Q

chemical defense

A 
plants
use secondary compounds (defense compounds)
oak leaves (tannis--bitter), latex production (poisonous)
39
Q

coloration defense

A

camouflage
fish-countershading (top dark, bottom light)
warning coloration

40
Q

mimicry

A

one organism mimics another
mullerian: set of species that share same defense and coloration (bees, wasps, yellow, jackets, etc.)
batesian mimicry: one creature mimics harmful creature

41
Q

parasitism

A

small parasite eats larger creature
doesn’t want to invade something and kill right away
parasitoids: lay eggs in living creature, eggs incubate, eat up insides, adult flies away (bot flies)

42
Q

ecological succession

A

changes in communities over time

sere A –> sere B –> sere C –> climax community

43
Q

climax community of homewood

A

mixed (hardwood and softwood) mesophytic (in middle, not wet not dry) forest

44
Q

energy of ecological succession

A

takes more energy to stop at certain sere than it does to let it go to climax community

45
Q

island biogeography

A

MacArthur and EO Wilson
interested in how succession occurs in vacuum (can you predict what will grow)
predict based on how big target (island) is and how close it is to mainland
applies to any isolated area

46
Q

what is better in island biogeography

A

want round because less edges (invasive species grow on edges)
want 1 big instead of many small

BIO 204 (4 decks)

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