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RAD 360 - Fundamentals of Radiation Therapy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Written procedures posted at every machine
Required by some state regulatory agencies
Know where emergency offs and circuits are

A

Emergency procedures

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2
Q

Where machine is controlled
Monitor and control linac
Audio and visual

A

Control console

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3
Q

4 states of operational status

A

Stand-by
Preparatory
Ready
Beam on

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4
Q

Machine in “napping” state
Has time delay before it turns on
Keeps electronics warm

A

Stand-by

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5
Q

Shows programmable operational status; record and verify

A

Preparatory

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6
Q

Confirmed program information

A

Ready

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7
Q

Turn key and hear “chirping” sound

A

Beam on

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8
Q

Displayed before or during treatment

Designed to protect patient, employees, and equipment

A

Interlocks

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9
Q

____ Gy (_____ cGy) can be given in 0.3 seconds at 4000 Gy/min if machine set for wrong beam energy

A

2 Gy (200 cGy)

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10
Q

8 examples of interlocks

A 
Beam energy
Beam symmetry, flatness
Dose rate, typical dose
Mechanical hazards
Carousel rotation for different treatment
Bending magnet not steering correctly (BMAG)
Foil fault
Dose/MU 1.2
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11
Q

11 new technologies

A 
Conformal therapy
Multileaf collimation (MLC)
Dynamic wedge collimator
Electronic portal imaging (EPID)
On board imagers (OBIs)
Stereotactic radiation therapy
IMRT
Tomotherapy
Image guided radiation therapy (IGRT)
Electronic arcs
Flattening-field free (FFF)
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12
Q

Took place of cerrobend blocks; 52-160 leaves made of tungsten
Usually rounded on edges so they don’t break if they hit leading to penumbra at end/tip of leaf

A

Multileaf collimation (MLC)

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13
Q

Older; gets more conformal to tumor volume because peripheral dose decreases, tightens everything up to tumor volume
More angles = les dose per field; more beams
Field shape and beam angle change while gantry moves around patient
Allowed by IGRT
“Forward planning” process

A

Conformal therapy/3D-CRT

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14
Q

Flat panel MV receptor across from gantry that gives image; demonstrate poor image quality/contrast

A

Electronic portal imaging (EPID)

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15
Q

kV images on lateral sides of machine, correlates with interaction
Can recreate cone beam CT every 1 degree
Flat panel detector
Offers better detailed image

A

On board imagers (OBIs)

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16
Q

High dose per fraction for hard to reach areas (brain); long prep time, precise
External 3D frame halo: bolts drilled into head and fastened to apparatus that prevents head movement
Planning can take 3-8 hours
Fiducials track movement
Brain tumors, anterior or venous malformations (AVM), etc.

A

Stereotactic radiation therapy

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17
Q

Beam arrangements are tested by trial and error until satisfactory dose distribution is produced

A

“Forward planning” process

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18
Q

IMRT develops treatment plans using this treatment planning; radiation oncologist selects dose parameters for normal tissues and the target volume and computer “back calculates” the desired dose distribution and beam arrangements

A

“Inverse treatment planning”

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19
Q

How much dose is being received within lines

A

Isodose lines

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20
Q

Beams in different planes

A

Non-coplanar

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21
Q

Smaller MLC’s used for SBRT/SRS to conform the dose to very small treatment volumes receiving larger or single fraction doses

A

Micro-/mini-MLCs

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22
Q

Curved to match beam divergence; took place of cerrobend blocks

A

Dynamic wedge collimator

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23
Q

3 major components of the linac

A

Drivestand
Gantry
Couch

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24
Q

Collimation: bimodal (open or shut), static
Similar to CT but 6 MV
Very conformal but limited

A

Tomotherapy

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25
Q

Similar to tomo arcing around

More arcs = more time, patient has to stay still the whole time

A

Electronic/rapid arcs

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26
Q

2 types of IGRT

A

Exac trac

CT overlay

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27
Q

Uses infrared tracking to see reference position

A

Exac trac

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28
Q

Makes sure patient is perfectly aligned and if there are any shifts to be made

A

CT overlay

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29
Q

Changing planning right there

A

Adapted planning

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30
Q

Real-time MRI with Co-60

A

Viewray

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31
Q

Computers used to assist therapist in the verification of treatment parameters allow incorrect setup parameters to be corrected before machine is turned on
Computer-assisted setup and recording of patient data reduces erros
Patient information comes from treatment planning computer to machine

A

Record and verify

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32
Q

2 classes of hazards defined by the FDA

A

Class I

Class II

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33
Q

Accident causes death or injury

A

Class I

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34
Q

Accident if risk of serious injury low (operator error, linac error, etc.)

A

Class II

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35
Q

Dmax depth for superficial and orthovoltage

A

0.0 cm

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36
Q

Dmax depth for Cesium 137 and Radium 226

A

0.1 cm

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37
Q

Dmax depth for Cobalt 60

A

0.5 cm

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38
Q

Dmax depth for 4 MV

A

1.0 cm

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39
Q

Dmax depth for 6 MV

A

1.5 cm

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40
Q

Dmax depth for 10 MV

A

2.5 cm

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41
Q

Dmax depth for 15 MV

A

3.0 cm

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42
Q

Dmax depth for 18 MV

A

3-3.5 cm

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43
Q

Dmax depth for 20 MV

A

3.5 cm

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44
Q

Dmax depth for 25 MV

A

5.0 cm

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45
Q

Traditional and SI unit of Cobalt 60

A

Traditional: Ci
SI: Bq

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46
Q

Most sources have an activity of ____-____ Ci

A

750-9000 Ci

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47
Q

To compensate for the reduction in beam output of Co-60 each month (1%), a correction factor of about ___% per month must be applied to the output

A

1%

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48
Q

Electronic equilibrium

A

Dmax

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49
Q

Shielding for Co-60

A

Cerrobend melts at a much lower point than lead and is therefore easier and safer to use (cadmium)

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50
Q

5 methods to expose the Co-60 source

A 
Air pressure (piston)
Rotating wheel
Mercury reservoir
Chain driven
Moving jaws
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51
Q

Number of HVLs formula

A

(1/2)^n = percent transmitted

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52
Q

Ratio of cerrobend to lead

A

12:1

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53
Q

2 advisory agencies that don’t set regulations for radiation safety procedures

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

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54
Q

Agency that sets regulations for radiation safety procedures

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

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55
Q

States that enter into agreement with NRC to assume responsibility of enforcing regulations for ionizing radiation

A

Agreement states

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56
Q

3 times full calibration must be done

A

Sources replaced
5% deviation during QA or spot check
Any major repairs that require removal or restoration of major components

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57
Q

5 things full calibration includes

A

Radiation field-light coincidence
Timer accuracy
Distance measuring devices (ODIs, etc.)
Uniformity of radiation field and dependence based on useful beam
Exposure and dose rate for +/-3% accuracy for multiple field sizes

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58
Q

Average leakage and leakage for 1 reading at 1 m

A

Average = 2 or less mR/hr at 1 m

1 reading at 1 m = 10 or less mR/hr

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59
Q

Max permissible leakage in “on” position

A

0.1% or less of useful beam 1 m from source

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60
Q

Filter paper wiped on collimator edges twice a year with long forceps should read less than 0.005 microcurie

A

Wipe test

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61
Q

18-24 in bar to push source back into machine; first 7 in red = pretty safe, 2nd 7 in yellow = source back in housing

A

T-bar

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62
Q

Why dose Co-60 have very high penumbra?

A

Large source size

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63
Q

Increasing energy _______ penumbra; by over 10 MV penumbra _______ again because of Compton

A

Increases

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64
Q

Occurs with straight blocks because of divergence

A

Transmission penumbra

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65
Q

Transmission + geometric penumbra

A

Physical penumbra

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66
Q

Penumbra formula

A

P = S(SSD+d-SDD)/SDD

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67
Q

Increasing SSD and distance from source ______ penumbra; increasing SDD _______ penumbra

A

Increases, decreases

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68
Q

Who insures radiation therapists?

A

Hospital

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69
Q

Discipline dealing with what’s good and bad, moral duty and obligation
Set of moral principles or values
Theory or system of moral values
Principles of conduct governing an individual or group
Foundation of law

A

Ethics

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70
Q

Fidelity to conscience; person’s concept of right or wrong as it relates to conscience

A

Morality

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71
Q

Loyalty, faithfulness

A

Fidelity

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72
Q

Sum of rules and regulations by which society is governed in any formal and legally binding manner

A

Legal concepts

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73
Q

Foundation of which is ethics, primarily concerned with the good of a society as a functioning unit; exist so we can all live and coexist in formal and legal binding manner we’re governed by
Doesn’t consider the professional and patient to be on equal terms; greater legal burden/duties are imposed on the healthcare provider

A

Laws

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74
Q

Application of ethics to the bioethical sciences, medicine, nursing, and healthcare

A

Bioethics

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75
Q

7 principles of bioethics

A 
Autonomy
Beneficence
Confidentiality
Justice
Nonmaleficence
Role fidelity
Veracity
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76
Q

Patients are independent actors whose freedom to control themselves is to be respected without interference from others

A

Autonomy

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77
Q

Healthcare professionals act in the best interest of patients, even when it might be inconvenient or sacrifices must be made

A

Beneficence

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78
Q

Principle that relates to the knowledge that information received by a patient to a healthcare provider or learned in the course of a healthcare provider performing their duty, is private and should be held in confidence

A

Confidentiality

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79
Q

Fairness and equity maintained among individuals

A

Justice

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80
Q

Directs professionals to avoid harmful acts to patients

A

Nonmaleficence

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81
Q

Principle that reminds professionals that they must be faithful to their role in healthcare environment

A

Role fidelity

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82
Q

Truthfulness specific within healthcare aspect

A

Veracity

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83
Q

3 groups of ethical theories

A

Teleology/consequentialism
Deontology/nonconsequentialism
Virtue ethics

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84
Q

2 forms of teleology/consequentialism

A

Egoism

Utilitarianism

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85
Q

Evaluate good versus bad way person can provide greatest good for most people; ends justify the means

A

Teleology/consequentialism

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86
Q

Best long-term interests of an individual are promoted; in evaluating an act/action for its moral value, it must produce a greater ratio of good over bad for the individual

A

Egoism

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87
Q

Ethical behaviors should be geared toward performing acts that produce the greatest ratio of good to bad

A

Utilitarianism

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88
Q

Uses formal rules for right and wrong for solving problems; duty and right actions to be taken

A

Deontology/nonconsequentialism

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89
Q

Practical wisdom for emotional and intellectual problem solving; practical reasoning and consideration of consequences

A

Virtue ethics

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90
Q

Ways of viewing relationship with patient; use all of these to build a relationship with patient

A

Models for ethical decision making

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91
Q

5 models for ethical decision making

A 
Engineering/analytical
Priestly
Collegial
Contractual
Covenant
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92
Q

Dehumanizing approach identifies caregivers as scientist dealing only in facts and doesn’t consider the human aspect of the patient/disease

A

Engineering/analytical model

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93
Q

Provides caregiver with godlike attitude forcing patient to do whatever caregiver says regardless of pain

A

Priestly model

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94
Q

Presents a more cooperative method of pursuing healthcare for both provider and patient; consideration
Takes the extra time to get acquainted with patient

A

Collegial model

95
Q

Maintains a business relationship where information and responsibility are shared; informed consent

A

Contractual model

96
Q

Recognizes areas of healthcare not always covered by a contract; deals with an understanding between patient and healthcare provider that’s often based on traditional values and goals
Go above and beyond to make sure patient gets best treatment; caregiver makes more decisions
Ex: give patient dietary needs, maybe even dietician if necessary

A

Covenant model

97
Q

Be truthful and give factual information to patient; patient must be competent
Written; must be done before touching patient

A

Informed consent

98
Q

4 things the patient must be informed of to give informed consent

A

The nature of the procedure, treatment, or disease
The expectations of the recommended treatment and the likelihood of success
Reasonable alternatives available and the probable outcome in the absence of treatment
The particular known risks that are material to the informed decision about whether to accept or reject medical recommendations

99
Q

Document from American Hospital Association (AHA) that explains expectations when in hospital (confidentiality,etc.)

A

Patient Care Partnership

100
Q

7 stages of grief cycle

A 
Shock
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Testing
Acceptance (DABDA)
101
Q

Initial reaction to hearing news of bad event

A

Shock

102
Q

Pretending what is, isn’t

A

Denial

103
Q

Outward demonstration of pent-up emotion and frustration

A

Anger

104
Q

Trying to find a way out of the situation

A

Bargaining

105
Q

Realization of facts

A

Depression

106
Q

Searching for realistic resolutions

A

Testing

107
Q

Coping with the situation and finding a way forward

A

Acceptance

108
Q

Allows the competent adult to provide direction to healthcare providers concerning their choice of treatment under certain conditions should the individual no longer be competent by reason of illness or other infirmity to make those decision
Takes legal obligation from physician/hospital
Executes patient’s wishes (ex: resuscitation)

A

Living will

109
Q

Joint Commission requires every hospital to have a no code policy

A

Do-not-resuscitate (DNR)

110
Q

5 things that must be done before executing a living will

A

Individual demonstrates competency at the time
What done if they code
Pain medications (religion)
Relieves hospital and physician of legal responsibility
Signature has to be witnessed by two disinterested individuals who aren’t related, mentioned in will, or have no claim on the estate

111
Q

Represents an intermediate station for patients with terminal illness between life and death
Daily care to make sure patient is comfortable in passing
Physical, moral, and emotional support
Improve and make patients life as tolerable as possible for little time they have left
Patients may enter on their own or may be referred by family, physicians, hospital-affiliated continuing care coordinators and social workers, visiting nurses, friends, or clergy
Life expectancy of 6 months or less
Most families prefer homecare

A

Hospice

112
Q

Law that governs non-criminal activity, relationships between individuals

A

Civil laws

113
Q

Type of civil law, wrongful act committed against a person

Allows compensation to be paid to an individual damaged or injured by another

A

Tort

114
Q

2 types of torts

A

Intentional

Unintentional

115
Q

Willful acts meant to be done

A

Intentional tort

116
Q

Those acts that aren’t intentionally harmful but still result in damage to property or injury to person
Ex: failure of healthcare provider to provide properly for the safety of a patient or failure to properly educate a patient, resulting in harm

A

Unintentional tort

117
Q

7 intentional torts

A 
Assault
Battery
False imprisonment
Libel
Slander
Invasion of privacy
Negligence
118
Q

Threat of touching in an injurious way

A

Assault

119
Q

Actual act of harmful, unconsented, or unwarranted contact with an individual

A

Battery

120
Q

Intentional confinement without authorization by a person who physically constricts another with force, threat of force, or confining clothing or structures

A

False imprisonment

121
Q

Written defamation of character

A

Libel

122
Q

Oral defamation of character

A

Slander

123
Q

Charges may result if confidentiality of information hasn’t been maintained or the patient’s body has been improperly and unnecessarily exposed or touched

A

Invasion of privacy

124
Q

Neglect or omission of reasonable care or caution

A

Negligence

125
Q

Failure to follow appropriate standards of care

A

Medical negligence/malpractice

126
Q

4 legal doctrines

A

Doctrine of Personal Liability
Doctrine of Respondeat Superior
Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur/”the thing speaks for itself”
Doctrine of Foreseeability

127
Q

Persons are liable for their own negligent conduct; law doesn’t permit wrongdoers to avoid liability for their own actions, even though someone else may also be held liable for the wrongful conduct
Therapists can be held responsible for their own negligent actions

A

Doctrine of Personal Liability

128
Q

An employer is responsible for negligent acts of employees that occur while they’re carrying out the orders or serving the interests of the employer; certified, come from accredited program, etc.

A

Doctrine of Respondeat Superior

129
Q

Requires the defendant to explain the events and convince the court that no negligence was involved; the Standards of Practice for Radiation Therapists may be used by either the defense of the prosecution to support or refute negligent behavior

A

Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur/”the thing speaks for itself”

130
Q

Principle of law that holds an individual liable for all natural and proximate consequences of negligent acts to another individual to whom a duty is owed
The negligent acts should or could have been reasonably foreseen under the circumstances
Injury suffered must be related to the foreseeable injury

A

Doctrine of Foreseeability

131
Q

Believed to be the key element in loss prevention from adverse medical incidents and links every quality improvement program with measurable outcomes
Tolerances, determine effectiveness with consideration to patient’s safety

A

Risk management

132
Q

Any happening that isn’t consistant with the routine operation of the hospital or the routine care of a particular patient

A

Incident

133
Q

7 rationales for and documentation of treatment

A

Written patient history, radiographic results
Patient progress
Notes from weekly treatment visits
Blood counts, weights
Treatment indicators/responses
Why patient’s being treated the way they are
Written and included in patient’s chart

134
Q

Kept separate/in department from patient’s individual medical records
Patient’s name and hospital ID number on each page
Should be legible and in pen
If mistake made, cross it out with one line and initial and date it
QA: ID, consent, diagnostic dictations, etc.

A

Radiation therapy chart

135
Q

Consolidate, organize, and document an individual’s healthcare experience
Demonstrates why patient’s being treated

A

Medical records

136
Q

Computer-hosted medical record provides collection and storage of information and facilitation of the patient encounter by providing the clinician with the most relevant information for the specific task at hand

A

Electronic medical record (EMR)

137
Q

Focuses on total/overall health of patient, cross the lifetime of individuals; provides complete and accurate information and easier/better access to their information and gives patient empowerment (have access and can share as needed)

A

Electronic health record (EHR)

138
Q

Assembly of tasks performed to accomplish a goal, can be very simple or complex

A

Workflow

139
Q

Online management of the entire order tracking and documentation process from order entry to return of results and is a standard workflow component of an electronic chart

A

Computerized physician online order entry (CPOE)

140
Q

4 input methods

A

Keyboard and mouse
Speech/voice recognition systems
Peripheral devices
Direct communication

141
Q

4 peripheral devices

A

Barcodes
Biometric devices: fingerprint/retinal scanners
Cameras and scanners
Electronic completion devices: signature pads

142
Q

Provides overall viewpoint/picture of health in certain country; took charge of publishing mortality classifications (1950s)

A

World Health Organization (WHO)

143
Q

Set up standards to code and tabulate mortality and morbidity data
Made easy to calculate statistics (ex: cell type, classifying diseases, cause of death, level of pain)

A

International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD)

144
Q

Step-by-step process for how something should be done
Finite set of instructions used by computers to compute a desired result (ex: diagnosis code and tumor size, node, and metastatic state data can calculate disease stage which saves clinician time)
Can compare medications and patient allergies; can be simple or complex
Treatment-planning computers

A

Algorithm

145
Q

Stores and transfers images

A

Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

146
Q

Refers to graphic, textual, and auditory information the program presents to the user and the input methods the user employs to control the program; what is seen, usability of system

A

User interface

147
Q

2 interfaces

A

Proprietary

Standards-based/open systems development

148
Q

Developed and owned by private or commercial entities; for sale/not free, widely used in radiation oncology (ex: Varian linac)
Drawback: duplication of effort with solving of common problems in unique ways

A

Proprietary interfaces

149
Q

Developed by national and international committees accredited by organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) or International Standards Organization (ISO)

A

Standards-based interfaces/open systems development

150
Q

2 examples of standards-based interfaces/open systems development

A

Health Level 7 (HL7)

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)

151
Q

Defines comprehensive framework and standards for the exchange, integration sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information that supports clinical practice and the management, delivery, and evaluation of healthcare services
Enable sharing of patient information useful across entire healthcare facility

A

Health Level 7 (HL7)

152
Q

20 standards specific to imaging and transferring this information, used for PACS
Produced by National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) and the ACR
Describes each type or information that may be transferred

A

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) 3

153
Q

Each type or information that may be transferred

A

Information Object Definitions (IOD)

154
Q

6 IODS

A 
Radiation therapy (RT) image
RT dose
RT structure set
RT plan
RT beams and RT brachytherapy
RT treatment summary
155
Q

Conventional and virtual simulation images, DRRs, and portal images

A

Radiation therapy (RT) image

156
Q

Dose distributions, isodose lines, dose-volume histograms (DVH)

A

RT dose

157
Q

Plot of target or normal structure volume as function of dose

A

Dose-volume histograms (DVH)

158
Q

Volumetric contours drawn from CT images

A

RT structure set

159
Q

Text information that describes treatment plans, including prescriptions and fractionation, beam definitions, and so forth

A

RT plan

160
Q

Treatment session reports for external beam or brachytherapy may be used as part of a record and verify (V&R) system

A

RT beams and RT brachytherapy

161
Q

Cumulative summary information may be used after treatment to send information to a hospital EMR

A

RT treatment summary

162
Q

A system of independent, interconnected computers or terminals communicating with one another over a shared medium, consisting of hardware and communication protocols; requires special hardware, including cards within the computers and particular cables

A

Network

163
Q

Most common protocol

A

Ethernet

164
Q

Formed to improve computerized systems in radiation oncology; provides a platform for the radiation oncology team, administrators, and industry representatives to address these issues and develop solutions that ensure the clinic delivers the most optimal care

A

Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise for Radiation Oncology (IHE-RO)

165
Q

3 networks

A

Local area network (LAN)
Wireless local area network (WLAN)
Wide area network (WAN)

166
Q

A network geographically confined to an area in which a common communication service may be used (ex: home, school, office, etc.); can implement EMR software

A

Local area network (LAN)

167
Q

Allows users to connect to a local area network via a wireless connection

A

Wireless local area network (WLAN)

168
Q

Uses telephone, T1 lines, T3 lines (T1 moves more data than T3, both expensive) or internet for larger geographic areas or multiple LANs

A

Wide area network (WAN)

169
Q

Allows one to have applications and data stored off-site and maintained by this
Users access this information through secure and private internet connections; makes charts available from any internet connection
Implements EMR software
Provides server that can house a lot of information as opposed to a system and can be accessed anywhere with secure systems

A

Application service providers (ASPs)

170
Q

Most common method of restricting access

A

Passwords

171
Q

Require security precautions to not only restrict access but also keep records of who is accessing information

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)

172
Q

Organization, analysis, management, and use of information in healthcare

A

Medical informatics

173
Q

Combines all the EMR information with scientific evidence, helps define clinical care for the patient

A

Evidence-based care

174
Q

Reduce disease and promote health through communities

A

National public health agencies

175
Q

3 national public health agencies

A

National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

176
Q

Provide research to combat disease

A

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

177
Q

Ensure safety of food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biological products, and medical devices (linacs)

A

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

178
Q

Work with states and other partners to help observe disease, surveillance
Bioterrorism
Implement disease-prevention strategies and maintain national health statistics
Main purpose: provide and increase security if health within nation

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

179
Q

Information system designed for the collection, management, and analysis of data on people with the diagnosis of cancer

A

Cancer registry

180
Q

Data-gathering process in cancer registry

A

Abstracting

181
Q

3 classifications of cancer registries

A

Health care institution registry/hospital-based
Central registries
Special purpose registries

182
Q

Focuses on all patients who are diagnosed or treated for cancer within a specific center
Don’t distinguish where patient is from and institution must follow everyone who passes through its doors
Tracking required by law to be passed up to a state or central agency

A

Health care institution registry/hospital-based

183
Q

Compilations of all the healthcare institution registries that are then broken down by specific geographic areas
Show larger scale trends than individual cancer centerq

A

Central registries

184
Q

Maintain data regarding a particular type of cancer, can be established if initial data at institutional or central level point toward potential trends

A

Special purpose registries

185
Q

Boost

A

Cone down (CD)

186
Q

Anatomical site to be treated/diagnosis, total dose (TD), daily or by-daily (BID) fractions, number of fractions/c, schedule of treatment, treatment technique/modality (photons, electrons, etc.), beam energy, port size/field size, angles/entry of angles or number of arcs, beam modifiers (block, wedges, bolus, etc.), patient position, signature and date by physician

A

Prescription

187
Q

Time over which TD is delivered

A

Protractions

188
Q

Date of treatment, treatment number, elapsed days (ED), daily dose, total dose, portal films, cumulative dose (CD)
Dated and signed by therapist
Can keep critical structures dose; helps keep track of changes (ex: boost, change in tumor size)

A

Daily treatment record

189
Q

Most common charting error

A

Addition and transcribing

190
Q

Portal films done on a minimum ______ basis

A

Weekly

191
Q

2 errors

A

Systemic

Random inherent variations in daily setup such as positioning, movement, etc.

192
Q

Variation in the translation of the treatment setup from simulation to treatment unit

A

Systemic error

193
Q

Take first exposure with 1-2 MU and open up collimation to take second exposure with less MUs or use OBI (kV) to see blocked field and organs behind it

A

Double-exposure film

194
Q

Calculations must be checked _____

A

Twice

195
Q

2 verbal cues

A

Cognitive

Affective

196
Q

Composed of the actual facts and words contained in the message; ex: ointment

A

Cognitive

197
Q

Express feelings, emotions, attitudes, and behavior rather than words; can be more difficult

A

Affective

198
Q

Over ____ communication is transmitted nonverbally

A

2/3

199
Q

Identifying with the feelings, thoughts, or experiences of another person

A

Empathy

200
Q

Verbal counterpart to occasional head nodding/nonverbal cues such as “yes, uh huh, and I see” and indicate the healthcare provider is listening to and understanding the patient

A

Minimal verbal responses

201
Q

Healthcare provider is listening to an understanding the patient’s concerns and perspectives; workers can reflect the specific content or implied feelings of their nonverbal communication they feel has been omitted or emphasized

A

Reflecting

202
Q

Verbal statement that’s interchangeable with a patient’s statement

A

Paraphrasing

203
Q

Open-ended statement used to obtain more information

A

Probing

204
Q

Used to obtain more information about vague, ambiguous, or conflicting statements

A

Clarifying

205
Q

Therapists are genuinely confused about their perceptions of the patient’s verbal or nonverbal behavior or have a hunch something should be examined; verbal and nonverbal cues not adding up

A

Checking out

206
Q

Therapist adds something to the patient’s statement or tries to help the patient understand underlying feelings

A

Interpreting

207
Q

Therapist shares objective and factual information; ex: low blood cell count

A

Informing

208
Q

Therapists making the patient aware that their observations aren’t consistent with the patient’s words; response must be done with respect to the patient and extreme tact so that a defensive response isn’t elicited

A

Confronting

209
Q

Therapist condenses and puts in order the information communicated

A

Summarizing

210
Q

Loss of appetite resulting in weight loss

A

Anorexia

211
Q

Complex metabolic syndrome associated with underlying illness and characterized by loss of muscle with or without loss of fat mass; affects 1/2-2/3 of cancer patients

A

Cachexia

212
Q

Cachexia causes issues with GI tract (irritated, sore, etc.) and is treated with IV fluids with glucose, amino acids, nutrients, vitamins, etc.

A

Hyperalimentation

213
Q

3 types of malnutrition

A

Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Combination

214
Q

Calorie malnutrition causes fat and muscle to deplete in body resulting in weight loss of 7-10%

A

Marasmus

215
Q

Protein malnutrition but have enough carbohydrates and fats characterized by retarded growth, muscles waste away, can see depigmentation in skin and hair, edema (ascites), and depressed immune system

A

Kwashiorkor

216
Q

Most life threatening malnutrition characterized by weight loss of 10% or more
Depletes all protein in body and immune system deteriorates
Common in children

A

Combination

217
Q

6 dimensions to consider in assessing and managing the experience of cancer pain

A 
Physiologic
Sensory
Affective
Cognitive
Behavioral
Sociocultural
218
Q

Organic cause of pain

A

Physiologic

219
Q

Pain intensity, location and quality

A

Sensory

220
Q

Depression and anxiety

A

Affective

221
Q

Pain influences thought process and patient views themself in a different, usually negative way

A

Cognitive

222
Q

Usually bad pain-related behaviors such as self medication-intake and dependence and lowered activity levels; irritable

A

Behavioral

223
Q

Cultural background, being raised in certain culture/religion affects how patient deals with pain (ex: no medication)
Females and geriatrics vocalize pain more than others

A

Sociocultural

224
Q

Assesses functional performance

A

Karnofsky scale

225
Q

Decrease in the peripheral red blood cells

A

Anemia

226
Q

Decrease in the white blood cells

A

Leukopenia

227
Q

Reduction in the number of circulating platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

228
Q

Dynamic process directed toward the goal of enabling persons to function at their maximum level within their physical, mental, emotional, social and economic potential; need to consider the side effects of radiation

A

Rehabilitation

229
Q

The perceived loss of self-esteem resulting in a cluster of affective behavioral (change in appetite, sleep disturbances, lack of energy, withdrawal, and dependency) and cognitive responses (decreased ability to concentrate, indecisiveness, and suicidal ideas)

A

Depression

230
Q

Depression criteria: ___ or more symptoms present for ___ or more weeks

A

5 or more symptoms present for 2 or more weeks

231
Q

9 criteria for depression

A 
Depressed mood
Diminished interest or pleasure
Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Psychometer agitation or retardation
Loss of energy or fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
Diminished ability to think
Suicidal
232
Q

Holistic approach to patient care; encompasses a sense of fulfillment and connection with a power greater than oneself and a person’s need to find satisfactory answers to questions that revolve around the meaning of life, illness, and death

A

Spiritual assesment

233
Q

Key concept and an essential ingredient in the religious and spiritual aspects of care and a major component in the healing process
Giving realistic support is a powerful gift oncology caregivers can offer to patient
Can help physically, emotionally, and physiologically

A

Hope

RAD 360 - Fundamentals of Radiation Therapy (5 decks)

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