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RAD 360 - Fundamentals of Radiation Therapy > Rad Bio Quiz > Flashcards

Rad Bio Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

4 levels of organization of the body

A

Cell
Tissue
Organs
Systems

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2
Q

Basic structural unit of all organisms

A

Cell

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3
Q

Aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a definite kind of structural material with a specific function in a multicellular organism

A

Tissue

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4
Q

Grouping of tissues into a distinct structure that performs a specialized task; ex: heart, lungs, stomach, etc.

A

Organs

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5
Q

Group of organs that work together and provide an organism with an advantage for survival, most complex organization in body
Ex: cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, etc.

A

Systems

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6
Q

2 parts of cell composition

A

Protoplasm

Sodium and potassium

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7
Q

Chemical building material for all living things, 70-85% dissolved or suspended in water

A

Protoplasm

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8
Q

Protoplasm surrounding the cell nucleus where metabolic function takes place

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

Protoplasm inside the nucleus

A

Neoplasm

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10
Q

2 materials protoplasm consists of

A

Organic compounds

Inorganic materials

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11
Q

Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Organic compounds

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12
Q

Compounds that don’t contain carbon

A

Inorganic materials

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13
Q

Water helps to modulate when there’s drastic ______ changes

A

Temperature

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14
Q

Balances osmotic pressure outside cell

A

Sodium

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15
Q

Balances osmotic pressure inside cell

A

Potassium

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16
Q

4 organic compounds

A

Protein
Carbohydrate (carb)
Nucleic acid
Lipid

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17
Q

Most elementary building blocks of cells that constitute about 15% of cell content, most plentiful of carbon-containing compounds

A

Protein

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18
Q

22 known organic compounds that are the building blocks of protein
Form protein when they combine into long, molecular chains held by peptide bonds

A

Amino acids

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19
Q

Covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain

A

Peptide bonds

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20
Q

Molecular units that can chemically combine with other such units in a sequential manner resulting in polymers

A

Monomers

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21
Q

Process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains

A

Polymerization

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22
Q

Substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

A

Polymers

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23
Q

Function as organic catalysts and control the cell’s various physiologic activities that increase cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapids to meed the needs of cells, proper cell functioning depends on these

A

Enzymes

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24
Q

Agents that affect the rate or speed of chemical reactions without being altered

A

Catalysts

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25
Q

Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose; contain hydrogen and oxygen and typically can be broken down to release energy in the body

A

Carbohydrates/saccharides

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26
Q

3 categories of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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27
Q

Simple sugar, glucose

A

Monosaccharides

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28
Q

Two units of a simple sugar linked together

A

Disaccharides

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29
Q

Several or many molecules of sugar

A

Polysaccharides

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30
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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31
Q

Contains all the information the cell needs to function, carries the genetic information necessary for cell respiration and regulates all cellular activity needed to direct protein synthesis
Composed of two long sugar-phosphate chains which twist around each other in a double-helix and are linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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32
Q

Single-stranded macromolecular structure that functions as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes where synthesis occurs

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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33
Q

Structural components of cell membrane

A

Lipids/fats

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34
Q

3 functions of lipids

A

Storage of energy
Insulates and guards body
Assists with digestion

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35
Q

10 cell parts

A 
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Golgi complex
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Nucleus
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36
Q

Functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from their environment and controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of cell; semipermeable membrane for proteins, fats, and carbs

A

Cell membrane

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37
Q

2 metabolic functions

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

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38
Q

Break down organic material to produce energy

A

Catabolism

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39
Q

Building up cell

A

Anabolism

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40
Q

Extension of nucleus, vast irregular network of tubules and vesicles spreading and interconnecting in all directions throughout the cytoplasm and enables the cell to communicate and transfer food and molecules from one part of cell to another

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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41
Q

2 types of ER

A

Rough

Smooth

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42
Q

ER with numerous ribosomes present

A

Rough ER

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43
Q

ER without ribosomes present

A

Smooth ER

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44
Q

Synthesizes proteins

A

Ribosomes

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45
Q

Powerhouse of cell with two membranes, inner membrane produces energy for cellular activity through oxidation

A

Mitochondria

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46
Q

Any chemical reaction in which an atom loses electrons

A

Oxidation

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47
Q

Sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration

A

Krebs cycle

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48
Q

Breaks down unwanted/foreign materials that penetrate cell through microscopic channels or are drawn in by the cell membrane (ex: bacteria) and contain enzymes for digestion

A

Lysosomes

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49
Q

Extend from nucleus to cell membrane and consist of tubes and a tiny sac near nucleus, unites large carb molecules and combines them with proteins to form glycoprotein
When cell manufactures enzymes and hormones, this concentrates, packages, and transfers them through the cell membrane so they can exit the cell, enter the bloodstream, and be carried to the areas of the body where they’re required

A

Golgi complex

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50
Q

Largest structure within nucleus where RNA is contained

A

Nucleolus

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51
Q

separation of nucleus from cytoplasm, permits selective passage of molecules from nucleus to cytoplasm and vice versa

A

Nuclear membrane

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52
Q

Heat of living cell separated from the other parts of the cell by a nuclear envelope/double-walled membrane
Spherical mass of neoplasm that contains the genetic material DNA and protein
Controls cell division and multiplication and the biochemical reactions that occur within the cell

A

Nucleus

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53
Q

Purines link with _______ only in certain specific combination

A

Pyrimidines

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54
Q

2 purines that link with 2 pyrimidines of DNA in certain specific combination

A

Adenine (A) - thymine (T)

Guanine (G) - cytosine (C)

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55
Q

Tiny rod-shaped bodies that carry genes visible during cell division joined by two arms at centromere

A

Chromosome

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56
Q

Region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach during cell division

A

Centromere

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57
Q

2 types of cells

A

Germ cells

Somatic cells

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58
Q

Reproductive cells

A

Germ cells

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59
Q

Mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote; have 23 chromosomes

A

Gametes (1n)

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60
Q

Female and male germ cells

A

Female: oocytes
Male: spermatozoa

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61
Q

Diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

A

Zygotes (2n)

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62
Q

Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells; diploid, 46 chromosomes

A

Somatic cells

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63
Q

Type of somatic cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth
Division usually no longer than one hour, when cell is most sensitive

64
Q

Type of germ cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes

65
Q

4 phases of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

66
Q

Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division held together by a centromere

67
Q

Missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA before and after DNA synthesis

A

Before: chromosome aberration
After: chromatid aberration

68
Q

First stage of cell division
Nucleus and chromosomes enlarge, DNA complex coils up more tightly, DNA begins to take structural form, nuclear membrane disappears, and the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell and begin to regulate the formation of the mitotic spindle

69
Q

Chromosomes line up and form equilateral plate along middle of cell, nucleus disappears, and centromeres start duplicating and each chromatid attaches itself individually to the spindle

70
Q

Chromatids repel each other and migrate to opposite ends of cell
Microtubules start shortening, pulling chromatids to respected centrioles
Cell membrane divides

71
Q

Chromatids lose appearance and form strands, cytoplasm splits and cell membranes begin to form, and nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
Results in two identical daughter cells with same number of chromosomes

72
Q

Resting phase

When DNA’s synthesized, doubles amount of DNA

A

Interphase

73
Q

5 phases of cell cycle

A 
Mitosis
G1
Synthesis (S)
G2
G0/resting
74
Q

Pre-DNA synthesis phase after telophase

75
Q

DNA replication can take up to 15 hours, most radioresistant

A

Synthesis (S)

76
Q

DNA not replicating, 1-5 hours

77
Q

Accounts for cells that show no evidence of progressing through cell cycle

A

G0/resting

78
Q

Cells in G0 that can be pulled in cell cycle if needed for reproduction

A

Quiescent cell

79
Q

Adding or removing an electron to alter cell which becomes charged

A

Ionization

80
Q

Biologic damage occurs as a result of ionization of atoms on essential molecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and enzymes that may potentially cause these molecules to become inactive or functionally altered
High LET like alpha particles and neutrons

A

Direct interaction

81
Q

2 interactions with living cells

A

Direct

Indirect

82
Q

Effects produced by free radicals that are created by the interaction of radiation with water molecules because 85% of cell is water
Low LET
Interaction of radiation with water results in the formation of an ion pair, hydrogen, and hydroxyl ion (H+ or OH-) and two free radicals, a hydrogen radical and a hydroxyl radical (H* and OH*)

A

Indirect interaction

83
Q

Configuration with one or more atoms having an unpaired electron but no net electrical charge, highly interactive because the unpaired electron will pair up with another electron even if it has to break a chemical bond

A

Free radical

84
Q

The amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of travel, expressed in keV per micron (keV/um)

A

Linear energy transfer (LET)

85
Q

2 types of LET

A

High LET

Low LET

86
Q

Particles that possess substantial mass and charge, can produce dense ionization along its path and is therefore much more likely to interact significantly with biologic tissue
Loses energy more rapidly because they produce more ionization per unit distance travelled

87
Q

Electromagnetic radiation causes damage to biologic tissue through indirect action or directly induce single-strand breaks in DNA
Repair enzymes can usually reverse the damage
Sparsely ionizing, low mass and no charge

88
Q

Describes the relative capabilities of radiation with different LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction

A

Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)

89
Q

2 units of RBE

A

Rem

Sievert (Sv)

90
Q

Rad x quality factor (QF)

91
Q

RBE formula

A

Orthovoltage or dose in Gy from 250 keV/dose in Gy from another radiation source delivered under the same conditions that produce the same biologic effect

92
Q

LET of radiation

A

Quality factor (QF)

93
Q

1 Sv = ___ rem
1 rem = ___ Sv
1 rem = ___ mSv

A

1 Sv = 100 rem
1 rem =0.01 Sv
1 rem = 10 mSv

94
Q

Max RBE

A

Alpha particles = 3

95
Q

2 target theories

A

Single

Multiple

96
Q

Only one target in the cell that’s associated with cell death and a single hit on this target’s, usually DNA, adequate to inactivate the target (viruses and some bacteria); helps determine population survival with high LET

A

Single target theory

97
Q

Over one target per cell and a single hit to any of these targets is required for cell death
Not all targets are hit, some are killed while others are damaged by low doses (mammalian cells)
Determines cell population survival with low LET, how well cell repairs

A

Multiple target theory

98
Q

4 ways RT damages DNA from least to most severe

A

Base damage
Single strand break/point mutation
Double strand mutation
Cross-linking

99
Q

Direct action, change in nucleic acid results in loss of general information

A

Base damage

100
Q

Energy from ionizing radiation can rupture one of DNAs chemical bonds and possible sever one of the sugar-phosphate chain side rails/strands, can result in a gene abnormality
Commonly occurs with low LET radiation but repair enzymes are often capable of reversing this damage

A

Single strand break/point mutation

101
Q

When high LET radiation interacts with DNA, the interactions may be so closely spaced that both strands of the DNA chain are broken
Can heal or cross-link (cell damage)

A

Double strand break/mutation

102
Q

Chemical unions created between atoms by the single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
Most severe, chan be interstrand or with another strand
Can affect cell, pass on to daughter, or have no effect

A

Cross-linking

103
Q

5 chromosome/chromatid structural changes from RT

A 
Acentric/dicentric fragment
Ring formation
Chromosome stickiness
Translocation
Inversion
104
Q

Chromosome with none or two centromeres, loss of information because arms of chromosome break off

A

None: acentric fragment
Two: dicentric fragment

105
Q

Radical figures in which chromosomes aren’t obviously broken, but are linked by a tiny filament
Induced in mid to late G2, metaphase and anaphase
Result from recombinations occurring at nonrandom chromosome regions
Radiation changes protein structure in chromosome

A

Chromosome stickiness

106
Q

Rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes
Two complete chromosomes form
Affects germ cells because of meiosis

A

Translocation

107
Q

Segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end
Deletion results in information loss, greater effect on germ cells
Occur when a single chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself

108
Q

Chromosomes rejoin when broken, occurs 95% of time in human cells
No loss of general information

A

Restitution

109
Q

Broken arms join to form a ring, while the remaining fragments join but are left without a centromere (acentric fragment)
Loss of general information and will replicate; one daughter cell has too much information and the other doesn’t have enough

A

Ring formation

110
Q

2 types of inversion

A

Paracentric

Pericentric

111
Q

3 affects chromosome structural changes from RT can have

A

Fatal
Pass on mutation/change to daughter cell
No affect

112
Q

What does the consequence of translocation and inversion depend on?

A

Number of bases

113
Q

DNA effects occur during _______, chromosome effects during _______ and _______

A

Interphase

Meta- and anaphase

114
Q

2 things chromosome damage is affected by

A

Dose rate

LET

115
Q

Chromosome damage _______ with dose rate and LET

116
Q

Low LET produces _______ and _______, high LET causes _______ amounts of damage

A

Deletions and inversions

High

117
Q

2 groups cell cycle studies have been done on

A

Asynchronous

Synchronous

118
Q

Cells in all phases of cell cycle, useful for in vivo studies

A

Asynchronous

119
Q

Cells grouped in specific stages of cell cycle useful for in vitro studies

A

Synchronous

120
Q

Drug that syncs cells to help determine reaction to radiation dose

A

Hydroxurea

121
Q

Delay cell from division; mitotic index altered because of exposure to ionizing radiation and division is delayed, leading to a false surge in division once it resumes

A

Division delay

122
Q

During radiation if cell is in _______, it will complete cycle; if in _______, division delay occurs

A

Mitosis, G2

123
Q

How does RT work in the treatment of cancer (rad bio effect)

A

First dose of radiation syncs cells and makes them more sensitive

124
Q

Cell death before cell divides, can happen in nondividing or rapidly dividing cells
Programmed cell death usually from chemical change

A

Interphase death
Apoptosis
Non-mitotic death
Non-division death

125
Q

3 things that can happen to irradiated cell

A

Division delay
Interphase death
Reproductive failure

126
Q

Ratio of the number of cells in mitosis at a given time to total number of cells in the population

A

Mitotic index

127
Q

When a percent of the cell population in mitosis is artificially increased due to division delay

A

Mitotic overshoot

128
Q

Interphase death dose for lymphocytes and parotids

A 
Lymphocytes = 0.5 Gy
Parotids = 9 Gy
129
Q

Inability of cell to undergo repeated division after irradiation

A

Reproductive failure

130
Q

Cells that are alive but can’t divide

A

Nonsurvivors/dead cells

131
Q

Radiosensitivity of early and late G1

A

Early: radioresistant
Late: moderately sensitive

132
Q

Radiosensitivity of early and late S

A

Early: moderately sensitive
Late: most radioresistant

133
Q

Radiosensitivity of early and late G2

A

Early: second most resistant
Late: more sensitive

134
Q

Radiosensitivity of early and later mitosis

A

Most sensitive

135
Q

Graphically represents radiation effects

A

Cell survival curves

136
Q

Dose of radiation, amount of radiation exposure to cell

137
Q

Percent of surviving cells, non-logarithmic

Higher up = more survival

138
Q

Dose of radiation that’s required to destroy all except 37% of cell population
Degrees of steepness/reciprocal of slope
Final/terminal portion of curve that starts approximating straight line; helps describe radiosensitivity
1/slope = 1/(rise/run)

139
Q 
Cellular damage proportional to radiation dose
Measures width (not shape) of shoulder region of curve; measure of cell's population to accumulate and recover from SLD
Dose at which extrapolation of terminal/lower portion of curve intersect dose axis
Measures shoulder width above 100%
A

Dq
Quasithreshold dose
Threshold dose

140
Q

Number of key targets in the cells that must be struck by the radiation to produce the response the curve demonstrates, 2-10 for mammalian cells

A

N/extrapolation number

141
Q

Dose range of radiation that kills mammalian cells

A

1-2 Gy (daily fractions)

142
Q

Initial exponential slope before approximated straight line, shoulder

143
Q

Do increase = ______ survival

144
Q

Shallow curve/broader shoulder = _______ survival

145
Q

Steep curve/straighter line ______ Do and more cells die

146
Q

2 things that can happen to Dq

A

No change; if Dq same for both exposures, cells completely repaired SLD because not enough dose, too much time between dose, environment, etc.
Gets smaller/shallower because not as much repair/cells dying

147
Q

Decrease Dq = _______ repair of SLD

148
Q

Value obtained by extrapolating the exponential portion of the curve to the vertical line
Bottom of curve never reaches x-axis because we never kill all cells, some survive

A

N number
Definition
Target number

149
Q

High LET = _______ fractions

150
Q

Increase oxygen = _______ damage/less repair

151
Q

With oxygen and high LET = _______ effect, low LET with oxygen = _______ effect

A

No great

Drastic

152
Q

Damage that can be repaired by cell, passed on; has to be determined by two radiation exposures
Same shoulders = repair

A

Sublethal damage (SLD)

153
Q

Type of repairable damage that can be observed after a single radiation dose dependent on cells environment
Only works for sparsely ionizing radiation (low LET)

A

Potentially lethal damage (PLD)

154
Q

Oxygen = _______ environment, hypoxic = _______ environment

A

Good, poor

155
Q

Does a good or poor environment help cells repair?

A

Poor environment after radiation exposure slows down division process and gives cells more time to repair

RAD 360 - Fundamentals of Radiation Therapy (5 decks)

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