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RAD 360 - Fundamentals of Radiation Therapy > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of distribution and determinants of disease and injuries in human populations; cause and effect, patterns of distribution of disease

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

The reproduction of an infectious microorganism, but there is no interaction between the body and microorganisms that would result in a detectable immune response

A

Colonization

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3
Q

Person who is colonized but not ill/no symptoms

A

Carrier

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4
Q

Ability of an infectious agent to cause clinical disease

A

Pathogenicity

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5
Q

The severity of a clinical disease, morbidity, etc.

A

Virulence

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6
Q

6 elements needed to transmit infection

A

Infectious agent
Reservoir/environment in which the pathogenic microbes can live and multiply
Portal from which to exit the reservoir
Means of transmission
Portal of entry into new host; ex: inhale, swallowing, injected, etc.
Susceptible new host

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7
Q

Something that infiltrates another living thing

A

Infectious agent

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8
Q

Any person, animal, plant, soil, or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiples

A

Reservoir/environment

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9
Q

Site through which microorganisms exit/enter the susceptible host and cause disease/infection; ex: mouth, nose, urinary tract, etc.

A

Portal

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10
Q

Infectious agent moves from source to host

A

Transmission

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11
Q

2 types of transmission

A

Direct

Indirect

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12
Q

Disease causing microorganisms pass from actual contact with the infected individual; ex: someone sneezes on you

A

Direct transmission

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13
Q

Susceptible person is infected from contact with a contaminated surface/object; ex: needle stick

A

Indirect transmission

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14
Q

Minute, single-cell organism with no nucleus; contains RNA and DNA
Can adapt

A

Bacteria

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15
Q

3 classifications of bacteria based on shape/appearance

A

Cocci
Bacilli
Spirilla

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16
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical

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17
Q

Bacilli

A

Oblong

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18
Q

Spirilla

A

Spiral

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19
Q

3 classifications of bacteria based on groups

A

Diplococci
Streptococci
Staphylococci

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20
Q

Groups of two

A

Diplococci

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21
Q

Streptococci

A

Chains

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22
Q

Irregular clusters, hanging grape-like bunches

A

Staphylococci

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23
Q

4 examples of bacteria

A

Diphtheria
Tuberculosis (TB)
Streptococcal infections
Chlamydia STD, etc.

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24
Q 
Some have both yeast and mold characteristics
Usually reproduce by budding/spores
Thrive in dark, damp areas
Can be harder to treat
Ex: thrush, vulvovaginitis, etc.
A

Fungi

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25
Q

Vulvovaginitis

A

Yeast infection

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26
Q

2 forms of fungi

A

Yeast

Mold

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27
Q

Single cell fungi

A

Yeast

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28
Q

Miniature cell fungi

A

Mold

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29
Q

Live on or in other organisms at expense of host

A

Parasites

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30
Q

2 types of parasites

A

Protozoa

Helminths

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31
Q

More complex single-cell microorganisms, move by cilia action of flagella
Usually in GI tract in people
Ex: amebiasis, malaria from mosquitos, etc.

A

Protozoa

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32
Q

Infection of intestines by amoeba, usually dysentery from food or drink

A

Amebiasis

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33
Q

Parasitic worms that commonly affect intestinal tract; some can bee seen with naked eye
Ex: ringworm, tapeworm, pinworm, etc.

A

Helminths

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34
Q

Minute microorganisms that cannot be visualized by normal microscope, smallest microorganism to infect man
DNA or RNA
Attack host cell, invades and reproduces, and lies dormant or spreads
Once outside body = die immediately in dry form, wet form = die when exposed to heat, and in blood at 4°C = live a couple weeks
Ex: influenza, common cold, mumps, measles, AIDS/HIV, hepatitis A, B, and C, etc.

A

Viruses

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35
Q

4 microorganisms

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Viruses

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36
Q

4 stages in the process of infection

A

Incubation period
Prodromal
Disease period
Convalescence period

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37
Q

Pathogen enters body and microbes start reproducing; disease process beginning

A

Incubation period

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38
Q

More specific symptoms of disease starting, microorganisms increase, and disease is highly infectious

A

Prodromal

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39
Q

Signs and symptoms reach full extent, when disease is most communicable

A

Disease period

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40
Q

Symptoms diminish and disappear, can go latent and come back again; ex: herpes, malaria, TB, gonorrhea, etc.

A

Convalescence period

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41
Q

2 tiers of precautions from CDC (1996)

A

Tier 1: standard precautions

Tier 2: transmission based precautions

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42
Q

Treat every patient as though they’re infected; use all the time, regardless of diagnosis
Refers to blood, open wounds, secretions (not sweat)/body fluids, intact skin/abrasions, mucous membranes, etc.

A

Standard precautions

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43
Q

Restrictions used when called for; ex: TB, GI, etc.

A

Transmission based precautions

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44
Q

3 types of disease transmission by government and 2 more (5 total)

A 
Air: government
Droplet: government
Contact: government
Common vehicle
Vector-borne (ex: mosquito)
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45
Q

5 recommended vaccines for health care workers

A 
Hepatitis B
Influenza
Varicella/chickenpox
Pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)
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46
Q

5 transmission routes

A 
Contact
Droplet
Common vehicle
Airborne
Vectorborne
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47
Q

Most common transmission route, direct or indirect

A

Contact

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48
Q

Rapid transfer of infectious agent through air over short distance; ex: sneeze

A

Droplet

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49
Q

Inanimate object involved in transmission of disease; ex: food, water, medicines, equipment, supplies, etc.

A

Fomite

Common vehicle

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50
Q

Infectious agent disseminated through air over a long distance, 6 feet to miles away

A

Airborne

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51
Q

Vector transports infectious agent to host; ex: fly, mosquito, etc.

A

Vectorborne

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52
Q

Animal that carries and transmits a pathogen capable of causing disease

A

Vector

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53
Q

Needle sticks account for ___% of job-related acquired HIV; never __________

A

84%, never recap

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54
Q

8 techniques for infection control

A 
Handwashing proper/best way to prevent disease; up to 40-60 seconds with aseptic technique
Dress for the workplace: no jewelry, long or fake nails, etc.
Hair short or pulled back
Gloves
Eye protection
Laundry
Cleaning and proper waste disposal
Disinfection
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55
Q

Condition free from germs

A

Asceptic

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56
Q

Process that reduces microbial life forms

Process of cleaning, especially with a chemical, in order to destroy bacteria

A

Disinfection/-ants

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57
Q

10 parts of standard precautions

A 
Hand hygiene
Gloves
Mask, eye protection, and face shield
Gown
Needlestick safety
Patient care equipment
Environmental control
Linen
Occupation health and bloodborne pathogens
Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
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58
Q

6 isolation techniques used when a patient is known to have a disease that is contagious

A 
Drainage-secretion precautions
Enteric precautions
Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) isolation
Respiratory isolation
Contact isolation
Strict isolation
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59
Q

Prevent infections that are transmitted by direct or indirect contact with purulent patient material, drainage, or secretions from an infected site on the body such as abscesses, wound infections, and burns; ex: MRSA
Gown, gloves, dressings bagged in proper containers, 3 minute hand scrubbing for asepsis, separate trash (incinerate infected object)

A

Drainage-secretion precautions

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60
Q

Prevent infections that are transmitted by direct or indirect contact with fecal material
Bowel, colon, etc.
Dysentery, cholera, etc.
Private room/bathroom, gowns, and gloves

A

Enteric precautions

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61
Q

Help with privacy, used with pulmonary TB who currently have a positive sputum culture for acid fast bacilli or a chest x-ray that reflects active TB (airborne)
Fitted mask, gowns if gross contamination, gloves, and private room with special ventilation closed door

A

Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) isolation

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62
Q

Isolation technique when spread by droplet contact as patient talks, coughs, or sneezes
Meningitis, flu, measles, mumps, etc.
Private room, masks, gowns, and gloves

A

Respiratory isolation

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63
Q

Used for diseases spread by close or direct contact, present microbes
Indirect: infected person touches object or not infected person, fomite
Acute respiratory infection pneumonia, etc/.
Masks, gowns, gloves, and private room

A

Contact isolation

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64
Q

Used for patients with diseases transported by airborne or contact route, highly infectious and spread is hard to control
Combination of protective and reverse isolation
Pharyngeal diphtheria (throat), plaque, chickenpox, etc.
Negative pressure room, mask, gown, gloves, hand washing and decontamination of items, and private room or with patient who has disease

A

Strict isolation

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65
Q

Isolation for immunocompromised patient

Negative pressure room

A

Reverse isolation

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66
Q

Process that destroys all microbial life forms including resistant spores, done by physical or chemical process

A

Sterilization

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67
Q

3 levels of disinfectants

A

High-level disinfection (HLD)
Intermediate-level disinfection
Low-level disinfection

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68
Q

Eliminates all microbial forms when there’s a high level of bacterial spores, ex: anthrax

A

High-level disinfection (HLD)

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69
Q

Kills TB bacteria, most viruses, fungi, but not bacterial spores

A

Intermediate-level disinfection

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70
Q

Sanitation; activates most bacteria, some viruses, and fungi, doesn’t work against TB or bacterial spores

A

Low-level disinfection

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71
Q

Antimicrobial substance on skin surface

A

Antiseptic

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72
Q

4 vital/cardinal signs

A

Body temperature
Pulse
Respiration
Blood pressure (BP)

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73
Q

Brain can’t survive/function for ___-___ minutes without oxygen

A

4-5 minutes

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74
Q

Result from metabolic activity must be stable in order for the body’s cellular and enzymatic activity to remain efficient

A

Temperature

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75
Q

Fever leads to increased pulse and respiration, general discomfort, achiness, flush, dry skin that feels hot, chills, loss of appetite, etc.

A

Pyrexia

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76
Q

Excessively high temperature of 105.8°F or 41°C

A

Hyperpyrexic

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77
Q

Temperature less than 34°C, death

A

Hypopyrexic

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78
Q

___-___°F for open heart surgery

A

92-92.5°F

79
Q

Celsius (C) to fahrenheit (F) and fahrenheit to celsius conversion

A 
C = (F-32)5/9
F = (9/5)C + 32
80
Q

Average temperature and variance, 3 months to 3 years, and 5 years to 13 years

A

Average and variance: 98.6°F or 37°C, most people vary by 0.5-1°
3 months to 3 years: 99-99.7°F
5 years to 13 years: 97.8-98.6°F

81
Q

5 methods for temperature taking

A 
Oral
Axillary
Rectal
Tympanic
Temporal
82
Q

Average oral (time), axillary (time), rectal temperature

A

Oral: 37°C or 98.6°F, 3-5 minutes
Axillary: 36.4-36.7°C or 97.6-96°F; 5-10 minutes, not as accurate
Rectal: 37.5°C or 99.6°F

83
Q

Most accurate temperature taking method in pelvic viscera

A

Rectal

84
Q

Number of heart beats

A

Pulse

85
Q

Normal pulse for men and women at rest, infants, and children 4-10 years old

A

Men and women at rest: 60-90 beats/minute
Infants: 120 bpm
Children 4-10 years old: 90-100 bpm

86
Q

Fast/rapid heartbeat over 100 bpm

A

Tachycardia

87
Q

Heartbeat under 60 bpm

A

Bradycardia

88
Q

Most accurate point to get pulse for infants/kids

At apex of heart

A

Apical

89
Q

9 pulse points

A 
Apical
Radial
Carotid
Femoral
Popliteal
Temporal
Dorsals
Post-tibial artery pulse
Brachial artery pulse
90
Q

Purpose is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the environment and the circulating blood
Look for quality of breath and symmetrical rise and fall of chest

A

Respiration

91
Q

Normal respiration

A

12-20 breaths per minute

92
Q

______ blood has oxygen; _______ lack oxygen and has carbon dioxide but _______ vein has oxygen

A

Arterial
Venous
Pulmonary

93
Q

Amount of blood flow ejected from the left ventricle of the heart during systole and the amount of resistance the blood meets due to systemic vascular resistance, volume to resistance
Blood loss due to hemorrhage = lower
Generally lower in morning, men’s usually slightly higher

A

Blood pressure (BP)

94
Q

Normal, pre-hypertension, and stage 1 and 2 hypertension BP

A

Normal: less than 120/less than 80 mmHg
Pre: 120-139/80-89 mmHg
1: 140-159/90-99 mmHg
2: 160 or more/100 or more mmHg

95
Q

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

A

Pulse pressure

96
Q

Normal systolic and diastolic pressure

A

Systolic: 110-140 mmHg, 120 or less
Diastolic: 60-80 mmHg

97
Q

BP when the heart is contracting, maximum arterial pressure
Highest part reached, active/beating portion
Top number over diastolic

A

Systolic

98
Q

Minimum arterial pressure during relaxation and dilation of ventricles of heart when they fill with blood; resting, lowest point
Minimum pressure exerted at arterial walls
Bottom number under systolic

A

Diastolic

99
Q

Volume of blood pumped from left ventricle per beat; 120/80 = 40

A

Stroke volume (SV)

100
Q

3 pieces of equipment for BP

A

Sphygmomanometer
BP cuff
Stethoscope

101
Q

Mercury more _______, digital more _______

A

Accurate, common

102
Q

Helps patient who isn’t getting enough oxygen
The effectiveness of pulmonary function, the lungs ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently, is most accurately measured by laboratory testing of arterial blood for the concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, acidity, and the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

A

Oxygen therapy

103
Q

Using light, measures the proportion of oxygenated hemoglobin in blood in pulsating vessels, especially the capillaries of finger or ear

A

Pulse oximeter (ox)

104
Q

5 methods of oxygen therapy delivery

A 
Nasal cannula
Nasal catheter
Face mask
Nonrebreathing mask
Oxygen tent
105
Q

Amount of oxygen delivered with nasal cannula (adults, kids, and percent oxygen), catheter, face mask, and nonrebreathing mask

A

Cannula: 1-6 liters (L)/min adults, 1/4-1/2 L/min; 21-60%
Catheter: 1-6 L/min
Face mask: no less than 5 L/min, shorter time periods
Nonrebreathing mask: up to 100% oxygen by preventing CO2 from getting back into system

106
Q

French-tipped catheter in pharynx, can get stomach distension if misplaced

A

Nasal catheter

107
Q

Oxygen therapy for kids, preemies because lungs are last organs to develop in kids

A

Oxygen tent

108
Q

___% oxygen in air

A

21%

109
Q

2 hazards of oxygen administration

A

Fire: avoid sparks or flames
Parenchymal lung damage if patient goes on 100% all the time, want to use lowest level possible; short-term (bronchitis, etc.) may be reversible

110
Q

Scale of 3-15 helps identify patient’s level of consciousness
7 or less means danger and if this happens, notify doctor and take patient to ER if necessary but never leave patient

A

Glasgow coma scale

111
Q

On their own

A

Spontaneously

112
Q

Physiological reaction due to sickness/illness, trauma, high stress emotional situation/disturbance, etc.; usually seen in young or elderly and can occur quickly

A

Shock

113
Q

7 shock symptoms

A 
Decreased temperature
Weak pulse
Rapid heartbeat
Shallow respirations
Hypotension
Cyanosis
Increased thirst
114
Q

Sign of respiratory distress; bluish discoloration around mouth, gums, nailbeds, earlobes, etc.
Skin turns blue/purple due to lack of oxygenated blood; usually seen in extremities, nail beds, etc.

A

Cyanosis

115
Q

Shock gets worse if not taken care of

A

Shock continuum

116
Q

3 stages of shock continuum

A

Compensatory
Progressive
Irreversible

117
Q

First stage of shock, body’s homeostatic mechanisms attempt to maintain CO2, BP, and tissue perfusion

A

Compensatory stage

118
Q

Compensatory mechanisms begin failing to meet tissue metabolic needs, and the shock cycle is perpetuated/gets worse

A

Progressive stage

119
Q

5 symptoms of the compensatory stage of shock continuum

A 
Cold and clammy skin
Decreased urine output
Increased respirations and anxiety, may begin to be uncooperative
Hypoactive bowel sounds
Normal BP
120
Q

7 symptoms of the progressive stage of shock continuum

A

BP falls
Rapid and shallow respirations
Acute respiration distress syndrome/shock lung
Tachycardia results; increased heart rate may be 150 bpm
Chest pain (CP)
Mental status changes beginning with subtle behavior alterations such as confusion with progression to lethargy and loss of consciousness
Renal, hepatic, GI, and hematologic problems

121
Q

Shock becomes unresponsive to therapy; causes of shock can’t be fixed, organs fail, and death occurs

A

Irreversible stage

122
Q

3 symptoms of the irreversible stage of shock continuum

A

BP remains low
Renal and liver failure result
Release of necrotic tissue toxins (causes necrosis of tissue) and an overwhelming lactic acidosis

123
Q

Severe pulmonary edema results from leakage of fluid from the pulmonary capillaries

A

Acute respiration distress syndrome/shock lung

124
Q

Buildup of lactate in body, resulting in excessively low pH in bloodstream; blood becomes more acidic

A

Lactic acidosis

125
Q

Shock caused by abnormally low volume of circulating blood in the body, blood/fluid loss
15-20% decrease or by a loss of 750-1300 mL of fluid
Signs and symptoms may be placed into classes of I-IV
Restlessness, thirst, cold, clammy skin, sweating, cyanotic lips and nails, rapid respirations, systolic pressure less than 60-90 mmHg, anuria, and cardiac and respiratory failure will follow
Notify physician, make sure patient can breath, have emergency cart present, be ready to give oxygen, don’t leave patient, don’t give fluids unless doctor says to because examinations to see cause need empty stomach, etc.

A

Hypovolemic shock

126
Q

Absence of urine

A

Anuria

127
Q

Blood loss of 15%

A

Class I hypovolemic shock

128
Q

5 symptoms of class I hypovolemic shock

A 
BP within normal limits
Heart rate less than 100 bpm
Slightly anxious patient
Respiration range from 14-20 per minute 
Urine output within normal limits
129
Q

Blood loss of 15-30%

A

Class II hypovolemic shock

130
Q

5 symptoms of class II hypovolemic shock

A

BP within normal limits
Heart rate greater than 100 bpm (exceeds normal limits)
Increasingly anxious patient
Respiration range from 20-30 per minute (exceeds normal limits)
Urine output decreases

131
Q

Blood loss of 30-40%

A

Class III hypovolemic shock

132
Q

5 symptoms of class III hypovolemic shock

A 
BP decreases to below normal limits
Heart rate greater than 120 bpm
Anxious and confused patient
Respiration increases up to 30-40 per minute
Urine output is greatly decreased
133
Q

Blood loss of more than 40%

A

Class IV hypovolemic shock

134
Q

5 symptoms of class IV hypovolemic shock

A

Systolic BP decreases from 90 to 60 mmHg
Heart rate greater than 140 bpm with weak and thready pulse (hard to find because heart beating so fast to get fluid to body and heart overworking itself)
Confused and lethargic patient
Respiration greater than 40 per minute
Urine output further diminishes or ceases

135
Q

Caused by a failure of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the vital organs
Usually in patients with myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac tamponade, or pulmonary embolus
Chest pain, restlessness, decreasing BP, cyanosis, irregular and slow pulse, and rapid changes in level of consciousness
Call for assistance, notify physician, place them in Fowler’s position, keep warm and quiet, vitals, no food or drink, oxygen, don’t leave patient alone, possible IV fluids and medications (physician), and be ready for CPR

A

Cardiogenic shock

136
Q

Compression of heart by an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

A

Cardiac tamponade

137
Q

Feet about 45-60° lower than head

A

Fowler’s position

138
Q

Abnormal distribution of blood flow in the smallest blood vessels results in pooling of blood in vessels and inadequate supply of blood to body’s tissues and organs

A

Distributive shock

139
Q

3 types of distributive shock

A

Neurogenic
Septic
Anaphylactic

140
Q

Occurs when concussion, spinal cord injury, psychic trauma, or spinal anesthesia causes abnormal dilation of the peripheral blood vessels; causes fall in BP as blood pools in veins, mental disorder, aggravating emotional situation, etc.
Vasodilators stop contracting
Hypotension, warm dry skin, visible signs of poor tissue perfusion, cool extremities, and diminishing peripheral pulses
Notify physician, assistance, keep patient flat, monitor vitals every 5 minutes, don’t move if there’s a spinal injury, oxygen, IV fluids and medications, etc.

A

Neurogenic shock

141
Q

Caused by severe systemic infections and bacteria; caused by gram negative bacteria (most common), gram positive bacteria, and viruses
Body’s immune system responds and releases chemicals
Place patient supine/flat, calm and quiet, don’t leave alone, cover patient if they feel warm, give oxygen, IV fluids and medications, etc.

A

Septic shock

142
Q

2 phases of septic shock

A

Early/first phase

Late/second phase

143
Q

6 symptoms of early/first phase septic shock

A 
Warm and flushed skin
Urine output normal to excessive
Increased heart and respiratory rate
Nausea and vomiting (N&V)
Possible confusion
144
Q

6 symptoms of late/second phase septic shock

A 
Abrupt decrease in level of consciousness
Decrease in urine output
Cold and clammy skin
Seizures
Cardiorespiratory failure
Rapide heart and respiratory rate
145
Q

Similar to neurogenic shock; result of exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen that was previously encountered by the body’s immune system, drug reaction
Varies with time of onset: mild within two hours, moderate more rapid, and severe = abrupt
Mild to severe: tightness in chest, itching at site of injection, nasal congestion, sneezing, choking, decreasing BP, dilated pupils, seizures, and respiratory and cardiac arrest
Keep emergency cart available, get history (allergies, GFR, creatinine, BUN, etc.), etc.

A

Anaphylactic shock

146
Q

4 major types of diabetes mellitus

A

Type 1
Type 2
Diabetes mellitus associated with or produced by other medical conditions or syndromes
Gestational diabetes

147
Q

Disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin hormone impaired

A

Diabetes mellitus

148
Q

Insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed by autoimmune process; pancreas produces little or no insulin
Usually under 30, abrupt onset
Must receive insulin injections
Not preventable or curative

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus/insulin-dependent

149
Q

Inherited metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia with resistance to ketosis
Usually over 40, gradual onset
Results from an impaired sensitivity to insulin or from a decreased production of insulin
Controlled by diet, exercise, and weight loss
Can be cured/fixed

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

150
Q

Occurs in later months of pregnancy and is caused by hormones secreted by the placenta that prevent the action of insulin, treatment with diet but may need insulin

A

Gestational diabetes

151
Q

3 diabetic emergencies

A

Hypoglycemia
Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome

152
Q

Low blood sugar, high insulin; sugar less than 50-60 mg/deciliter (dL)
Occurs when persons who have diabetes mellitus have an excess amount of insulin in their bloodstream, an increased rate of glucose, or inadequate food intake with which to use the insulin
Mild tremors, sweating, dizziness, headache, disorientation, and impaired motor function (drastic)

A

Hypoglycemia

153
Q

Normal sugar levels, what happens when it’s less than 40 mg/dL (3), and over 90 mg/dL (3)

A

Normal: 70-90 mg/dL
<40: kidney disease, hypopituitarism and -insulinism, etc.
>90: diabetes mellitus with high blood sugar and hyperthyroid- and -pituitarism

154
Q

Occurs when there’s an insufficient insulin in the body, associated with hyperglycemia
Body breaks down/uses stored fats and muscle instead of glucose
Weakness, drowsiness, sweet odor to breath, warm dry skin, flushed face, tachycardia, and coma
Check chart for diagnosis of diabetes, notify physician, call for assistance, monitor vitals, don’t leave patient, administer oxygen and IV, etc.

A

Ketoacidosis

155
Q

High sugar, low insulin

A

Hyperglycemia

156
Q

Occurs due to the loss of effective insulin, leading to diuresis and loss of fluid and electrolytes
Insulin not working; secondary to acute illness, ex: NPO for a long time period
Often appear to be drunk or have had a stroke, dehydration, dry skin, hypotension, tachycardia, mental confusion, seizures, and stroke
Call for assistance

A

Hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome

157
Q

Caused by an occlusion of one or more pulmonary arteries by a thrombus or thrombi that originates in the venous circulation
Usually associated with trauma, surgery, pregnancy, and immobility
Sudden onset of symptoms: CP, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, syncope, coma
Moves = death
Blood thinners, call for help, notify physician, monitor vitals, and don’t leave them alone

A

Pulmonary embolus

158
Q

Inadequate gas exchange by respiratory system; many causes by obstruction such as tongue, vomit, injury, etc.

A

Respiratory failure

159
Q

Heart stops beating

A

Cardiac arrest

160
Q

3 steps of CPR (get help)

A

Circulation
Airway: make sure it’s clear
Breathing

161
Q

Tilt chin up to open airway and watch for bilateral rise and fall of chest; mouth to mouth, mask, or bag

A

Breathing

162
Q

Compressions on hard, flat surface; 1.5-2 inches deep

A

Circulation

163
Q

CPR: ___ compressions and ___ breaths

A

30, 2

164
Q

Caused by occlusion or rupture of the cerebral blood supply directly into the brain tissue or into the subarachnoid space
Severe headache, eye deviation, difficult speech, ataxia, loss of consciousness, N&V, stiff neck, and paralysis on one side of body
Call for aid, put patient in resting position with head slightly elevated, monitor vitals, ready to give IV, oxygen and CPR if patient stops breathing, etc.

A

Cerebrovascular attack/stroke

165
Q

Loss of coordination

A

Ataxia

166
Q

Caused by insufficient supply of blood to the brain; heart disease, hunger, poor ventilation, fatigue, emotional shock are all causes
Cold clammy skin, tachycardia, dizzy, nausea, pallor, hyperpnea
Trendelenburg

A

Fainting/syncope

167
Q

Increased depth and rate of breathing

A

Hyperpnea

168
Q

Loss of pigmentation/color

A

Pallor

169
Q

Head lower than feet

A

Trendelenburg

170
Q

Unsystematic discharge of neurons of the cerebrum that results in an abrupt alteration in brain function in brain function
Can be caused by infectious disease, high fever, extreme stress, head trauma, and brain tumors
No driving

A

Convulsive seizures

171
Q

Whole body convulses and the patient loses consciousness for a period of minutes
Muscles become rigid, eyes open, jerky body movement, vomiting, frothy saliva, urinary or fecal incontinence, usually fall asleep following seizure because muscles are tense the entire time

A

Grand mal

172
Q

May be restricted to a specific part of the brain, patient is not responsive to the environment although appears to be awake
Lasts 1-4 minutes
Lip smacking, chewing and facial grimacing, patting, picking, and rubbing one’s clothing, and confusion for several minutes following seizure

A

Partial seizure

173
Q

2 types of convulsive seizures

A

Grand mal/generalize seizure

Partial seizure

174
Q

Partial seizure that is so brief that an observer may not be aware that it has occurred, harder to control medically; rare in adults
A brief loss of awareness, blank stare, eye blinking, mild body movements, and sudden loss of all muscle tone resulting in afall

A

Petit mal/absence seizure

175
Q

Have hollow lumen so secretions and air may be evacuated/suctioned or medications, nourishment, or contrast agents may be administered
Made of polyurethane silicone rubber
Placed in nose or mouth
Must be in place before any medication, for, water or contrast is given

A

Nasogastric (NG) and nasoenteric (NE) tubes

176
Q

Short-term tube that can be placed by nurse

A

Nasogastric (NG) tube

177
Q

Allows peristalsis to pass through into duodenum and small intestine
Long-term, weeks to months
Placed by physician

A

Nasoenteric (NE) tube

178
Q

3 ways to tell if Nasogastric (NG) and nasoenteric (NE) tubes are properly placed

A

Radiographic film
Fluoroscopy
Aspirate gastric contents and test on litmus paper, gastric contents are acidic; pH less than 7

179
Q

Max suction on adults, older kids, and infants

A

Adults: 110-150 mmHg
Kids: 100-120 mmHg
Infants: 50-95 mmHg

180
Q

Temporary or permanent tube that is directly into the stomach through an incision
Usually when esophagus is blocked or cannot go through nose or mouth
Patient sedated and endoscope used to verify placement

A

Gastrostomy tube

181
Q

An opening into the trachea created surgically either to relieve respiratory distress caused by obstruction of the upper airway or to improve respiratory function by permitting better access of air to the lower respiratory tract
Usually plastic or metal
Disease in head and neck
Difficulty speaking or fear of choking; keep in Fowler’s position

A

Tracheostomy

182
Q

2 signs for emergency suctioning

A

Audible rattling or gurgling sounds coming from the patient’s throat
Gagging or breathing with difficulty

183
Q

Usually used for hemothorax, pneumothorax, or pleural effusion
Tube inserted into the pleural cavity and attached to water-sealed drainage to remove air and fluid from intrapleural space

A

Chest tube

184
Q

Blood in pleural cavity doesn’t allow lung to expand

A

Hemothorax

185
Q

Air/gas in cavity between lung and chest wall, causing lung to collapse

A

Pneumothorax

186
Q

Excess fluid/water that accumulates in pleural cavity

A

Pleural effusion

187
Q

Component of chest tube that keeps atmospheric air from getting back into lung

A

Water seal

188
Q

Clamp ______________ tube when transporting patient, never clamp ________________

A

Nasogastric (NG) and nasoenteric (NE) tubes

Chest tube

189
Q

Drains placed at or near wound sites or operative sites when large amounts of drainage are expected, done due to fluid interfering with healing process because the fluid is absorbed slowly by body
Place with aseptic technique to prevent infection
Ex: hip and spine surgery

A

Tissue drains

190
Q

4 examples of tissue drains

A

T-tube for gallbladder surgery attached to common bile duct
Penrose
Jackson-Pratt
Hemovac

191
Q

Drain placed in wound after mastectomy, neck surgery, etc. and allows gravity to pull fluid

A

Penrose drain

192
Q

3 diseases requiring airborne precautions

A

Measles
Varicella (including disseminated zoster)
TB

193
Q

6 diseases requiring droplet precautions

A 
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Pneumonic plague
Mumps
Rubella
Influenza

RAD 360 - Fundamentals of Radiation Therapy (5 decks)

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