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Biology 190 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of phosphorylation takes place in glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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2
Q

What type of phosphorylation takes place in citric acid cycle?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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3
Q

What type of phosphorylation takes place in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

What electron carriers are produced by glycolysis?

A

NADH

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5
Q

What electron carriers are produced by the citric acid cycle?

A

NADH and FADH

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6
Q

How do unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?

A

Double bonds form kinks that prevent packing tightly

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7
Q

How do aquaporins affect osmosis?

A

Speed up osmosis

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8
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

A cell releasing a signal molecule into the environment, followed by cells in the immediate vicinity responding

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9
Q

For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The organism must obtain necessary energy from its environment.

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10
Q

When you have a severe fever, what grave consequence may occur if the fever is not controlled?

A

Denaturation of tertiary structures

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11
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The first stage of the chemical oxidation of glucose in a cell

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12
Q

What happens to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose?

A

It is stored in NADH and FADH2

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13
Q

What fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the reactions of the citric acid cycle, if glucose is the sole energy source?

A

2/3

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14
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

60-64

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15
Q

The ATP made during fermentation is generated how?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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16
Q

In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by

A

Reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

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17
Q

When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by ____

A

Splitting water

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18
Q

Reduction of oxygen to form water occurs during

A

Only photosynthesis

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19
Q

Where ATP synthases located?

A

Thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial matrix

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20
Q

In chemiosmosis in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from

A

Thylakoid space to the stroma

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21
Q

Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?

A

They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2.

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22
Q

Turgid

A

The state of plant cells being very firm because of their water intake

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23
Q

Flaccid

A

The limp state of plant cells because of their loss of water

24
Q

Electrogenic pump

A

A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane

25
Q

Cotransport

A

A single ATP powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes

26
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

A specialized type of pinocytosis that enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances despite their concentration in the surroundings

27
Q

What are the two main types of local signaling?

A

Paracrine signaling and synaptic signaling

28
Q

What is the main method of long-distance signaling?

A

Endocrine (hormonal) signaling

29
Q

What is synaptic signaling?

A

An electrical signal moving along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of neurotransmitter molecules carrying a chemical signal

30
Q

What are the three stages of cell signaling?

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

31
Q

What is transduction?

A

A step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response

32
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule

33
Q

What is a G-protein-coupled receptor?

A

A cell-surface transmembrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein, a protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP

34
Q

What is a protein kinase?

A

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

35
Q

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

A

A series of different molecules in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn, each molecule adding a phosphate group to the next one in line

36
Q

Describe allosteric regulation.

A

Activators lock molecules in an active position

37
Q

Describe allosteric inhibition.

A

Inhibitors lock molecules in position away from binding site

38
Q

What is cooperativity?

A

A type of allosteric activation where a substate locks other locations in an active position

39
Q

How does ecstasy work?

A

It mimics serotonin in the brain.

40
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

41
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer/transformation increases the disorder and entropy of the universe

42
Q

What are second messengers?

A

Small, nonprotein water soluble molecules

43
Q

What is the chemical formula of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O2 + 6O2

44
Q

What compound is oxidized in photosynthesis?

A

Water

45
Q

What compound is reduced in photosynthesis?

A

CO2

46
Q

How do C4 plants produce their energy?

A

Light reactions would take place in mesophyll cells and the Calvin cycle takes place in bundle sheaths
Reaction split into different cells

47
Q

How do CAM plants produce energy?

A

Opens stomata at night to use materials during the day

48
Q

What are the inputs of the Citric Acid cycle?

A

2 Acetyl-CoA

2 oxaloaceteate

49
Q

What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

50
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Oxidation of pyruvate
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

What is produced in alcohol fermentation?

A

Breaks 3 carbon pyruvate to 2 carbon ethanol and CO2

52
Q

What is produced in lactic acid fermentation?

A

Glucose –> 2 3 carbon pyruvate –> 2 3 carbon lactate

53
Q

What is the main difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

A

Alcohol fermentation releases CO2 and lactic acid fermentation does not.

54
Q

How do animal and plant cells behave in solution, respectively?

A

Animal cells are isotonic and plant cells are hypotonic

55
Q

What mechanisms do plants use to load sucrose produced by photosynthesis into specialized cells in the veins of the leaves?

A

Electrogenic pump, proton pump, and cotransport pump

Biology 190 (4 decks)

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