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Biology 190 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of phosphorylation takes place in glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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2
Q

What type of phosphorylation takes place in citric acid cycle?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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3
Q

What type of phosphorylation takes place in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

What electron carriers are produced by glycolysis?

A

NADH

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5
Q

What electron carriers are produced by the citric acid cycle?

A

NADH and FADH

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6
Q

How do unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?

A

Double bonds form kinks that prevent packing tightly

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7
Q

How do aquaporins affect osmosis?

A

Speed up osmosis

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8
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

A cell releasing a signal molecule into the environment, followed by cells in the immediate vicinity responding

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9
Q

For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The organism must obtain necessary energy from its environment.

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10
Q

When you have a severe fever, what grave consequence may occur if the fever is not controlled?

A

Denaturation of tertiary structures

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11
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The first stage of the chemical oxidation of glucose in a cell

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12
Q

What happens to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose?

A

It is stored in NADH and FADH2

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13
Q

What fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the reactions of the citric acid cycle, if glucose is the sole energy source?

A

2/3

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14
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

60-64

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15
Q

The ATP made during fermentation is generated how?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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16
Q

In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by

A

Reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

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17
Q

When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by ____

A

Splitting water

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18
Q

Reduction of oxygen to form water occurs during

A

Only photosynthesis

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19
Q

Where ATP synthases located?

A

Thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial matrix

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20
Q

In chemiosmosis in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from

A

Thylakoid space to the stroma

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21
Q

Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?

A

They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2.

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22
Q

Turgid

A

The state of plant cells being very firm because of their water intake

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23
Q

Flaccid

A

The limp state of plant cells because of their loss of water

24
Q

Electrogenic pump

A

A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane

25
Cotransport
A single ATP powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes
26
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A specialized type of pinocytosis that enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances despite their concentration in the surroundings
27
What are the two main types of local signaling?
Paracrine signaling and synaptic signaling
28
What is the main method of long-distance signaling?
Endocrine (hormonal) signaling
29
What is synaptic signaling?
An electrical signal moving along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of neurotransmitter molecules carrying a chemical signal
30
What are the three stages of cell signaling?
Reception Transduction Response
31
What is transduction?
A step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response
32
What is a ligand?
A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule
33
What is a G-protein-coupled receptor?
A cell-surface transmembrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein, a protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP
34
What is a protein kinase?
An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
35
What is a phosphorylation cascade?
A series of different molecules in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn, each molecule adding a phosphate group to the next one in line
36
Describe allosteric regulation.
Activators lock molecules in an active position
37
Describe allosteric inhibition.
Inhibitors lock molecules in position away from binding site
38
What is cooperativity?
A type of allosteric activation where a substate locks other locations in an active position
39
How does ecstasy work?
It mimics serotonin in the brain.
40
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
41
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Every energy transfer/transformation increases the disorder and entropy of the universe
42
What are second messengers?
Small, nonprotein water soluble molecules
43
What is the chemical formula of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 --> C6H12O2 + 6O2
44
What compound is oxidized in photosynthesis?
Water
45
What compound is reduced in photosynthesis?
CO2
46
How do C4 plants produce their energy?
Light reactions would take place in mesophyll cells and the Calvin cycle takes place in bundle sheaths Reaction split into different cells
47
How do CAM plants produce energy?
Opens stomata at night to use materials during the day
48
What are the inputs of the Citric Acid cycle?
2 Acetyl-CoA | 2 oxaloaceteate
49
What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?
2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2
50
What are the steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis Oxidation of pyruvate Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation
51
What is produced in alcohol fermentation?
Breaks 3 carbon pyruvate to 2 carbon ethanol and CO2
52
What is produced in lactic acid fermentation?
Glucose --> 2 3 carbon pyruvate --> 2 3 carbon lactate
53
What is the main difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?
Alcohol fermentation releases CO2 and lactic acid fermentation does not.
54
How do animal and plant cells behave in solution, respectively?
Animal cells are isotonic and plant cells are hypotonic
55
What mechanisms do plants use to load sucrose produced by photosynthesis into specialized cells in the veins of the leaves?
Electrogenic pump, proton pump, and cotransport pump

Biology 190 (4 decks)

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