Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Metabolism
A
Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism/cell
2
Q
Homeostasis
A
Dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment
3
Q
Open System
A
An entity that exchanges energy and matter with its system
4
Q
What is necessary for natural selection to take place?
A
- Variation
- Overproduction
- Heritability
5
Q
Deductive reasoning
A
General to specific
Used to refine general hypotheses to testable, specific predictions
6
Q
Inductive reasoning
A
Specific to general
Used to come up with general, untestable hypotheses
7
Q
Observational studies
A
Rely on correlation
8
Q
Experimental studies
A
Experimenter manipulates conditions
9
Q
What is the order of the scientific method?
A
Problem/question Hypothesis Prediction Methods/experimentation Data Results
10
Q
Closed system
A
Heat/air/matter/energy cannot be exchanged with surroundings
11
Q
Hierarchy of life (smallest to largest(
A
Molecules Organelle Cell Tissues Organs Organ system Organism Population Communities Ecosystem Biosphere
12
Q
Hypothesis
A
Potential reason for a pattern
13
Q
Prediction
A
Testable statement that could support the hypothesis
14
Q
Theory
A
Comprehensive explanation supported by abundant observations
15
Q
Independent variable
A
Variable manipulated or changed by the experimenter
16
Q
Dependent variable
A
Responses to change in value of independent variable, measured during experiment
17
Q
Controlled variable
A
Effects outcome of the experiment if varied so held constant by experimenter
18
Q
Control group
A
A group subjected to all the variables, except for the one being manipulated
19
Q
Cell theory
A
All living things come from cells
Cells can only come from other living cells
20
Q
Eukaryotic cells
A
Larger, more complex cells that contain membrane-bound nuclei
21
Q
Prokaryotic cells
A
Smaller cells with no true nuclei
22
Q
Classification of life (largest to smallest)
A
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
23
Q
What are the three domains of life?
A
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotic
24
Q
Behavior
A
Response to stimuli
25
What are the characteristics of life?
```
Organization
Classification
Reproduction
Growth/development
Behavior
Adaptation
Energy processing
```
26
Covalent bonds
Share electrons
27
Ionic bonds
Transfer of electrons
28
Polar covalent bond
Unequal sharing of electrons
29
Hydrogen bonds
Relatively weak attractions because of partial positive charge of H bonded to a partial negative charge of O, N, or F
30
What functional group acts as a base?
Amine
31
What functional group acts as an acid?
Carboxyl
32
What is an aldehyde?
A carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton
33
What is a keatone?
A carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton
34
Polypeptide
A polymer of amino acids
35
Amino acid
A monomer of polypeptide
36
Gene
Section of DNA strand that carries info about one polypeptide
37
Isomers
Compounds with same molecular formula but different structure
38
Structural isomers
Differ in covalent arrangement of atoms and/or location double bond
Same formula, different structure
39
Geometric isomers
Same covalent patterns but different spatial arrangements about a double bond
40
Enantiomers
Mirror images of each other, differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon
41
Polymer
Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical monomers
42
Dehydration reaction
Reaction removes water to build bonds and synthesizing molecules
43
Hydrolysis
Adds water to a molecule to break bonds
44
Isotope
Same element with a different number of neutrons
45
Ions
Different number of electrons
46
Van der Waals attractions
Weak attractions based on charge, really weak force, constantly reforming/breaking
47
Cohesion
Water molecules tendency to stick together
48
Adhesion
Water molecules tendency to stick to other surfaces
49
Surface tension
Water molecules experience a lateral interaction with other molecules over being attracted to the air, causing light objects to be suspended
50
Atomic number
Number of protons
51
Mass number
Protons + neutrons
52
Radioactive isotope
Nucleus spontaneously decays, giving off particles/energy
53
Energy
The capacity to cause change
54
Potential energy
Energy based on location/structure
55
Inert (as in gas)
Chemically unreactive
56
Valence
The number of electrons required to complete the outermost shell
57
Hydrocarbon
Organic molecules containing only C and H
58
Functional group
Known to affect molecular function by being involved in molecular reactions
59
Hexoses
6 carbon sugars
60
Trioses
3 carbon sugars
61
Pentoses
5 carbon sugars
62
Glucose + fructose
Sucrose
63
Fats
Made of glycerols and fatty acids
64
Fatty acid
Long carbon skeleton attached to a carboxyl
65
Triacylglycerol
3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol
66
Saturated fatty acid
No double bonds, holds the max amount of H, solid at room temperature
67
Unsaturated fatty acid
Contains double bonds, liquid at room temperature
68
Steroids
Carbon skeleton composed of four fused rings
69
Catalysts
Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction
70
Functions of proteins
```
Enzymatic
Storage
Hormonal
Contractile/motor
Defensive
Transport
Receptor
Structure
```
71
What bond holds together proteins?
Peptide bonds
72
Protein structures
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
73
Denaturation
When proteins unravel and lose shape
74
Pyrimidines
6-membered C and N rings
| cytosine, thymine, urasil
75
Purines
5-membered rings
| adenine, guanine
76
What bond holds together carbohydrates?
Glycosidic linkages
77
What bond holds together proteins?
Peptide bond
78
What bond holds together nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester bonds
79
What are examples of monosaccharides?
Fructose, glucose
80
What are examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose, maltose, lactose
81
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
82
What are examples of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids
83
What are examples of proteins?
Chitin, hemoglobin, oxytocin, colagen, albumin, lysosome, insulin
84
What are the types of nucleic acids?
RNA and DNA
85
What is cell fractionation?
Breaking up cells and centrifuging them to create a pellet and decanting the top to separate organelles
86
What do plant cells have that animals don’t?
Cell wall
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Plasmodesmata
87
Nucleolus
Synthesizes DNA from RNA
88
Function of smooth ER
Synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detoxify drugs, storage of calcium ions
89
Functions of rough ER
Synthesize proteins, transport proteins, membrane factory, and make membrane phospholipids
90
Function of the Golgi apparatus
Modifies/stores/sends products like proteins
91
Cis face of the Golgi apparatus
Vesicles bind and unload content
92
Trans face of the Golgi apparatus
Vesicles give rise and transport to other locations
93
Function of lysosomes
Digest macromolecules
94
Mitochondria
POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
| and site of cellular respiration
95
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
96
Endosymbiont theory
An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells, engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell
97
Peroxisome
Oxidation
98
Microtubules
Hollow rods constructed from a globular protein called tubulin
99
Centrosome
Region near nucleus, “microtubule organizing center"
100
Examples of alpha glucoses
Starch, glycogen
101
Examples of beta glucoses
Cellulose, chitin
102
What makes up secondary structures of proteins?
Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
103
What are tertiary proteins?
R groups interacting
104
What are quaternary proteins?
Tertiary proteins interact to form a molecule
105
What are the components of nucleotide?
Phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
106
Function of ribosomes
Make proteins, transcribe RNA
107
Function of cytoskeleton
Provide cell support, anchor organelles
108
Basal body
Anchors cillia/flagella, structured like a centriole
109
Dyenins
Motor proteins attached along each outer microtubule doublet
110
Myosin
Motor proteins made of thousands of actin filaments
111
Plasmodesmata
Membrane-lined channels that perforate cell walls
112
What are the main types of cell junctions?
Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
113
Why are cells small?
To maximize the surface area to volume ratio
114
What differs between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus
115
What are tight cell junctions?
Continous shield tissues
116
What are desmosomes?
Anchors, strong continuous tissues
117
What are gap junctions?
Anchors/channels, cardiac tissues
118
What are the three major groups of amino acids?
Nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged
119
How can you tell polar and non polar amino acids apart?
Nonpolar are hydrophobic and polar and electrically charged are hydrophilic
