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Biology 190 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism/cell

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment

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3
Q

Open System

A

An entity that exchanges energy and matter with its system

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4
Q

What is necessary for natural selection to take place?

A
  • Variation
  • Overproduction
  • Heritability
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5
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

General to specific

Used to refine general hypotheses to testable, specific predictions

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6
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Specific to general

Used to come up with general, untestable hypotheses

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7
Q

Observational studies

A

Rely on correlation

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8
Q

Experimental studies

A

Experimenter manipulates conditions

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9
Q

What is the order of the scientific method?

A 
Problem/question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Methods/experimentation
Data
Results
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10
Q

Closed system

A

Heat/air/matter/energy cannot be exchanged with surroundings

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11
Q

Hierarchy of life (smallest to largest(

A 
Molecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism
Population
Communities
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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12
Q

Hypothesis

A

Potential reason for a pattern

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13
Q

Prediction

A

Testable statement that could support the hypothesis

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14
Q

Theory

A

Comprehensive explanation supported by abundant observations

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15
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable manipulated or changed by the experimenter

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16
Q

Dependent variable

A

Responses to change in value of independent variable, measured during experiment

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17
Q

Controlled variable

A

Effects outcome of the experiment if varied so held constant by experimenter

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18
Q

Control group

A

A group subjected to all the variables, except for the one being manipulated

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19
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things come from cells

Cells can only come from other living cells

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20
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Larger, more complex cells that contain membrane-bound nuclei

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21
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Smaller cells with no true nuclei

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22
Q

Classification of life (largest to smallest)

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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23
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotic

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24
Q

Behavior

A

Response to stimuli

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A 
Organization
Classification
Reproduction
Growth/development
Behavior
Adaptation
Energy processing
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26
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Share electrons

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27
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Transfer of electrons

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28
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

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29
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Relatively weak attractions because of partial positive charge of H bonded to a partial negative charge of O, N, or F

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30
Q

What functional group acts as a base?

A

Amine

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31
Q

What functional group acts as an acid?

A

Carboxyl

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32
Q

What is an aldehyde?

A

A carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton

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33
Q

What is a keatone?

A

A carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton

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34
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer of amino acids

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35
Q

Amino acid

A

A monomer of polypeptide

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36
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA strand that carries info about one polypeptide

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37
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with same molecular formula but different structure

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38
Q

Structural isomers

A

Differ in covalent arrangement of atoms and/or location double bond
Same formula, different structure

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39
Q

Geometric isomers

A

Same covalent patterns but different spatial arrangements about a double bond

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40
Q

Enantiomers

A

Mirror images of each other, differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon

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41
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical monomers

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42
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Reaction removes water to build bonds and synthesizing molecules

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43
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adds water to a molecule to break bonds

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44
Q

Isotope

A

Same element with a different number of neutrons

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45
Q

Ions

A

Different number of electrons

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46
Q

Van der Waals attractions

A

Weak attractions based on charge, really weak force, constantly reforming/breaking

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47
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules tendency to stick together

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48
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules tendency to stick to other surfaces

49
Q

Surface tension

A

Water molecules experience a lateral interaction with other molecules over being attracted to the air, causing light objects to be suspended

50
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

51
Q

Mass number

A

Protons + neutrons

52
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Nucleus spontaneously decays, giving off particles/energy

53
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to cause change

54
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy based on location/structure

55
Q

Inert (as in gas)

A

Chemically unreactive

56
Q

Valence

A

The number of electrons required to complete the outermost shell

57
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Organic molecules containing only C and H

58
Q

Functional group

A

Known to affect molecular function by being involved in molecular reactions

59
Q

Hexoses

A

6 carbon sugars

60
Q

Trioses

A

3 carbon sugars

61
Q

Pentoses

A

5 carbon sugars

62
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

63
Q

Fats

A

Made of glycerols and fatty acids

64
Q

Fatty acid

A

Long carbon skeleton attached to a carboxyl

65
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol

66
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

No double bonds, holds the max amount of H, solid at room temperature

67
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Contains double bonds, liquid at room temperature

68
Q

Steroids

A

Carbon skeleton composed of four fused rings

69
Q

Catalysts

A

Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction

70
Q

Functions of proteins

A 
Enzymatic
Storage
Hormonal
Contractile/motor
Defensive
Transport
Receptor
Structure
71
Q

What bond holds together proteins?

A

Peptide bonds

72
Q

Protein structures

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

73
Q

Denaturation

A

When proteins unravel and lose shape

74
Q

Pyrimidines

A

6-membered C and N rings

cytosine, thymine, urasil

75
Q

Purines

A

5-membered rings

adenine, guanine

76
Q

What bond holds together carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic linkages

77
Q

What bond holds together proteins?

A

Peptide bond

78
Q

What bond holds together nucleic acids?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

79
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Fructose, glucose

80
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, maltose, lactose

81
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

82
Q

What are examples of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids

83
Q

What are examples of proteins?

A

Chitin, hemoglobin, oxytocin, colagen, albumin, lysosome, insulin

84
Q

What are the types of nucleic acids?

A

RNA and DNA

85
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Breaking up cells and centrifuging them to create a pellet and decanting the top to separate organelles

86
Q

What do plant cells have that animals don’t?

A

Cell wall
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Plasmodesmata

87
Q

Nucleolus

A

Synthesizes DNA from RNA

88
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detoxify drugs, storage of calcium ions

89
Q

Functions of rough ER

A

Synthesize proteins, transport proteins, membrane factory, and make membrane phospholipids

90
Q

Function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies/stores/sends products like proteins

91
Q

Cis face of the Golgi apparatus

A

Vesicles bind and unload content

92
Q

Trans face of the Golgi apparatus

A

Vesicles give rise and transport to other locations

93
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Digest macromolecules

94
Q

Mitochondria

A

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

and site of cellular respiration

95
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

96
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells, engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell

97
Q

Peroxisome

A

Oxidation

98
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow rods constructed from a globular protein called tubulin

99
Q

Centrosome

A

Region near nucleus, “microtubule organizing center”

100
Q

Examples of alpha glucoses

A

Starch, glycogen

101
Q

Examples of beta glucoses

A

Cellulose, chitin

102
Q

What makes up secondary structures of proteins?

A

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

103
Q

What are tertiary proteins?

A

R groups interacting

104
Q

What are quaternary proteins?

A

Tertiary proteins interact to form a molecule

105
Q

What are the components of nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

106
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Make proteins, transcribe RNA

107
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Provide cell support, anchor organelles

108
Q

Basal body

A

Anchors cillia/flagella, structured like a centriole

109
Q

Dyenins

A

Motor proteins attached along each outer microtubule doublet

110
Q

Myosin

A

Motor proteins made of thousands of actin filaments

111
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Membrane-lined channels that perforate cell walls

112
Q

What are the main types of cell junctions?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

113
Q

Why are cells small?

A

To maximize the surface area to volume ratio

114
Q

What differs between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus

115
Q

What are tight cell junctions?

A

Continous shield tissues

116
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Anchors, strong continuous tissues

117
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Anchors/channels, cardiac tissues

118
Q

What are the three major groups of amino acids?

A

Nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged

119
Q

How can you tell polar and non polar amino acids apart?

A

Nonpolar are hydrophobic and polar and electrically charged are hydrophilic

Biology 190 (4 decks)

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