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Biology 190 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?

A

A hypothesis is a potential reason for a pattern supported by observations, and a prediction is a testable statement to support the hypothesis.

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2
Q

What bond holds together carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic linkages

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3
Q

What bond holds together lipids?

A

Ester linkages

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4
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acid

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5
Q

What is the polymer of proteins?

A

Polypeptide

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6
Q

What bond holds together proteins?

A

Peptide bonds

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7
Q

What bond holds together nucleic acids?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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8
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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9
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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10
Q

Which are larger, purines or pyrimidines?

A

Purines

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11
Q

What are types of passive transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion, osmosis

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12
Q

What is a type of active transport?

A

Ligand-gated ion channel

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13
Q

What are the types of bulk transport?

A

Exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis

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14
Q

Stages of cell signaling

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

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15
Q

What is the role photosynthesis?

A

Anabolic = produces molecules necessary for survival

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16
Q

What is the role of respiration?

A

Catabolic = breaks down molecules

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17
Q

Steps of cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, mitosis

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18
Q

Steps of mitosis

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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19
Q

What occurs in meiosis I?

A

Separation of homologous chromosomes

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20
Q

What occurs in prophase I?

A

Crossing over and formation of spindle

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21
Q

What occurs in meiosis II?

A

Separation of sister chromatids

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22
Q

Ratio of a monohybrid and dihybrid cross

A

9:3:3:1

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23
Q

Define polygenic inheritance

A

Many genes code for one phenotypic trait

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24
Q

Define pleiotropy

A

One gene codes for many phenotypic expressions

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25
Q

Define epistasis

A

When a homozygous recessive condition on one gene blocks the expression of a gene at another locus

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26
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A

Heterozygote has its own intermediate phenotype

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27
Q

Define locus

A

Specific location of an allele on a chromosome

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28
Q

Where does Mendel’s law of assortment take place?

A

Metaphase I

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29
Q

Where does Mendel’s law of segregation take place?

A

Anaphase I

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30
Q

Where does nondisjunction take place?

A

Anaphase I or II

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31
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

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32
Q

What does helicase do?

A

Unzip DNA template strand

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33
Q

What do single-stranded binding proteins do?

A

Bind to unpaired DNA strands to keep them from re-pairing

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34
Q

What does topoisomerase do?

A

Relieves strain ahead of replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

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35
Q

What does nucleases do?

A

Cut out and replace damaged stretches of DNA

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36
Q

What is the conservative model of DNA replication?

A

Parent strands stay together and re-associate after replication

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37
Q

What is the semiconservative model of DNA replication?

A

Two parental strands separate and serve as a template for complementary strand

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38
Q

What is the dispersive model of DNA replication?

A

Each strand of DNA gets mixture of old and new DNA

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39
Q

Types of cell signaling

A

Paracrine, synaptic, hormonal, and local

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40
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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41
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate and 2 ATP

42
Q

Where does the calvin cycle happen in plant cells?

A

Stroma of chloroplast

43
Q

What are the two components of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Chemiosmosis and ETC

44
Q

How much ATP does cellular respiration produce?

A

30-32

45
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA nucleotides?

A

RNA has an OH on the 2’ carbon and DNA only has an H

46
Q

What carbon does the nitrogenous base attach to in DNA?

A

1’

47
Q

What carbon does the phosphate connect to in DNA?

A

5’

48
Q

What carbon do separate nucleotides connect to in DNA?

A

3’

49
Q

What direction does the leading strand flow?

A

Towards the replication fork

50
Q

What enzyme builds the leading strand?

A

DNA pol III

51
Q

What direction does the lagging strand flow?

A

Away from replication fork

52
Q

What enzyme replaces the RNA primer in the lagging stand?

A

DNA pol I

53
Q

What enzyme fuses Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

54
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA –> RNA –> protein

55
Q

What are the stages of transcription?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

56
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

Catalyzes RNA synthesis

57
Q

What is pre-mRNA in eukaryotes?

A

RNA before the splicing of introns and eons and before addition of 5’ cap or poly-A tail

58
Q

What enzyme catalyzes translation?

A

polymerase II

59
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes

60
Q

What are the three main types of mutations?

A

Genomic, chromosomal, and point

61
Q

What are the three main types of point mutations?

A

Nonsense, missense, and silent

62
Q

What are the components of an operon?

A

Operator + promoter + genes

63
Q

What is an operator?

A

On-off switch that can control the whole cluster of functionally related genes

64
Q

What is a promoter?

A

DNA sequence the binds to RNA polymerase

65
Q

What is a regulatory gene?

A

Expressed continually

66
Q

What is a repressor?

A

Binds to the RNA and blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, preventing the transcription of genes

67
Q

What is a co-repressor?

A

A small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to turn a gene off

68
Q

What is the role of an inducer?

A

Inactivates the repressor

69
Q

What type of operon is trp?

A

Repressible

70
Q

How do repressible operons work?

A

Typically “on” but can be turned off

71
Q

What type of operons are in anabolic pathways typically?

A

Repressible

72
Q

What type of operons are in catabolic pathways typically?

A

Inducible

73
Q

How do inducible operons work?

A

Typically “off” but can be turned off

74
Q

What type of operon is the lac operon?

A

Inducible

75
Q

What does cyclic AMP active?

A

CAP production which speeds up transcription of lac genes

76
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein shell that encloses viral genome

77
Q

What is a capsomere?

A

Protein subunits of a capsid

78
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

79
Q

What is the difference between the lysogenic and lytic cycles?

A

Lytic cycle kills the host, lysogenic does not

80
Q

What are viruses that use both lytic and lysogenic cycles?

A

Temperate

81
Q

How do viruses kill or damage cells?

A

Releasing hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes or causing cells to produce toxins

82
Q

What are retroviruses?

A

Viruses that use reverse transcriptase to form DNA from RNA (ex: AIDS)

83
Q

What scientist worked with heat killed pathogens and mice?

A

Griffith

84
Q

What enzyme removes the RNA nucleotides from the primer and adds equivalent DNA nucleotides to the 3’ end of Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA pol I

85
Q

Describe the eukaryotic chromosome.

A

It consists of a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins.

86
Q

What occurs in eukaryotic gene expression but not prokaryotic?

A

A poly-A tail is added to the 3’ end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5’ end.

87
Q

What is the role of alternative RNA splicing?

A

Allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single mRNA

88
Q

What composes the majority of noncoding DNA

A

Transposons

89
Q

Once the pattern found after one round of replication was observed, Meselson and Stahl could be confident of which of the following conclusions?

A

Replication was not conservative

90
Q

It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following?

A

Side groups of nitrogenous bases

91
Q

The leading and the lagging strands differ in that

A

The leading strand is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction

92
Q

RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?

A

3’ to 5’ along the template strand

93
Q

Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the…?

A

bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs.

94
Q

Why is the lac operon said to be an inducible operon?

A

When allolactose is present, it induces the inactivation of the lac repressor.

95
Q

The tryptophan operon is a repressible operon that is

A

turned off whenever tryptophan is added to the growth medium

96
Q

The lactose operon is likely to be transcribed when

A

the cyclic AMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell

97
Q

If a particular operon encodes enzymes for making an essential amino acid and is regulated like the trp operon, then

A

the amino acid inactivates the repressor

98
Q

How do cells become differentiated?

A

Different genes are expressed so that different proteins are produced.

99
Q

Which of the following accounts for someone who has had a herpesvirus-mediated cold sore or genital sore getting flare-ups for the rest of his or her life?

A

copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei

100
Q

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

A

It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.

101
Q

What is the most effective way to stop viral infections?

A

Vaccines

102
Q

Why is the outdated term “junk DNA” a misnomer for noncoding regions of the human genome?

A

The conservation of “junk DNA” sequences in diverse genomes suggests that they have important functions.

Biology 190 (4 decks)

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