Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?
A
A hypothesis is a potential reason for a pattern supported by observations, and a prediction is a testable statement to support the hypothesis.
2
Q
What bond holds together carbohydrates?
A
Glycosidic linkages
3
Q
What bond holds together lipids?
A
Ester linkages
4
Q
What is the monomer of proteins?
A
Amino acid
5
Q
What is the polymer of proteins?
A
Polypeptide
6
Q
What bond holds together proteins?
A
Peptide bonds
7
Q
What bond holds together nucleic acids?
A
Phosphodiester bonds
8
Q
Purines
A
Adenine and Guanine
9
Q
Pyrimidines
A
Thymine and Cytosine
10
Q
Which are larger, purines or pyrimidines?
A
Purines
11
Q
What are types of passive transport?
A
Facilitated diffusion, osmosis
12
Q
What is a type of active transport?
A
Ligand-gated ion channel
13
Q
What are the types of bulk transport?
A
Exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis
14
Q
Stages of cell signaling
A
Reception
Transduction
Response
15
Q
What is the role photosynthesis?
A
Anabolic = produces molecules necessary for survival
16
Q
What is the role of respiration?
A
Catabolic = breaks down molecules
17
Q
Steps of cell cycle
A
G1, S, G2, mitosis
18
Q
Steps of mitosis
A
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
19
Q
What occurs in meiosis I?
A
Separation of homologous chromosomes
20
Q
What occurs in prophase I?
A
Crossing over and formation of spindle
21
Q
What occurs in meiosis II?
A
Separation of sister chromatids
22
Q
Ratio of a monohybrid and dihybrid cross
A
9:3:3:1
23
Q
Define polygenic inheritance
A
Many genes code for one phenotypic trait
24
Q
Define pleiotropy
A
One gene codes for many phenotypic expressions
25
Define epistasis
When a homozygous recessive condition on one gene blocks the expression of a gene at another locus
26
Define incomplete dominance
Heterozygote has its own intermediate phenotype
27
Define locus
Specific location of an allele on a chromosome
28
Where does Mendel’s law of assortment take place?
Metaphase I
29
Where does Mendel’s law of segregation take place?
Anaphase I
30
Where does nondisjunction take place?
Anaphase I or II
31
What makes up a nucleotide?
Pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
32
What does helicase do?
Unzip DNA template strand
33
What do single-stranded binding proteins do?
Bind to unpaired DNA strands to keep them from re-pairing
34
What does topoisomerase do?
Relieves strain ahead of replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
35
What does nucleases do?
Cut out and replace damaged stretches of DNA
36
What is the conservative model of DNA replication?
Parent strands stay together and re-associate after replication
37
What is the semiconservative model of DNA replication?
Two parental strands separate and serve as a template for complementary strand
38
What is the dispersive model of DNA replication?
Each strand of DNA gets mixture of old and new DNA
39
Types of cell signaling
Paracrine, synaptic, hormonal, and local
40
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
41
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate and 2 ATP
42
Where does the calvin cycle happen in plant cells?
Stroma of chloroplast
43
What are the two components of oxidative phosphorylation?
Chemiosmosis and ETC
44
How much ATP does cellular respiration produce?
30-32
45
Difference between DNA and RNA nucleotides?
RNA has an OH on the 2’ carbon and DNA only has an H
46
What carbon does the nitrogenous base attach to in DNA?
1'
47
What carbon does the phosphate connect to in DNA?
5'
48
What carbon do separate nucleotides connect to in DNA?
3'
49
What direction does the leading strand flow?
Towards the replication fork
50
What enzyme builds the leading strand?
DNA pol III
51
What direction does the lagging strand flow?
Away from replication fork
52
What enzyme replaces the RNA primer in the lagging stand?
DNA pol I
53
What enzyme fuses Okazaki fragments?
DNA ligase
54
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA --> RNA --> protein
55
What are the stages of transcription?
Initiation, elongation, termination
56
What does RNA polymerase do?
Catalyzes RNA synthesis
57
What is pre-mRNA in eukaryotes?
RNA before the splicing of introns and eons and before addition of 5’ cap or poly-A tail
58
What enzyme catalyzes translation?
polymerase II
59
Where does translation occur?
Ribosomes
60
What are the three main types of mutations?
Genomic, chromosomal, and point
61
What are the three main types of point mutations?
Nonsense, missense, and silent
62
What are the components of an operon?
Operator + promoter + genes
63
What is an operator?
On-off switch that can control the whole cluster of functionally related genes
64
What is a promoter?
DNA sequence the binds to RNA polymerase
65
What is a regulatory gene?
Expressed continually
66
What is a repressor?
Binds to the RNA and blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, preventing the transcription of genes
67
What is a co-repressor?
A small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to turn a gene off
68
What is the role of an inducer?
Inactivates the repressor
69
What type of operon is trp?
Repressible
70
How do repressible operons work?
Typically “on” but can be turned off
71
What type of operons are in anabolic pathways typically?
Repressible
72
What type of operons are in catabolic pathways typically?
Inducible
73
How do inducible operons work?
Typically “off” but can be turned off
74
What type of operon is the lac operon?
Inducible
75
What does cyclic AMP active?
CAP production which speeds up transcription of lac genes
76
What is a capsid?
Protein shell that encloses viral genome
77
What is a capsomere?
Protein subunits of a capsid
78
What is a bacteriophage?
Viruses that infect bacteria
79
What is the difference between the lysogenic and lytic cycles?
Lytic cycle kills the host, lysogenic does not
80
What are viruses that use both lytic and lysogenic cycles?
Temperate
81
How do viruses kill or damage cells?
Releasing hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes or causing cells to produce toxins
82
What are retroviruses?
Viruses that use reverse transcriptase to form DNA from RNA (ex: AIDS)
83
What scientist worked with heat killed pathogens and mice?
Griffith
84
What enzyme removes the RNA nucleotides from the primer and adds equivalent DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of Okazaki fragments?
DNA pol I
85
Describe the eukaryotic chromosome.
It consists of a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins.
86
What occurs in eukaryotic gene expression but not prokaryotic?
A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end.
87
What is the role of alternative RNA splicing?
Allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single mRNA
88
What composes the majority of noncoding DNA
Transposons
89
Once the pattern found after one round of replication was observed, Meselson and Stahl could be confident of which of the following conclusions?
Replication was not conservative
90
It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following?
Side groups of nitrogenous bases
91
The leading and the lagging strands differ in that
The leading strand is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction
92
RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?
3' to 5' along the template strand
93
Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a polypeptide depends on specificity in the...?
bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs.
94
Why is the lac operon said to be an inducible operon?
When allolactose is present, it induces the inactivation of the lac repressor.
95
The tryptophan operon is a repressible operon that is
turned off whenever tryptophan is added to the growth medium
96
The lactose operon is likely to be transcribed when
the cyclic AMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell
97
If a particular operon encodes enzymes for making an essential amino acid and is regulated like the trp operon, then
the amino acid inactivates the repressor
98
How do cells become differentiated?
Different genes are expressed so that different proteins are produced.
99
Which of the following accounts for someone who has had a herpesvirus-mediated cold sore or genital sore getting flare-ups for the rest of his or her life?
copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei
100
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
101
What is the most effective way to stop viral infections?
Vaccines
102
Why is the outdated term “junk DNA” a misnomer for noncoding regions of the human genome?
The conservation of “junk DNA” sequences in diverse genomes suggests that they have important functions.
