Test 2 Flashcards
eat living or dead animal tissue
zoophagus
eat/get nutrients from microorganisms
mycetophagus
eat/feed on plants (living or dead)
phytophagus
feed on only 1 or 2 plant species
monophagus
feeding is less restricted to several genera but same family of plants
oligophagous
feed on many species from many families of plants
polyphagus
advantage of polyphagus
unlimited food supply leads to greater dispersion
advantage of monophagus
no energy used looking for a mate
not exposed to as many predators
insects with peircing and sucking mouthparts feed on:
- epidermal cells
- xylem
- phloem
chewing mouthparts feeding habits: (many)
- consumers
- borers
- leaf rollers: roll and seal leaf with silk
- leaf crumplers
- leaf miners: feed between epidermal layers of leaf
- shot-hole: feed on leaf bud
- notchers: feed at edge of leaf
- skeletonizers: eat everything but veins
phototoxemia:
insects with p&s mouthparts can release toxins that cause symptoms of a viral disease
vector =
insect that carries pathogen
pathogen =
disease causing organism
disease =
interaction of pathogen and plant
- causes symptoms
2 methods of pathogen transmission
1- mechanical transmission / non-persistant
2- biological transmission / persistant transmission / circulatory transmission (goes from generation to generation)
plant defenses
- prevent insect from feeding on it
OR
- prevent insect from ovipositing
morphological defenses
- remote factors
- close-up factors
- defenses that come into play before insect comes into contact with plant
remote factors
defenses that come into play when insect is in contact with plant
close-up factors
close up factors:
- trichomes
- waxes
- thickened cell walls
- hard substances
- wound responses
trichomes:
hairs on a plant
2 kinds of trichomes:
- densly packed, stiff hairs (mouthparts can’t reach)
- glandular (if broken, chem is released)
chemical defenses (list)
- alkaloids
- terpenoids
- phenolics
- proteinase inhibitors
- IGR’s (insect growth regulators)
chemical defense that is highly toxic and/or anti-feedant
alkaloids
chemical defense that is usualy a strong anti-feedant OR disrupt reproductive physiology
- terpenoids
chemical defense that is a strong anti-feedant
(ex. tanins in oaks)
- phenolics
chemical defense that if insect eats plant, no proteins can be digested
- proteinase inhibitors
chemical defense that forces early pupa stage or molting
insect growth regulators (IGR’s)
force adult molting leading to “monsters”
phytoecdysteroids
pupulation curves are ____
dynamic (fluctuate thru time)
factors that cause population curve fluctuation:
- abiotic factors
- biotic factors
abiotic factors
- temerature
- humid conditions
- rainfall
- soil parameters
- UV-light
biotic factors:
- predation
- competition
- number of generations
- number of eggs
- behavioral attributes
- dispersal
any insect that competes directly or indirectly with many that causes economic, medical, or nusiance problems
PEST
the use of all available control measures to SUPRESS a pest pupulation so taht it does not reach the economic injury level
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Control Tactics
- regulatory
- genetic
- host plant resistance
- cultural
- biological
- chemical
area of non-preference
insects do not lay eggs on plant
to insect’s biochemistry and physiology leading to death
antibiosis
can withstand high populations of a pest and plant can recover from pest
tolerance
introduce a new predator, parasite, or pathogen into an area they did not exist
introduction
release into an area they already exist
augmentation
any activity that can protect and maintain high populations of beneficial insects
conservation
most used control tacti
chemical control
control that interferes with physiological or biochemical processes of insect
chemical control
groups of insecticides
- botanic
- inorganic
- horticultural oils
- chlorinated hydrocarbons
- carbanimates
- organophosphates
- pyrethroides
- insect growth regulators
insecticides from carbamic acid
carbanimates
insecticides from phosphoric acid
organophosphates
analogs of the chemicals found in pyrethrum
pyrethroides
how an insecticide gets into an insect
route of entry
how an insecticide acts on an insect
mode of action
routes of entry
trachial system
contact
through midgut
most common route of entry
midgut
modes of action
- physicals
- protoplasmic
- metabolic inhibitors
- nervous system
measure of how toxic an insectivide is
toxicity
LD50
lethal dosage that kills 50% of the experimental animals
LC
lethal concentration that kills 50% of the experimental animals
what affects toxicity
route of entry
formulation
bioavailability
residual life
how long an insecticide maintains killing ability after spraying is…
residual life
main problem with insecticide use is…
insecticide resistance
ability to recover from insecticide application
insecticide resistance
the genetic component of insecticide resistance
it is inherited: passed from one generation to the next
once an insect is resistant to one insecticide…
time to become resistant to the next one will be shorter
different kinds of insecticide resistance:
structural resistance
behavioral resistance
receptor site non-sensitivity
metabolic resistance
resistance where insects have thicker cuticles and or larger mid-gut cells
structural resistance
resistance where insect will avoid areas sprayed with insecticides
behavioral resistance
resistance where molecular structure of entry site has been changed (new lock and key mechanism)
receptor site nonsensitivity
resistance where insects produce more detoxifying enzymes
metabolic resistance
things taht will affect rate of resistance
genetic parameters/factors
biological or ecological factors
operational factors
genetic factors of resistance
- number and dominance of genes involved
- past selection of insecticides
biological factors of resistance
- number of generations/year
- number of offspring/generation
- type of reproduction
- feeding type
- dispersal patterns
operational factors of resistance
- chemical nature of insecticides
- how long does residue persist
- formulation
- application method
irreversible toxicity
chronic toxicity
reversible toxicity
acute toxicity
symptoms of acute toxicity
blurred vision
headache
abdominal cramping
loss of balance
vomitting
antidotes to acute toxicity
atropine
cholopam
what affects toxicity in humans
- route of entry (epidermal, digestive, respiratory)
- type and concentration of insecticide
- formulation
- individual metabolism
- pathological state
- smoker?
- age & weight
- daily condition
pre-bloom
before flower buds
pre-emergence
before plant comes up or insect comes out
post emergence
after plant comes up or insect comes out
formulations
bait
dust
emulsifiable concentrate
fumigant
granular
wetable powder
formulation with organic carrier, edible substance, and active ingredient
bait
formulation with active ingredient on a very fine, inert carrier
dust
forumlation with a petroleum solvent, emulsifier, and active ingredient
emulsifiable concentrate
formulation with high drift hazaard, requiring no air movement
dust
most common solvent in emulsifiable concentrate
jet fuel
3 levels with water formulation in emulsifiable concentrate
- dissolved= best
- mixed
- suspended= worst
formulation in the form of a gas
fumigant
forumulation that is same as a dust, only bigger
granular
formulation with a fine active ingredient, and a wetting agent that allows it to be suspended in water
wettable powder
considerations for formulation
- must get to insect
- persistance: how long killing power lasts
- toxicity
- compatibility: with fertilizers, herbicides, etc…
- synergism
- coverage
- environmental and health hazards
