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Ornamental & Turf Insects > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

eat living or dead animal tissue

A

zoophagus

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2
Q

eat/get nutrients from microorganisms

A

mycetophagus

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3
Q

eat/feed on plants (living or dead)

A

phytophagus

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4
Q

feed on only 1 or 2 plant species

A

monophagus

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5
Q

feeding is less restricted to several genera but same family of plants

A

oligophagous

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6
Q

feed on many species from many families of plants

A

polyphagus

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7
Q

advantage of polyphagus

A

unlimited food supply leads to greater dispersion

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8
Q

advantage of monophagus

A

no energy used looking for a mate

not exposed to as many predators

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9
Q

insects with peircing and sucking mouthparts feed on:

A
  • epidermal cells
  • xylem
  • phloem
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10
Q

chewing mouthparts feeding habits: (many)

A
  • consumers
  • borers
  • leaf rollers: roll and seal leaf with silk
  • leaf crumplers
  • leaf miners: feed between epidermal layers of leaf
  • shot-hole: feed on leaf bud
  • notchers: feed at edge of leaf
  • skeletonizers: eat everything but veins
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11
Q

phototoxemia:

A

insects with p&s mouthparts can release toxins that cause symptoms of a viral disease

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12
Q

vector =

A

insect that carries pathogen

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13
Q

pathogen =

A

disease causing organism

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14
Q

disease =

A

interaction of pathogen and plant

  • causes symptoms
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15
Q

2 methods of pathogen transmission

A

1- mechanical transmission / non-persistant

2- biological transmission / persistant transmission / circulatory transmission (goes from generation to generation)

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16
Q

plant defenses

A
  • prevent insect from feeding on it

OR

  • prevent insect from ovipositing
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17
Q

morphological defenses

A
  • remote factors
  • close-up factors
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18
Q
  • defenses that come into play before insect comes into contact with plant
A

remote factors

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19
Q

defenses that come into play when insect is in contact with plant

A

close-up factors

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20
Q

close up factors:

A
  • trichomes
  • waxes
  • thickened cell walls
  • hard substances
  • wound responses
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21
Q

trichomes:

A

hairs on a plant

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22
Q

2 kinds of trichomes:

A
  • densly packed, stiff hairs (mouthparts can’t reach)
  • glandular (if broken, chem is released)
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23
Q

chemical defenses (list)

A
  • alkaloids
  • terpenoids
  • phenolics
  • proteinase inhibitors
  • IGR’s (insect growth regulators)
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24
Q

chemical defense that is highly toxic and/or anti-feedant

A

alkaloids

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25
Q

chemical defense that is usualy a strong anti-feedant OR disrupt reproductive physiology

A
  • terpenoids
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26
Q

chemical defense that is a strong anti-feedant

(ex. tanins in oaks)

A
  • phenolics
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27
Q

chemical defense that if insect eats plant, no proteins can be digested

A
  • proteinase inhibitors
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28
Q

chemical defense that forces early pupa stage or molting

A

insect growth regulators (IGR’s)

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29
Q

force adult molting leading to “monsters”

A

phytoecdysteroids

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30
Q

pupulation curves are ____

A

dynamic (fluctuate thru time)

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31
Q

factors that cause population curve fluctuation:

A
  • abiotic factors
  • biotic factors
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32
Q

abiotic factors

A
  • temerature
  • humid conditions
  • rainfall
  • soil parameters
  • UV-light
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33
Q

biotic factors:

A
  • predation
  • competition
  • number of generations
  • number of eggs
  • behavioral attributes
  • dispersal
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34
Q

any insect that competes directly or indirectly with many that causes economic, medical, or nusiance problems

A

PEST

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35
Q

the use of all available control measures to SUPRESS a pest pupulation so taht it does not reach the economic injury level

A

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

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36
Q

Control Tactics

A
  • regulatory
  • genetic
  • host plant resistance
  • cultural
  • biological
  • chemical
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37
Q

area of non-preference

A

insects do not lay eggs on plant

38
Q

to insect’s biochemistry and physiology leading to death

A

antibiosis

39
Q

can withstand high populations of a pest and plant can recover from pest

A

tolerance

40
Q

introduce a new predator, parasite, or pathogen into an area they did not exist

A

introduction

41
Q

release into an area they already exist

A

augmentation

42
Q

any activity that can protect and maintain high populations of beneficial insects

A

conservation

43
Q

most used control tacti

A

chemical control

44
Q

control that interferes with physiological or biochemical processes of insect

A

chemical control

45
Q

groups of insecticides

A
  • botanic
  • inorganic
  • horticultural oils
  • chlorinated hydrocarbons
  • carbanimates
  • organophosphates
  • pyrethroides
  • insect growth regulators
46
Q

insecticides from carbamic acid

A

carbanimates

47
Q

insecticides from phosphoric acid

A

organophosphates

48
Q

analogs of the chemicals found in pyrethrum

A

pyrethroides

49
Q

how an insecticide gets into an insect

A

route of entry

50
Q

how an insecticide acts on an insect

A

mode of action

51
Q

routes of entry

A

trachial system

contact

through midgut

52
Q

most common route of entry

A

midgut

53
Q

modes of action

A
  • physicals
  • protoplasmic
  • metabolic inhibitors
  • nervous system
54
Q

measure of how toxic an insectivide is

A

toxicity

55
Q

LD50

A

lethal dosage that kills 50% of the experimental animals

56
Q

LC

A

lethal concentration that kills 50% of the experimental animals

57
Q

what affects toxicity

A

route of entry

formulation

bioavailability

residual life

58
Q

how long an insecticide maintains killing ability after spraying is…

A

residual life

59
Q

main problem with insecticide use is…

A

insecticide resistance

60
Q

ability to recover from insecticide application

A

insecticide resistance

61
Q

the genetic component of insecticide resistance

A

it is inherited: passed from one generation to the next

62
Q

once an insect is resistant to one insecticide…

A

time to become resistant to the next one will be shorter

63
Q

different kinds of insecticide resistance:

A

structural resistance

behavioral resistance

receptor site non-sensitivity

metabolic resistance

64
Q

resistance where insects have thicker cuticles and or larger mid-gut cells

A

structural resistance

65
Q

resistance where insect will avoid areas sprayed with insecticides

A

behavioral resistance

66
Q

resistance where molecular structure of entry site has been changed (new lock and key mechanism)

A

receptor site nonsensitivity

67
Q

resistance where insects produce more detoxifying enzymes

A

metabolic resistance

68
Q

things taht will affect rate of resistance

A

genetic parameters/factors

biological or ecological factors

operational factors

69
Q

genetic factors of resistance

A
  • number and dominance of genes involved
  • past selection of insecticides
70
Q

biological factors of resistance

A
  • number of generations/year
  • number of offspring/generation
  • type of reproduction
  • feeding type
  • dispersal patterns
71
Q

operational factors of resistance

A
  • chemical nature of insecticides
  • how long does residue persist
  • formulation
  • application method
72
Q

irreversible toxicity

A

chronic toxicity

73
Q

reversible toxicity

A

acute toxicity

74
Q

symptoms of acute toxicity

A

blurred vision

headache

abdominal cramping

loss of balance

vomitting

75
Q

antidotes to acute toxicity

A

atropine

cholopam

76
Q

what affects toxicity in humans

A
  • route of entry (epidermal, digestive, respiratory)
  • type and concentration of insecticide
  • formulation
  • individual metabolism
  • pathological state
  • smoker?
  • age & weight
  • daily condition
77
Q

pre-bloom

A

before flower buds

78
Q

pre-emergence

A

before plant comes up or insect comes out

79
Q

post emergence

A

after plant comes up or insect comes out

80
Q

formulations

A

bait

dust

emulsifiable concentrate

fumigant

granular

wetable powder

81
Q

formulation with organic carrier, edible substance, and active ingredient

A

bait

82
Q

formulation with active ingredient on a very fine, inert carrier

A

dust

83
Q

forumlation with a petroleum solvent, emulsifier, and active ingredient

A

emulsifiable concentrate

84
Q

formulation with high drift hazaard, requiring no air movement

A

dust

85
Q

most common solvent in emulsifiable concentrate

A

jet fuel

86
Q

3 levels with water formulation in emulsifiable concentrate

A
  • dissolved= best
  • mixed
  • suspended= worst
87
Q

formulation in the form of a gas

A

fumigant

88
Q

forumulation that is same as a dust, only bigger

A

granular

89
Q

formulation with a fine active ingredient, and a wetting agent that allows it to be suspended in water

A

wettable powder

90
Q

considerations for formulation

A
  • must get to insect
  • persistance: how long killing power lasts
  • toxicity
  • compatibility: with fertilizers, herbicides, etc…
  • synergism
  • coverage
  • environmental and health hazards
91
Q
A

Ornamental & Turf Insects (4 decks)

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