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Ornamental & Turf Insects > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Kingdom

A

Animalia

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2
Q

Phylum

A

Arthropoda

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3
Q

Class

A

Arachnida

Crustacea

Diplopoda

Chilopoda

Insecta

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4
Q

Arthropod

(latin translation)

A

joint appendages

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5
Q

all arthropods have…

A

exoskeleton of cuticle

tubular digestive system

ventral nervous system

dorsal circulatory system

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6
Q

Arachnida

A

2 body regions

4 pairs of legs

chilicera(e) mouth parts

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7
Q

Crustacea

A

3 body regions

5+ pairs of legs

1 pair of compound eyes

2 pairs antennae

mandible mouth parts

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8
Q

diplopoda

A

(milipedes)

multi-segmented

2 pairs of legs / segment

1 pair of compound eyes

1 pair antenna

mandible mouth parts

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9
Q

chilopoda

A

(centipedes)

multiple body segments

1 pair of legs / segment

1 pair of compound eyes

1 pair antenna

mandible mouth parts

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10
Q

Insecta

A

3 body regions

3 pairs of legs

1 pair of compound eyes

1 pair antenna

mandible mouth parts

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11
Q

of orders known in 2012

A

27-31

8 economically important

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12
Q

Orthoptera examples

A

grasshoppers, crickets, etc

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13
Q

Orthoptera

(characteristics)

A
  • chewing mouth parts
  • 2 pairs of wings:
       1st thickened & leathery

    2nd membranous to fly
  • incomplete metamorphosis
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14
Q

thickened and leathery pair of wings

A

tegmon / tegmina

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15
Q

homoptera examples

A

aphids, scales, white flies, leaf hoppers, plant hoppers

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16
Q

Homoptera

(characterists)

A
  • 2 pairs membranous wings (colors vary)
  • peircing and sucking mouth parts that arise from back of head
  • incomplete metamorphosis
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17
Q

Hemiptera examples

A

True Bugs

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18
Q

Hemiptera

(characterists)

A
  • peircing and sucking mouth parts that arise from front of head
  • 2 pairs wings1st- basal half is hardened, apical membranous
    2nd- membranous
  • incomplete metamorphosis
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19
Q

Hemi-elytron(a)

A

Wing with hardened basal half and membranous apical half

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20
Q

Thysanoptera example

A

thrips

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21
Q

Thysanoptera

(characteristics)

A
  • (g)rasping and sucking mouth parts
  • 2 pairs of long, narrow membranous wings with a fringe
  • incomplete metamorphasis
  • pests on ornamentals
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22
Q

Diptera example

A

true flies

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23
Q

Diptera

(characteristics)

A
  • mouth parts are variable
  • 1 pair membranous wings
  • complete metamorphasis
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24
Q

Hymenoptera example

A

ants, bees, sawflies, wasps

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25
Q

Hymenoptera

(characteristics)

A
  • variable chewing mouth parts
  • 2 pairs membranous wings (1st larger than the 2nd)
  • complete metamorphasis
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26
Q

Coleoptera

(characteristics)

A
  • chewing mouth parts
  • wings:1st pair: hardened, no veins, meet down midline of back
    2nd pair: membranous
  • complete metamorphasis
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27
Q

Lepidoptera example

A

butterflies, skippers, moths

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28
Q

Lepidoptera

(characteristics)

A
  • syphoning mouth parts
  • 2 pairs membranous wings that are partially or fully scaled
  • complete metamorphasis
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29
Q

Wing Veins (front to back)

A

Costa

Subcosta

Radial (R1, R2, R3)

Medial

Cubital

Anal

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30
Q

Leg Parts

(from base to tip)

A

Coxa(e)

Trochanter(s)

Femur(a)

Tibia(s)

Tarsus(i)

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31
Q

These hold on to a piece of plant tissue

A

Labrum (upper flap)

Labium (lower flap)

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32
Q

Mouth parts for cutting and grinding

A

mandibles

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33
Q

Mouthpart used to manipulate plant tissue

A

Maxilla(e)

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34
Q

Mouthpart used to determine food sources

A

palps

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35
Q

repeating units within a compound eye

A

ommatidium

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36
Q

photoperiod

A

the ration of light : dark

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37
Q

ocellus

A

used to determine photoperiods

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38
Q

antenna types

A

Filiform

Clavate

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39
Q

thread-like antenna

A

filiform

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40
Q

clubbed antenna

A

clavate

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41
Q

modifications to mouth parts

A
  • peircing and sucking
  • sponging (flies)
  • lapping (bees)
  • siphoning (lepidoptera)
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42
Q

3 sections of the thorax

A
  • prothorax
  • mesothorax
  • metathorax
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43
Q

2 pairs of wings can be located on…

A

mesothorax or metathorax

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44
Q

legs are intended for walking but can be modified for…

A

running

jumping

digging

hearing

clasping

swimming

45
Q

wings are intended for flight, but can be modified for…

A

protection

camo

sound production

air conditioning w/ bees

46
Q

hearing organ

47
Q

opening to the respiratory system

48
Q

dorsal surface of the abdomen

A

turgum or turgite

49
Q

ventral surface of the abdomen

A

sternum or sternite

50
Q

sides of the abdomen

A

pleuron or pleurite

51
Q

insect reproductive system is considered to be a…

A

lock and key system

52
Q

most of the abdomen is used for…

A

reproductive organs

53
Q

strongest and most flexible material in nature

54
Q

layer of cuticle that :

  prevents water loss

 is constantly being produced
A

epicuticle

55
Q

layer of cuticle that is chemically hardened

A

exocuticle

56
Q

molting is controlled by…

A

hormones: alpha and beta ecdysone

57
Q

main stages of molting

A

1- apolysis

2- ecdysis

3- hardening

58
Q

stage of molting where old cuticle separates from epidermal cells

59
Q

stage of molting when old cuticle is shed

60
Q

stage of molting where new epicuticle begins to harden

61
Q

Cuticle also serves for…

A
  • muscle attachment
  • preventing entry of pathogens
  • preventing entry of pesticides
  • pigment storage
62
Q

egg -> nymph I -> nymph II -> nymph III -> nymph IV -> adult

A

incomplete metamorphosis

63
Q

gradual change in size and appearance

A

incomplete metamorphosis

64
Q

egg -> larva I -> larva II -> larva III -> larva IV -> larva V -> larva VI -> pupa -> adult

A

complete metamorphosis

65
Q

stage of complete metamorphosis where ALL organ systems are broken down

66
Q

term for when adult is ready to emerge from pupa stage

67
Q

nymphs and adults compete for food in…

A

incomplete metamorphosis

68
Q

there is no competition between juveniles and adults for food in…

A

complete metamorphosis

69
Q

hormone that maintains stages of metamorphosis

A

juvenile hormone

70
Q

acts as a cushion for internal organs

71
Q

parts of the fat body

A

trophocyte

detox cells

mycetocyte

72
Q

food cell in fat body that stores extra products from digestion

A

trophocyte

73
Q

the #1 site for detoxification of environmental chemicals in an insect

A

detox cell in fat body

74
Q

rod shaped bacteria within a cell that pruduces essential amino acids in excess and has a mutualistic relationship with the insect

A

mycetocyte

75
Q

circulatory system

A

dorsal vessel

76
Q

dorsal vessel characteristics

A
  • open at both ends
  • composed of muscle cells that contract in a wave from tail to head
  • this creates a vacuum that pulls in body fluid and makes a current
77
Q

body fluid

78
Q

hemolymph is composed of

A

cellular and non-cellular portions

cellular = hemocytes (12-15 different types)

non-cellular = water, amino acids, proteins, etc…

79
Q

functions of hemolymph

A
  • carry nutrients to tissues and organs
  • carry hormones (molting)
  • hydrolic fluid for insects with long appendages
  • heat transfer
80
Q

functions of hemocyte

A
  • wound healing: fills cracks in cuticle
  • phagocytosis: surround pathogen and kill with enzymes
  • encapsulation: surround stores and stay there to prevent sporilation
81
Q

2 site for detoxification

82
Q

_____ always kills the host

______ don’t

A

parasitoids always kill

parasites do not

83
Q

3 main sites for detoxification

A

1- fat body

2- circulatory system

3- mid-gut

84
Q

the chemical breakdown of food to components that can be absorbed into the body

85
Q

functions of the foregut

A

prepare food for digestion

cuticular teeth at back of gut break down food

86
Q

membrane at the opening of the mid-gut that expands with food

A

peritrophic membrane

87
Q

peritrophic membrane functions

A

1- prevents damage to midgut cells

2- ADSORBS environmental chemicals

88
Q

hind gut functions mainly for

A

water intake/reabsorption

89
Q

cells in hind-gut that function for water intake

A

rectalpapilla(e) / rectal pads

90
Q

reproduction method where females give rise to females

A

parthenogenesis

91
Q

fertilized egg gives rise to 4, 6, or 8 larva

A

polyembromy

92
Q

to give birth to live young

93
Q

accessory gland functions

A

Male: seminal fluid and some or all sex pheremones

female: produce lubricant for duct system and some or all sex pheremones

94
Q

bag of seminal fluid

A

spermatophore

95
Q

hormone use in ovaries to open and close egg membranes

A

juvenile hormone

96
Q

basic unit of the nervous system

97
Q

most neurons are…

98
Q

neuron with 1 axon

99
Q

neuron with 3 or more axons

100
Q

gap between axons of neurons

101
Q

complementary enzyme that gets rid of excess chemicals in synapse

A

acetycholinesterase

102
Q

major transmitter in nervous system

A

acetocholine

103
Q

most insecticides work on the insect’s…

A

nervous system

104
Q

insecticides that work on the nervous system do so in 4 ways…

A

1- blocks ability of dendrite to pick up a stimulus

2- pre-synaptic

3- post-synaptic

4- inhibit broduction of complementary enzyme for neurotransmitter

105
Q

hormone system that is closely related to the nervous system

A

endocrine system

106
Q

2 major areas of hormone production

(new insecticides act on these glands)

A

1- corpora allata

2- corpora cardica

107
Q

pre-synaptic pesticides…

A

inhibit neurotransmitter release

108
Q

post-synaptic insecticides…

A

inhibit neurotransmitter reception

109
Q

controls ALL hormones in insects

Ornamental & Turf Insects (4 decks)

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