Test 2 Flashcards
What does biological explanation say ?
- the physical and biological differences male and females create differences in personality characteristics and abilities and create different social roles for females and males
- these characteristics that have been developed overtime and have been inherited over the course of evolution
- gender inequality is unintentional
what’s “sex” ?
refers to the biological sex ( male, female, intersex )
what’s “gender” ?
- refers to earned behaviour ( masculinity and femininity )
all the behaviours that goes along with that as well
what is the physiological approach ?
1 ) gender is learned
2 ) gender differences, roles, and inequality are created not by biological factors but through the different socialization that males and females receive and react to as they are growing up
3 ) a cultures expectations regarding the appropriate behaviour for male and females as well as appropriate ways of thinking are transmitted through socialization
4 ) by treating, bringing them up, reacting to female and males differently parents create gender differences
5 ) inequality comes a lot because the characteristics associated with each gender and each ender roles are nit equally viewed in most societies
for the physiological approach what was the evidence behind the stamens that gender is learned ?
- different cultures have different definitions of masculinity and femininity
- the actual characteristics used to define gender vary between cultures and overtime within any given culture
- gender roles vary from culture to culture nd within any given culture can change rapidly
what is socialization ?
the process by which society’s values and norms ( including those pertaining to gender ) are taught and learned
1) can be conscious : expectations reinforced with explicit rewards and punishments
2) can be subtle and unconscious : expectations relayed implicitly through ( for example children’s clothing , room decorations and toys )
what are the two assumptions underlying physiological theories ?
1) males and females will not automatically turn into masculine and feminine individuals but must be taught their cultures definitions
2) the events and experiences of early childhood have a significant effect on the type of person we become
what are parental behaviours and what are the outcomes
1 )
parent : fathers encourage more visual, fine-motor and locomotor exploration with sons than with
daughters.
behavior :sons become more independent than daughters.
2)
parent : parents speak more to daughters about feelings and emotions than to sons.
behaviour : girls use more emotion words than boys.
3 )
parent : mothers speak to their sons more explicitly, teach and question them more, and use more numbers and action verbs than when speaking to daughters
Behaviour : boys get more of the verbal stimulation that promotes cognitive development than girls do.
clothing terms of boys and girls
- informs others of the sex of the child ( makes it so that the child is treated along the gender stereotypes )
- creations types of clothing encourage or discourage particular behaviours and activities ( girls in dressed discourage rough play ) ( boys clothing does not impeded their movement )
gender in terms of toys
- boys and girls receive training for separate and unequal roles as adults
- boy and girls develop different traits, abilities and ways of interacting
- boys and girls develops different cognitive and social skills.
- by age 2, children show a preference for gender stereotyped toys.
elementary school in terms of boys and girls
- boys receive more teacher attention and instructional time than girls do.
- teachers pose more academic challenges to boys than to girls, encouraging boys to think through their answers.
- boys are subject to more disciplinary action, and their punishments are harsher and more public than those than for girls.
- teachers often separate girls and boys – in lines, in the classroom, and for teams, and give them different chores.
highschool in terms of boys and girls
- boys gain prestige and popularity through athletic achievement, while for girls their chief source of prestige and popularity is having a boyfriend.
- girls’ sports programs are often underfunded compared to boys’ programs.
- teachers are friendlier and more encouraging to male students than to female students, and publicly praise boys’ scholastic achievement more than girls’.
- Counselors tend to channel male and female students into different (i.e., gender stereotyped) fields, and tend to steer female students away from math and science courses.
What is turners syndrome ?
sex chromosome : XO
Born with : female external organs
- lacks normal female internal sexual organs
At puberty : lacks pubertal developpment
- given estrogens may result in menstruation, promotes the development of breast and hair
All female identity
androgen insensitivity syndrome
Born with: female external genitals, some male internal organs , a short vagina does not lead to a cervix or uterus ( testes may be present )
At puberty:
because of small amount of estrogen secreted by testes and adrenal glands:
- develop breasts, hips, subcutaneous body fat.
- no menstruation (no uterus, Fallopian tubes, or ovaries)
- body hair slight
- testes are secreting testosterone in normal quantities for a male, but the bodies of XY AIS individuals are unable to use it
All identity is female
what is kleinfelter’s syndrome
sex chromosome : XXY
Born with normal looking male external genitials and male internal reproductive organs
At puberty : testes shrink, breast develop, body hair light and voice deepens
All identity as a male
what is XXY
born with normal looking male genital and grow to be unusally tall
what is AGS XX
1 ) some born with male external genitals
- everything male
2 ) some born with subsided male external genitals
- everything male
3 ) some born with female external genitals
- everything female
what is intersexe
born with both ovarian and testicular tissue internally
- ambiguous external genitals
- usually recognized at birth at birth intersexe
raised as either male or female
gender identity : develop the corresponding gender identity
what is transexual ?
a) born with : female sex chromosomes
- female internal and external reproductive organs
raised : as female
gender identity : masculine
Gender role : male gender role
b) born with male sex chromosomes ( XY )
- male sex chromosomes
- male internal and external reproductive organs
Raised: as male
gender identity : feminine
gender role : wants to assume or male gender role
what does challenges biological determinism state ?
which states that each biological sex will automatically assume the corresponding gender identity and gender role ( transexuals do not )
challenging psychosocial theories
a) would have been raised as a female so should have female gender identity and assume gender role but does not
b) would have been raised as a male should have a male gender identity and assume masculine role does not
what is transgenderism ?
- emerged as a cultural ad academic concept in 1990s
- includes a continuum of options
from those who go through sex reassignment surgery
TO
those who live their lives androgynously with social characteristics of both genders and both gender roles
what is transgender ?
a) person who lives as the opposite gender to the one they were born as
b) intersexe
what is Pocket culture
country : Kenya
third sex category : Sererr
what is a sererr ?
- pokot children who are born intersexe
- not well regarded ; mot respected
- some are killed at birth
- those that are allowed to live are marginalized by the rest society
