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humanities > handouts 1-9 > Flashcards

handouts 1-9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is gender equality ?

A
  • system of behaviours, attitudes and rights that support the autonomy of both women and men.
  • women and men have different economic, social and political roles, but the valuation and rewards given to them are roughly the same.

-In such systems all the people have access to equal rights, prestiges, the ability to make designs for themselves and others, and autonomy in their own households and communities.

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2
Q

what is gender inequality ?

A

refers to the denial of autonomy and equal rights to one group of people based on their gender.

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3
Q

what were the gender studies in the early 1970s ?

A
  • influenced by women’s rights movement
  • topics studies were :
    - gender roles
    - gender identity
    - gender inequality
    - gender equality/ inequality
  • development of theories that explain above
  • gender stereotypes
  • sexual devision of labour
  • definitions of masculinity and femininity
  • gender diversity
  • historical variation and cross-cultural variation in all of the above
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4
Q

what was the women’s rights movement in the mid 1960s ?

A
  • originally called the “women’s liberation movement”
  • today know as “ the feminist
  • Movement also know as the second wave of feminism
  • first wave was in in the early 1800s to about mid 1920
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5
Q

what were the 3 influence on the women’s rights movement in the 1960s ? describe them.

A

1 ) Betty Friedans book of feminine mystique
- describes women’s struggles ( their lives as mother and wife, social pressures, etc. )

2) The new left movement/ the radical movement
- general term for all kinds of movements ( civil rights movement, the anti-Vietnam war movement etc . )

3 ) More women in the universities and in the workforce by the mid 1960s.
- int he workforce they were sexually harassed , low pay, no advancement
- these experiences

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6
Q

what was the seconds influence on the second wave of feminism ?

A

1 ) success of the civil rights movement ( passed in 1964 ) was in inspiring to women

2 ) women who experienced sexism left those organizations to go into new ones to fight for women’s rights

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7
Q

what was the effect of the women’s rights movement by 66 and 67 ?

A
  • brought new perspective through society
  • academic disciplines were accused of being endocentric ( male centred )
  • by the early 70s it was extended into the academic field
  • the field of gender studies developed
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8
Q

What are the 4 field of anthropology ?

A

1) physical anthropology
2 ) archaeology
3 ) anthropological linguistics
4 ) cultural anthropology

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9
Q

what are the sub fields of physical anthropology and a quick description ?

A

1 ) palaeontology
- studies of fossils of the early human species

2 ) primatology
- studies the biology and the social life of monkeys, apes and other primates

3 ) Population genetics
- studies hereditary differences in human populations

4 ) Forensic Anthropology
- experts in identifying human skeletal remains ( works on murders sites, accident sits etc )

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10
Q

what is archaeology and what are the sub fields of and a quick description ?

A

studies the material remains of early human civilization to try and reconstruct the cultures of the past

subfields :
1) prehistoric archeology
- study of cultures before the development of writing
2 ) historic archaeology

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11
Q

what is cultural anthropology ?

A
  • studies of cultural features
  • most of them conduct there study using the research technique of participants observation and produce written texts called ethnographies
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12
Q

What is participation observation ?

A
  • a period of 1-2 years of observation
  • they “mimic” the live of what their observing
    objective : understand and describe the world of the culture their observing
    benefit : gives a deeper understanding compared to other research levels
  • the written description along with this observation : enthnography
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13
Q

what are the 3 perspectives of anthropology ?

A

1 ) holism
2 ) comparativisme
3 ) relativism

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14
Q

what is holism ?

A
  • perspective that examines and understands and includes all the factors that could be having an impact on the particular topic under investigation
  • ## everything is studied equally
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15
Q

what is comparativism ?

A
  • stresses the importance to collect info from all cultures before generalizing
    Ex
    male dominance is a natural feature in human life ( all cultures )
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16
Q

What Is relativism ?

A
  • do not impose your own cultural values on the culture your studying
  • do no make judgements
  • views the beliefs within the context of their culture
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17
Q

what are the problems of cultural relativism ?

A

cultural realism rests on faulty argument

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18
Q

what is faulty argument? why is it that ? what the premise and conclusion?

A

premise : diff cultures have diff customs and beliefs
conclusion : there is no objective truth to beliefs and traditions
faulty argument bc : just bc 2 ppl or 2 cultures disagree or do things differently does not mean they are both right or wrong

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19
Q

what is absolute cultural relativism ?

A

anything that is acceptable in any one culture must be viewed as acceptable by an outsider seeking to understand the practice and culture

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20
Q

what is critical cultural relativism ?

A

still allows us to approach other cultures with an open mind but allows us to still observe the culture from our own standpoint

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21
Q

what is androcentrism ?

A

Androcentrism is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing a masculine point of view at the center of one’s world view, culture, and history

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22
Q

what were the differences between women and men ( activity, speech and family and kinship studies in the research articles and ethnographies ?

A

women’s activities : described household work, chores
mens activities : describes as work and economic activities
women’s speech : described as gossip
male speech : describes as social communication and meeting
family and kinship : were carried out and written from male-centred perspective

23
Q

what are some causes of androcentrism ?

A
  • most fieldworker are male
  • most anthropologist only did there research talking to males
  • many thought men were the only ones who held power
  • the males perspective was representing their whole culture
24
Q

what was the traditional theory of bipedalism

A

early pre- human males needed to be able to stand on two feet to see over the tall Savanah grasses

25
Q

what is ehrenbergs alternate theory on bidepedalism ?

A

with loss of body hair infants were no longer to cling to there mother ( females needed to carry children ( they could do that walking on 4 feet )

26
Q

traditional theory of the development of tools ?

A
  • tool making developed with hunting ( only males hunted therefore they made the earliest tools
27
Q

what is ehrenbergs alternate theory on development of tools ?

A
  • first tools were probably made out of organic matter and have decomposed
  • probably made for gathering food
  • first tools were probably a basket or sling made and used by females to carry infants and food
28
Q

what is biological determinism ?

A

the belief that your physical traits determine the persons behaviours, cultures, intellectual capacity etc.
- cultures and races were ranked into a series of evolutionary stages

29
Q

biological determinism regarding the link between race and culture would say…

A

the racial characteristics of a group of people determine the content and level of their culture

30
Q

what is some evidence that goes against biological determinism regarding the link between race and culture

A

a ) far more cultural variation than racial

b ) there is cultural variation within any race

c ) can find racial variation within cultures

d ) culture changes much faster than racial traits

e ) people of any race can learn any culture

f ) people of any race can change culture

31
Q

biological determinism as applied to the link between sex and gender roles would say …

A

the sex of a group of people determine their gender characteristics and gender roles ( feeling, abilities etc. )

32
Q

evidence against biological determinism as applied to the link between sex and gender roles ?

A

a ) biology is the same through the world but variation in gender characteristic, roles etc. vary

b ) gender roles and relations change must faster than the physical traits of males and females

c ) people tend to take on gender characteristics and the content of there gender role

d ) people tend to take on gender characteristics and roles of their culture they were raised in

e ) wishing every culture not all males and females are the same

33
Q

what is sociobiology ?

A

a biologically deterministic evolutionary approach to explaining gender differences and gender roles which developed starting in the 1960’s.

34
Q

why are different strategies needed ?

A
  • meals eggs are much larger than males sperm ( more emery for eggs production )
  • females have a greater investment in the pregnancy so if the fetus dies it will be harder on the female
  • sociobiologist believe all the differences between males and females stem from the different of the size of stem and eggs and energy it takes to produce the,
35
Q

what are the best strategies to optimize the chances of passing on ones genes ?

A

for males : impregnate as many females
for females : do whatever it takes to ensure fetus survives ( use up al your pregnancies basically )
- get males to help raise the kids ( play hard to get )

36
Q

what are the benefits making a male raise the children with the female ?

A

eleminates males who want sex without commitment
also benefit for males : most likely for the child to be his

37
Q

Critique of the strategies ?

A
  • coy females are not the norm in all cultures
  • in many cultures there are arranged marriages
  • there is no clear proof that Its take more energy to produce eggs since were born w them
38
Q

what are the 4 evolutionary biological theories to explain male dominance ?

A

1 ) male strength hypothesis
2 ) male bonding hypothesis
3 ) male aggression hypothesis
4 ) women’s childbearing hypothesis

39
Q

what is dominance ?

A

being leaders, providers, protectors, being sexually aggressive, choosing sexual partners or most dominant males being chosen as sexual partners

40
Q

what are some assumptions underlying the 3 Hypothesis ?

A

1 ) male dominance is universal ( past n present )

2 ) because men and women are physically different they have diff emotional and intellectual abilities ( making the men and women sutible for different roles )

3) we can learn a lot about the behaviour and evolution of our earliest ancestors by studying the behaviour and gender roles of non human primates

41
Q

what is the male strength hypothesis ?

A

argues that men are physically stronger than women and that gives them superiority
- males are usually larger, have stronger muscles, pelvis better adapted for sprinting, larger hearts and lungs etc than women

42
Q

evidence against the male strength hypothesis ?

A
  • support for this hypothesis is mainly based off of baboons
  • no consistent pattern of dimorphism
  • among humans women do a lot of heavy work like carrying water, children etc.
43
Q

what is the male bonding hypothesis ?

A

emphasis the greater ability of men to form social bonds among themselves
- believe that the genetic code in men is what gives them the thing to be able to bond which is what gives them power

44
Q

Evidence against the male bonding hypothesis ?

A
  • the capability for men to hunt prob occurred late in human history
  • before men were hunting groups were already formed in society
  • in these early society these groups were probably mother and children ( females always have friendships unlike males )
45
Q

male aggression hypothesis ?

A

males are more agrresive than females that’s what gives them there dominance
- greater aggression linked to the levels of male hormones
- was adapted as a defense among both Humana and nonhuman primates

46
Q

evidence against the male aggression hypothesis

A

theory that ignore the variation of behaviours between sexes
- not all species have agressive males or males that act like protectors
- research has show there is not connection between castration and aggression
- there is a variation in levels of violence in all cultures
- males demonstrate more aggression towards other males than other females

47
Q

what is women’s childbearing hypothesis and childcare compatibility hypothesis ?

A
  • women not involved in cooperative activity in the non domestic sphere bc of there childbearing capacity
  • pregnant and childcare :

going far from home
doing strenuous work
doing any work that takes them away from their children

women can only of what is compatible with having and taking care of children

  • women posses a material instinct ( men lack that nature )
  • bc women take care of the kids men have to provide the food and protect
48
Q

evidence against women’s childbearing hypothesis and childcare compatibility hypothesis ?

A
  • couples of case where women do much heavier work than men
  • older relatives can look after the children
  • not every women have children or are always pregnant
  • there are cultures where women hunt and fish
  • in some cultures men are seen as excellent “mothers’
49
Q

what would biological determinism say ?

A

that males and females perform differently on measure of intelligence and mental capabilities due to the biological diff between them

50
Q

examples of bio difference ?

A

1 ) diff between males and females in structures in the brain
2 ) brain materialization ( difference between men and women in the use of various parts of the brain )
3 ) difference between men and women in levels of sex hormones

51
Q

brain materialization in terms of men and women ?

A

women are less materialized
- they have verbal and spatial abilities spread more evenly throughout the brain

Men have strong lateralization
- verbal ability in left hemisphere and spatial ability in right hemisphere

( left is verbal and right is spatial skills )

52
Q

what would biological determinism say ?

A

performance differences between males and females on measures of intellegnce and mental abilities
- are common
- tend not to change over time
- do not vary from culture to culture
- do not disappear with training and experience
- are not influenced by psychosocial and environmental factors

53
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54
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humanities (4 decks)

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