test 2 Flashcards
inside of earth
magma
once a volcano erupts and it comes out
lava
what happens as lava cools
it makes an eruption and builds higher and higher
what are the two types of basaltic lava flows
Aa & Pahoehoe
a basaltic lava flow with a blocky texture and thick lava
Aa
a basaltic lava flow with a rope and fluid lava
Pahoehoe
can move up to 30 km/hr at the top, slows as it reaches the bottom to the point that you can walk on it; hotter at the top of volcano; cools toward bottom
basaltic lava flows
glowing cloud of pyroclastic debris
Nuee Ardent
mudflow of water mixed with tephra
Lahar
what determines the name of the pyroclastic debris
its size
what are the types of pyroclastic debris
tephra, nuee ardent, lahar
what is ash and lapilli
little stones
what is a fissure eruption
a crack in the surface of the earth
an opening exposed on the easrths where volcanic material is emitted
volcaninc vent
magma that has a high viscosity and high silica and gas content; eruption tends to be very explosive- this is usually associated with supervolcanoes like yellowstone
rhyolitic magma
huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain
caldera
an opening exposed on the earths surface where volcanic material is emitted
volcanic vent
magma that is a mix of basaltic and rhyolitic; eruption may or may not be explosive (usually dangerous though)
andesitic magma
the smallest type of tephra
volcanic ash and dust
largest volcano in the solar system and type
olympus mons- shield volcano on mars
locations where plumes of magma burn through the earths surface even though it is not on a plate boundary
hot spot volcanism
mt st helens is an example of this kind of volcanism
convergent volcanism
more viscous (thicker or stickier) lavas, much more explosive eruptions; tall with steep sides, these are the most common large cones
composite or stratovolcano
magma with the least amount of silica, rarely explosive eruption- the magma is the hottest and the runniest
basaltic magma
describes all the processes associated with the discharge of magma, hot water, and steam
volcanism
where plates separate, magma rises to fill gaps
divergent volcanism
types of volcanism that occurs due to subduction
convergent volcanism
hawaii is an example of this kind of volcanism
hot spot volcanism
bowl or circular shapes depression around the vent
volcanic crater
an underground pool that holds magma, below a volcano
magma chamber
gently sloping sides, quiet eruptions, magma is very runny (low viscosity)
shield volcano
a small volcano built primarily of pyroclastic material ejected from a single vent; they can occur anywhere
cinder cone
lava that is sharp when cool and crumbles into large jagged chunks
aa lava
bits of rock or solidified lava dropped from the air during an explosive volcanic eruption; ranges in size from volcanic ash to volcanic bombs and blocks
tephra
pebble like bits of magma that cool in the air
lapilli
a violent type of mudflow coming from the melted snow or glacier on the top of a volcano; it often kills many more people and animals than the eruption itself
lahar
ocean to continent convergence is usually associated with this type of magma
andestic
ocean plate hotspot volcanism or ocean to ocean convergence or ocean to ocean divergence is associated with this type of magma chamber
basaltic
continental plate hotspot volcanism is associated with this type of magma chamber
rhyolitic
widest of all volcanoes
shield volcano
ring of fire volcanic cone type
composite
crater formed after the collapse of an emptied magma chamber
caldera
built from nonexplosive eruptions and has gently sloping sides and a large base
shield volcano
composite volcano also known as
stratovolcano
a volcano built up of alternate layers of lava/ask with explosive eruptions
stratovolcano
ropey, basaltic lava flow
pahoehoe
rhyolitic magma is thick and sticky because
of high silica content; it forms from melted continental crust
low viscosity, high temps, and low silica
basaltic magma
three types of magma are
basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic
low viscosity magma is associated with
high temps, less trapped gas, and lower silica content
the viscosity of magma depends on
temp and silica levels
stratovolcanoes are associated with what type of plate boundary
convergent (subduction zone) O:C
shield volcanoes are associated with what type of plate boundary
convergent O:O or hot spot under oceanic plate
what is lapilli
bits of lava that hardens in the air, (pebbles)
ash, blocks, and bombs are pieces of
tephra
a mudflow composed of pyroclastic material and water
lahar
superheated gas and ash that speeds downhill from an eruption
nuee ardent
how many major eruptions has yellowstone caldera had over the years
3
what national park is actually a supervolcano
yellowstone
produces aa and pahoehoe lava
shield
what is magma
molten rock inside earth
what is lava
molten rock that flows onto the earths surface
second most explosive type of volcano, like dantes peak
composite/stratovolcano
volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries are associated with
hot spots
elements associated with basaltic magma are dense and dark. what are the 3 main elements in this type of magma
iron, magnesium, and calcium
elements associated with rhyolitic magma are light in color and low density. what do they have the highest percentage of
silicon and oxygen
equation for silicon dioxide; the higher the percentage of this, the thicker and more dangerous the magma
SIO2
which type of magma is in the middle, it still has violent eruptions, but not like super eruption
andesitic
dantes peak was loosley based on which volcanic eruption in the us
mount saint helens
5 parts that make a mineral
definite chemical composition, crystal pattern, solid, inorganic, naturally occuring
minerals form from
cooling of magma or lava, precipitation from water, recrystallization from other minerals
a scale ranking ten minerals from softed to hardest; used in testing the hardness of minerals
mohs hardness scale
the way a mineral reflects light from its surface
luster
shiny like glass
vitreous luster
shiny like metal
metallic luster
the color of a mineral in powdered form that is sometimes different from the color of the mineral
streak
the tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces and form regular shapes everytime it is broken
cleavage
minerals that dont form regular shapes when they break have
fracture
relationships between temperature and volume
direct (higher temp- higher vol; lower temp- lower volume)
charles law
v1/T1=V2/T2
force per unit
pressure
relationship between pressure and volume
inverse (more volume, less pressure)
boyles law
P1V1=P2V2
relationship between pressure and temperature
direct
gay lussacs law
P1/T1= P2/T2
located in the top left of the element box on periodic table
atomic number
number across the columns (periodic table)
group number
number across the rows
period
number of protons are equal to atomic number (T or F)
true
mass number - protons=
neutrons
charge is also called
oxidation number
group 1 has a charge of
+1
group 2 has a charge of
+2
group 13 has a charge of
+3
group 15 has a charge of
-3
group 16 has a charge of
-2
group 17 has a charge of
-1
group 18 has a charge of
0, has everything that they need
group 3-12 are transition metals so their charge
varies based off what it is paired with
group 14 has a charge of
+ or - 4
has 1 singular elememt
element
covalent bond
molecules
ionic bond
salts
have 2 or more different types of elements chemically bonded together
compounds
salt is made distinct by repeating the pattern
NaClNaClNaCl
molecule can be just the formula
H2O
Hydrogen
H+
Sodium
NaCl+
Potassium
K+
Lithium
Li+
Calcium
Ca+2
Magnesium
Mg+2
Barium
Ba+2
Aluminum
Al+3
Gallium
Ga+3
Chlorine
Cl-
Fluorine
F-
Bromine
Br-
Iodine
I-
oxygen
O-2
Sulfur
S -2
Nitrogen
N-3
Phosphorous
P-3
balanced positive and negative ions
empirical formulas
sodium and chlorine
NaCl
Calcium and Oxygen
CaO
Barium and Fluorine
BaF2
Aluminum and Oxygen
Al2O3
some atoms bond together to form something that behaves like a single ion
polyatomic ions
hydroxide
OH ^-
Carbonate
CO 3^-2
Nitrate
NO3 ^-
Sulfate
SO4 ^-2
phosphate
PO4 ^-3
Ammonium
NH4 ^+
what our bodies are made of
organic materials
smallest particle of elements
atoms
cannot be broken down into simpler form
element
group of bonded atoms that act as a unit
molecule
chemical combination of 2+ different elements
compound
atoms with differing number of nuetrons
isotope
electronically charged particles with uneven number of protons and electrons
ions
again, based on the film, what was the most Hollywood portion of the movie?
the magic vehicles,the dog that never dies, outrunning a pyroclastic flow
ratio of a minerals weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of water (its the density of a mineral)
specific gravity
what are the properties of minerals
hardness, luster, streak, heft, cleavage, color, fracture, magnetism
is ice a mineral
yes
which mineral property is not reliable
color
what color is a metallic mineral
gold, grey, or silver
what is a fissure eruptions
crack in the surface of the earth
what are the 5 types of volcanoes
stratovolcano, shield, cinder, caldera, lava dome
built up from alternating layers of lava and ash, often has many small craters on its slope, classic volcano shape, composite
stratovolcano
broad, shallow cone, layers of lava, fluid hot lava cools, slowly, bigger than a stratovolcano
shield
throws out lava and ash into the air, cone shaped piles of tephra
cinder cone
an older volcano with a large crater, can be 62 miles wide; in this crater, many little new craters are formed
calderas
forms inside of a previously erupted volcano
lava dome
what causes a quiet eruptions
if magma has low silica. Magma is thin and runny and flows easily
what causes a explosive eruption
gas is trapped within magma, pressure will build and magma will erupt explosively, increased silica, blocked vent
what is an explosive eruption called
violent eruption
what is a quiet eruption called
effusive eruption
what does silica do to a volcano
higher silica- explosive eruption
what does temperature do to a volcano
the colder the temperature; the higher the viscosity; high viscosity means explosive eruption
geological events that precede a volcano
earthquakes, hot ground, gas release, acid in water, landslides
gps, seismographs, seismometers, FLIR(thermal), tiltmeters and strainmeters, gas emissions
measurements to predict an eruption
loss of jobs, evacuation, houses and cars destroyed
sociological problems
deposits of rock fragments of pyroclastic debris
tephra
glowing cloud of pyroclastic debris
nuee ardent
mudflow of water mixed with tephra
lahar
what are the four types of bonds
covalent, ionic, metallic, hydrogen bonding
a bond which results in sharing electrons between 2 atoms- sharing electrons, strong bonds; CH4
covalent bonding
a bond which electrons move through metal lattice; moving of electrons throughout the metal; makes it a good conductor; malleable; Fe
metallic bonds
a bond in which hydrogen is attached to the other polar molecules; attraction between polar molecules; attraction between water molecules
hydrogen bonds
a bond resulting in the gain or loss of electrons; brittle bonds; NaCl
ionic bonding
ionic vs covalent
covalent is a stronger bond
Monoatomic ions
has exactly on atom
some atoms bond together to form something that behaves like a single ion
polyatomic ions
what happens to an element that has a negative charge
it gains a positive
what happens to an element that has a positive charge
it gains a negative
amount of space occupied by matter
volume
average kinetic energy of the molecules of a sample
temperature
what is increased gas in a violent eruption
usually water vapor
what does increased silica do in a violent eruptions
creates a net that traps gas
smallest particle of an element that retains the elements properties
atom
substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form
element
a group of bonded atoms which act as a unit
molecule
chemical combination of two different elements
compound
atoms with differing number of neutrons
isotope
Mass Number - Protons=
neutrons
number of electrons in the outer shell
valence electrons
K2Br
Potassium Bromide
FeS2
Iron (IV) Sulfide
PbS
lead (II) Sulfide
what are the subatomic particles?
electrons, neutrons, protons
how do you determine the number of protons in an atom
atomic number
protons and neutrons go where in an atom
inside the electron configuration
where do elements go in an atom
on the circles of electron configuration
Fe2O3
hematite
CaCO3
Calcite
PbS
Galena
FeS2
pyrite
SiO2
Quartz
KALSi3O8
orthoclase
