test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
inside of earth
A
magma
2
Q
once a volcano erupts and it comes out
A
lava
3
Q
what happens as lava cools
A
it makes an eruption and builds higher and higher
4
Q
what are the two types of basaltic lava flows
A
Aa & Pahoehoe
5
Q
a basaltic lava flow with a blocky texture and thick lava
A
Aa
6
Q
a basaltic lava flow with a rope and fluid lava
A
Pahoehoe
7
Q
can move up to 30 km/hr at the top, slows as it reaches the bottom to the point that you can walk on it; hotter at the top of volcano; cools toward bottom
A
basaltic lava flows
8
Q
glowing cloud of pyroclastic debris
A
Nuee Ardent
9
Q
mudflow of water mixed with tephra
A
Lahar
10
Q
what determines the name of the pyroclastic debris
A
its size
11
Q
what are the types of pyroclastic debris
A
tephra, nuee ardent, lahar
12
Q
what is ash and lapilli
A
little stones
13
Q
what is a fissure eruption
A
a crack in the surface of the earth
14
Q
an opening exposed on the easrths where volcanic material is emitted
A
volcaninc vent
15
Q
magma that has a high viscosity and high silica and gas content; eruption tends to be very explosive- this is usually associated with supervolcanoes like yellowstone
A
rhyolitic magma
16
Q
huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain
A
caldera
17
Q
an opening exposed on the earths surface where volcanic material is emitted
A
volcanic vent
18
Q
magma that is a mix of basaltic and rhyolitic; eruption may or may not be explosive (usually dangerous though)
A
andesitic magma
19
Q
the smallest type of tephra
A
volcanic ash and dust
20
Q
largest volcano in the solar system and type
A
olympus mons- shield volcano on mars
21
Q
locations where plumes of magma burn through the earths surface even though it is not on a plate boundary
A
hot spot volcanism
22
Q
mt st helens is an example of this kind of volcanism
A
convergent volcanism
23
Q
more viscous (thicker or stickier) lavas, much more explosive eruptions; tall with steep sides, these are the most common large cones
A
composite or stratovolcano
24
Q
magma with the least amount of silica, rarely explosive eruption- the magma is the hottest and the runniest
A
basaltic magma
25
describes all the processes associated with the discharge of magma, hot water, and steam
volcanism
26
where plates separate, magma rises to fill gaps
divergent volcanism
27
types of volcanism that occurs due to subduction
convergent volcanism
28
hawaii is an example of this kind of volcanism
hot spot volcanism
29
bowl or circular shapes depression around the vent
volcanic crater
30
an underground pool that holds magma, below a volcano
magma chamber
31
gently sloping sides, quiet eruptions, magma is very runny (low viscosity)
shield volcano
32
a small volcano built primarily of pyroclastic material ejected from a single vent; they can occur anywhere
cinder cone
33
lava that is sharp when cool and crumbles into large jagged chunks
aa lava
34
bits of rock or solidified lava dropped from the air during an explosive volcanic eruption; ranges in size from volcanic ash to volcanic bombs and blocks
tephra
35
pebble like bits of magma that cool in the air
lapilli
36
a violent type of mudflow coming from the melted snow or glacier on the top of a volcano; it often kills many more people and animals than the eruption itself
lahar
37
ocean to continent convergence is usually associated with this type of magma
andestic
38
ocean plate hotspot volcanism or ocean to ocean convergence or ocean to ocean divergence is associated with this type of magma chamber
basaltic
39
continental plate hotspot volcanism is associated with this type of magma chamber
rhyolitic
40
widest of all volcanoes
shield volcano
41
ring of fire volcanic cone type
composite
42
crater formed after the collapse of an emptied magma chamber
caldera
43
built from nonexplosive eruptions and has gently sloping sides and a large base
shield volcano
44
composite volcano also known as
stratovolcano
45
a volcano built up of alternate layers of lava/ask with explosive eruptions
stratovolcano
46
ropey, basaltic lava flow
pahoehoe
47
rhyolitic magma is thick and sticky because
of high silica content; it forms from melted continental crust
48
low viscosity, high temps, and low silica
basaltic magma
49
three types of magma are
basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic
50
low viscosity magma is associated with
high temps, less trapped gas, and lower silica content
51
the viscosity of magma depends on
temp and silica levels
52
stratovolcanoes are associated with what type of plate boundary
convergent (subduction zone) O:C
53
shield volcanoes are associated with what type of plate boundary
convergent O:O or hot spot under oceanic plate
54
what is lapilli
bits of lava that hardens in the air, (pebbles)
55
ash, blocks, and bombs are pieces of
tephra
56
a mudflow composed of pyroclastic material and water
lahar
57
superheated gas and ash that speeds downhill from an eruption
nuee ardent
58
how many major eruptions has yellowstone caldera had over the years
3
59
what national park is actually a supervolcano
yellowstone
60
produces aa and pahoehoe lava
shield
61
what is magma
molten rock inside earth
62
what is lava
molten rock that flows onto the earths surface
63
second most explosive type of volcano, like dantes peak
composite/stratovolcano
64
volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries are associated with
hot spots
65
elements associated with basaltic magma are dense and dark. what are the 3 main elements in this type of magma
iron, magnesium, and calcium
66
elements associated with rhyolitic magma are light in color and low density. what do they have the highest percentage of
silicon and oxygen
67
equation for silicon dioxide; the higher the percentage of this, the thicker and more dangerous the magma
SIO2
68
which type of magma is in the middle, it still has violent eruptions, but not like super eruption
andesitic
69
dantes peak was loosley based on which volcanic eruption in the us
mount saint helens
70
5 parts that make a mineral
definite chemical composition, crystal pattern, solid, inorganic, naturally occuring
71
minerals form from
cooling of magma or lava, precipitation from water, recrystallization from other minerals
72
a scale ranking ten minerals from softed to hardest; used in testing the hardness of minerals
mohs hardness scale
73
the way a mineral reflects light from its surface
luster
74
shiny like glass
vitreous luster
75
shiny like metal
metallic luster
76
the color of a mineral in powdered form that is sometimes different from the color of the mineral
streak
77
the tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces and form regular shapes everytime it is broken
cleavage
78
minerals that dont form regular shapes when they break have
fracture
79
relationships between temperature and volume
direct (higher temp- higher vol; lower temp- lower volume)
80
charles law
v1/T1=V2/T2
81
force per unit
pressure
82
relationship between pressure and volume
inverse (more volume, less pressure)
83
boyles law
P1V1=P2V2
84
relationship between pressure and temperature
direct
85
gay lussacs law
P1/T1= P2/T2
86
located in the top left of the element box on periodic table
atomic number
87
number across the columns (periodic table)
group number
88
number across the rows
period
89
number of protons are equal to atomic number (T or F)
true
90
mass number - protons=
neutrons
91
charge is also called
oxidation number
92
group 1 has a charge of
+1
93
group 2 has a charge of
+2
94
group 13 has a charge of
+3
95
group 15 has a charge of
-3
96
group 16 has a charge of
-2
97
group 17 has a charge of
-1
98
group 18 has a charge of
0, has everything that they need
99
group 3-12 are transition metals so their charge
varies based off what it is paired with
100
group 14 has a charge of
+ or - 4
101
has 1 singular elememt
element
102
covalent bond
molecules
103
ionic bond
salts
104
have 2 or more different types of elements chemically bonded together
compounds
105
salt is made distinct by repeating the pattern
NaClNaClNaCl
106
molecule can be just the formula
H2O
107
Hydrogen
H+
108
Sodium
NaCl+
109
Potassium
K+
110
Lithium
Li+
111
Calcium
Ca+2
112
Magnesium
Mg+2
113
Barium
Ba+2
114
Aluminum
Al+3
115
Gallium
Ga+3
116
Chlorine
Cl-
117
Fluorine
F-
118
Bromine
Br-
119
Iodine
I-
120
oxygen
O-2
121
Sulfur
S -2
122
Nitrogen
N-3
123
Phosphorous
P-3
124
balanced positive and negative ions
empirical formulas
125
sodium and chlorine
NaCl
126
Calcium and Oxygen
CaO
127
Barium and Fluorine
BaF2
128
Aluminum and Oxygen
Al2O3
129
some atoms bond together to form something that behaves like a single ion
polyatomic ions
130
hydroxide
OH ^-
131
Carbonate
CO 3^-2
132
Nitrate
NO3 ^-
133
Sulfate
SO4 ^-2
134
phosphate
PO4 ^-3
135
Ammonium
NH4 ^+
136
what our bodies are made of
organic materials
137
smallest particle of elements
atoms
138
cannot be broken down into simpler form
element
139
group of bonded atoms that act as a unit
molecule
140
chemical combination of 2+ different elements
compound
141
atoms with differing number of nuetrons
isotope
142
electronically charged particles with uneven number of protons and electrons
ions
143
again, based on the film, what was the most Hollywood portion of the movie?
the magic vehicles,the dog that never dies, outrunning a pyroclastic flow
144
ratio of a minerals weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of water (its the density of a mineral)
specific gravity
145
what are the properties of minerals
hardness, luster, streak, heft, cleavage, color, fracture, magnetism
146
is ice a mineral
yes
147
which mineral property is not reliable
color
148
what color is a metallic mineral
gold, grey, or silver
149
what is a fissure eruptions
crack in the surface of the earth
150
what are the 5 types of volcanoes
stratovolcano, shield, cinder, caldera, lava dome
151
built up from alternating layers of lava and ash, often has many small craters on its slope, classic volcano shape, composite
stratovolcano
152
broad, shallow cone, layers of lava, fluid hot lava cools, slowly, bigger than a stratovolcano
shield
153
throws out lava and ash into the air, cone shaped piles of tephra
cinder cone
154
an older volcano with a large crater, can be 62 miles wide; in this crater, many little new craters are formed
calderas
155
forms inside of a previously erupted volcano
lava dome
156
what causes a quiet eruptions
if magma has low silica. Magma is thin and runny and flows easily
157
what causes a explosive eruption
gas is trapped within magma, pressure will build and magma will erupt explosively, increased silica, blocked vent
158
what is an explosive eruption called
violent eruption
159
what is a quiet eruption called
effusive eruption
160
what does silica do to a volcano
higher silica- explosive eruption
161
what does temperature do to a volcano
the colder the temperature; the higher the viscosity; high viscosity means explosive eruption
162
geological events that precede a volcano
earthquakes, hot ground, gas release, acid in water, landslides
163
gps, seismographs, seismometers, FLIR(thermal), tiltmeters and strainmeters, gas emissions
measurements to predict an eruption
164
loss of jobs, evacuation, houses and cars destroyed
sociological problems
165
deposits of rock fragments of pyroclastic debris
tephra
166
glowing cloud of pyroclastic debris
nuee ardent
167
mudflow of water mixed with tephra
lahar
168
what are the four types of bonds
covalent, ionic, metallic, hydrogen bonding
169
a bond which results in sharing electrons between 2 atoms- sharing electrons, strong bonds; CH4
covalent bonding
170
a bond which electrons move through metal lattice; moving of electrons throughout the metal; makes it a good conductor; malleable; Fe
metallic bonds
171
a bond in which hydrogen is attached to the other polar molecules; attraction between polar molecules; attraction between water molecules
hydrogen bonds
172
a bond resulting in the gain or loss of electrons; brittle bonds; NaCl
ionic bonding
173
ionic vs covalent
covalent is a stronger bond
174
Monoatomic ions
has exactly on atom
175
some atoms bond together to form something that behaves like a single ion
polyatomic ions
176
what happens to an element that has a negative charge
it gains a positive
177
what happens to an element that has a positive charge
it gains a negative
178
amount of space occupied by matter
volume
178
average kinetic energy of the molecules of a sample
temperature
179
what is increased gas in a violent eruption
usually water vapor
180
what does increased silica do in a violent eruptions
creates a net that traps gas
181
smallest particle of an element that retains the elements properties
atom
182
substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form
element
183
a group of bonded atoms which act as a unit
molecule
184
chemical combination of two different elements
compound
185
atoms with differing number of neutrons
isotope
186
Mass Number - Protons=
neutrons
187
number of electrons in the outer shell
valence electrons
188
K2Br
Potassium Bromide
189
FeS2
Iron (IV) Sulfide
190
PbS
lead (II) Sulfide
191
what are the subatomic particles?
electrons, neutrons, protons
192
how do you determine the number of protons in an atom
atomic number
193
protons and neutrons go where in an atom
inside the electron configuration
194
where do elements go in an atom
on the circles of electron configuration
195
Fe2O3
hematite
196
CaCO3
Calcite
197
PbS
Galena
198
FeS2
pyrite
199
SiO2
Quartz
200
KALSi3O8
orthoclase
