Test 1 Flashcards
the theory that Earth’s outer crust (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that glide over the plastic-like and less rigid asthenosphere (upper mantle) and are in constant motion
theory of plate tectonics
how do the oceans crust move in sea floor spreading
diverge
what is created when two oceanic crusts diverge
a mid ocean ridge (mountains under the ocean)
what is created when two oceanic plates converge with each other
volcanic island arcs
what are the 3 types of plate boundaries
convergent, divergent, transform fault
what main feature does this diagram represent (area around pacific plate)
ring of fire in pacific ocean
what is the idea of continental drift
continents drifted into places they are today
what kind of boundary is this –> <–
convergent
what is created when two continental crusts diverge?
rift valley
why does oceanic crust go below continental crust
oceanic crust is more dense
what is a real world example of a feature that a convergent plate boundary made
Himalayan mountains- Andes Mountains
if we were hovering over the Mid-Atlantic ridge looking west toward myrtle beach, where would the newest crust be found?
right at the mid atlantic ridge
Magma rises on the sea floor causing it to spread. The hot magma rising in the mantle caused the spreading on the sea floor and the large pieces of crust (tectonic plates) to move. What is this called?
Sea Floor Spreading
what boundary does this represent
<–
–>
transform fault
what is created when two plates slide past each other
earthquakes
When continental and oceanic crusts converge, what forms at the place where the plates collide?
a subduction zone- a deep ocean trench
what is a real-world example of a feature that a divergent plate boundary created
great rift valley, mid-atlantic ridge
How many seismograph readings does it take to find the focus of an earthquake?
3- triangulation
what scientist developed continental drift
Alfred Wegener
what type of boundary does this diagram represent? <– –>
divergent
What is created when two continental plates converge with each other?
folded mountains
why is there no subduction zone when two continental plates converge
continental plates are not dense enough to sink into the mantle (they are too light)
What is a real world example of a feature that a transform plate boundary created?
San Andreas Fault
What is an example of a continental hot spot?
Yellowstone
when one plate slides below another, what type of zone is created?
Subduction Zone
what scientist developed the theory of sea floor spreading?
harry hess
What is created when a continental plate converges with an oceanic plate?
Volcanic Mountain ranges
how were the Appalachian mountains formed
C:C convergence- Africa and North American Plates Converged
What is a subduction zone
when one plate sinks into the mantle beneath lighter crust
what is an example of an oceanic hot spot
Hawaiian Islands
Name the layers of the Earth from least dense to most dense
continental crust, oceanic crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
Which of the following things are made up of matter? rocks, air, and fog
rocks, air, and fog
Where does the book “No Apparent Danger” take place? You may select multiple answers.
South America
Nevada Del Ruiz
Galeras
Columbia
What are the five states of matter from least atomic movement to most atomic movement.
Bose-Einstein Condensate, solid, liquid, gas, plasma
How do models help us in science?
Communicate ideas, test preidictions, save time, money, and lives
what is density
the amount of matter in a given space
To determine the DENSITY of an object, you must
divide the mass by volume
high density objects have:
a small volume for their mass
What is buoyancy?
The force that makes objects float
Two objects A & B have the same volume but A has more mass. Which has the greater density?
Object a
An object weighing 5 grams displaces 4 mL of water. If water has a density of 1g/cm3, will the object sink or float?
sink
What is differentiation?
Layers in planet or moon form from different densities
the aesthenosphere and the rest of the mantle is
plastic
What process drives plate tectonics?
Convection currents in the mantle
The pushing of the lithosphere away from the mid-ocean ridge
What is a ridge push?
Oceanic crust sinks into the mantle pulling on the plate
Slab pull
These two things can cause isostatic rebound.
erosion of mountains, melting of glaciers
What three natural elements are magnetic?
iron, cobalt, nickel
Which type of evidence does Wegener NOT use to support his theory of Continetal Drift?
water evidence
Why was Wegener’s Continetal Drift idea rejected when he first proposed it?
There were no forces known that could cause continents to move
What causes the Earth to behave like a bar magnet?
Molten outer core rotates around a solid inner core of iron, nickel, cobalt
Which magnet is a natural magnet?
lodestone
What is the magnetosphere?
The magnetic field from Earth that extends out into space
What is the freezing point of water?
0 Degrees Celsius
Water has a melting point that is also its…
freezing point
What is the boiling point of water?
212F or 100C
You have a molten pot of lead in which you drop a solid piece of lead. Will it sink or float?
Sink, because the solid form is more dense than the liquid form
What kind of scientist was Alfred Wegener?
A meteorologist (studied the weather) by trade but degree in astronomy
Why did scientists reject Wegener’s idea of Continental Drift?
scientific snobbery, the belief that the earth was created the same way it was presently, no know mechanism for continents to move
Lithosphere is divided into plates that interact with each other causing earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, & new crust
theory of plate tectonics
Why was Harry Hess’s discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge important?
It showed sea-floor spreading, & gave us the mechanism for plate tectonics
Why does warm air rise?
Warm air is less dense than cooler air
What is the process called that causes warm air to rise and cold air to sink?
Convection
What causes the convection currents to move?
heat form the outer core
If you were reading the seismograph, where would the body waves be found?
They are both the first and middle waves we see (p and S)
If you were reading the seismograph, where would the surface waves be found?
They are the last waves we see on the right
What type of mamga is most likely associated with both Galeras and Nevado Del Ruiz?
Andesitic
Type of boundary where plates are moving apart like at a mid ocean ridge
Ocean Ocean divergent
This is the chain of mountains that line the ocean floor caused by an ocean to ocean divergent boundary
Mid ocean ridge
At which location below do we see an example of a continent to continent divergent boundary?
Great Rift Valley in Africa
Convergent Boundary - which collision has subduction and creates deep ocean trenches and volcanic island arcs
oceanic - oceanic
What is the density of a piece of wood that has a mass of 25.0 grams and a volume of 29.4 cm3?
D= .850 g/cm^3
A piece of wood that measures 3.0 cm by 6.0 cm by 4.0 cm has a mass of 80.0 grams. What is the density of the wood? Would the piece of wood float in water?
D= 1.1 g/cm^3
No- it would sink
A cup of gold colored metal beads was measured to have a mass 425 grams. By water displacement, the volume of the beads was calculated to be 48.0 cm3. Given the following densities, identify the metal.
Gold: 19.3 g/mL
Copper: 8.86 g/mL
Bronze: 9.87 g/mL
D= 8.86 g/ml
the metal is copper
I threw a plastic ball in the pool for my dog to fetch. The mass of the ball was 125 grams. What must the volume be to have a density of 0.500 g/mL.
V= 250 ml
An ice cube measuring 5.80 cm by 5.80 cm by 5.80 cm has a density of 0.917 g/mL. What is the mass?
m= 179 grams
what is the formula for density
d= m/v
what is the formula for the theoretical mixed temperature
(Vc times Tc) + (Vh times Th)= Vm times Tm
what is matter?
anything that has mass and takes up space
the amount of stuff in something
mass
how much space something takes up
volume
Which of the following is not matter?
Desk, diet Pepsi, paper, air, light, matter
Light is not matter
what are the “classical” states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
what kind of atoms are in a solid
vibrating
what kind of atoms are in a liquid
sliding atoms
what type of atoms are in a gas
bouncing atoms
what causes a change in state
change in energy
which type of matter has a definite shape and volume
solid
what type of matter has a definite volume but not shape
liquid
which type of matter has no shape or volume
gas
why does gas not have a definite shape
it forms to the shape of what it is put in
why does gas not have a definite volume
it condenses or expands to the area it is in
what are the 6 states of matter
plasma, Bose-Einstein, fermionic condensate, solid, liquid, gas
what is plasma
a superheated gas
sun, lightning
what is Bose Einstein
Supercold atoms
what are models used for?
smaller representation of objects we have seen, represent things we have never seen, help students visualize hard or abstract concepts
what is the earth made of
matter
what caused partial melting
energy of impacts
what is density
how much stuff is in a set amount of space
more volume = ____ dense
less
less volume = _____ dense
more
how do you calculate the volume of a liquid
graduated cylinder
how do you calculate volume of regular shaped objects
l x w x h
how do you calculate the volume of irregularly shaped objects
water displacement
what was formed because of differentiation
crust, mantle, and core
the force that pushes an object upward and makes it seem to lose weight in fluids
buoyancy
what is the principle where buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces
archimedes principle
if the buoyant force is greater than the weight of the object it will ____
float
what if the buoyant force and the weight of the object are equal?
neutral buoyancy
if the buoyant force is less than the weight of the object it will ___
sink
why do items float?
the items are less dense than the fluid in which they are immersed
balance or equilibrium between adjacent blocks of brittle crust “floating” on the upper mantle
isostacy
continental crust floats higher because it is ____ _____
less dense
oceanic crust is more dense so it _____ _____
floats lower
what is another name for isostacy
rebound
which state of matter is usually the least dense
gas
which state of matter is usually the most dense
solid
what is the crust made of
granitic rocks and basalt
what is the mantle made of
peridotite at top
basic oxides at bottom
what is the core made of
iron with some nickel
molten with a possible solid center
what is the average density of the earth
5.5 g/cm^3
what are the layers of the earth
inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
what is the density of the continental crust
2.7 g/cm 3
what is the density of the oceanic crust
3.0 g/cm 3
what is the density of the the upper mantle
3.3 g/cm 3
what is the density of the lower mantle
5.5 g/cm 3
what is the density of the outer core
10 g/cm 3
what is the density of the inner core
13 g/cm 3
how thick is the continental crust
70 km
how thick is the oceanic crust
5 km
how thick is the mantle
2900 km
how thick is the outer core
2270 km
how thick is the inner core
1216 km
what state of matter is the outer core
liquid
what state of matter is the inner core
solid
what state of matter is the mantle
liquid
what is the state of matter of the continental crust
solid
what state of matter is the oceanic crust
solid
why do compasses work
because of the earths magnetic field
what direction do compasses work
south to north
why are the liquid and solid phases not connected
the earth rotates
why is generating the magnetic field
iron in magnetite
what creates the magnetic field
different rotation rate of inner core
which direction does the northern geographic pole point
polaris
what happens to Earths magnetic poles over time
they move (moving target)
how far away is the geographic north pole to the magnetic north pole
11.5 degrees
what happens with the magnetic reversals in the earth
the north and south pole flip
what type of solid has a history of magnetic reversals
rocks
is a magnetic reversal approaching
yes
what has happened to the magnetic field over the past 100 years
it has weakened
when were between the reversals, what happens to the poles
the north and south poles are opposite
what happens to the poles during reversals
the poles are combined
when was continental drift proposed
1912
what are the misconceptions of continental drift
- observation of coast line fit credited to wegener
- francis bacon first published that the coastlines of africa and south america fit together in the 1620s
-coast line fit only words with africa and south america
is the hypothesis of continental drift a theory
it is not a theory and it is not widely accepted
what are the basic premises for the hypothesis of continental drift
- the continents were once a single landmass
- landmasses move by plowing through ocean floor to get to current locations
jigsaw puzzle fit
structures on different continents
ancient rock sequence
fossil evidence
glacial grooves
evidence for continental connection
why is mountain ranges evidence for continental drift
mountain ranges are similar and match up on other continents
why is similar ancient rock sequences evidences for continental drift
matching rocks and ocean apart
why is different living species but similar species evidence for continental drift
mesosaurus is allergic to salt water so cant swim and had to be there before seperation
lystrosaurus
glossopteris
fossils
why is glacial grooves evidence for continental drift
when glaciers move over land, they will gauge the bedrock, grooves can orient the continent based on path
what hypothesis laid the ground work for theory of plate tectonics
continental drift
is continental drift happening today?
no- its plate tectonics
at what rate is the atlantic ocean getting wider
the rate at which a fingernail grows
how were magnetic reversals found?
a magnetometer was drug across the ocean floor
what are the mechanisms for plate tectonics
convection cells, slab pull- plate push
heat from residual formation of the earth
radioactive decay from elements in mantle
convection cells
density causes a plate to sink beneath a colliding plate, as it sinks, it pulls the plate with it
slab pull
o As new crust is created at plate margins, it pushes the plate away.
plate push
underwater volcanoes push crust left and right, explaining the widening of Atlantic ocean
sea floor spreading hypothesis
the hypothesis of seafloor spreading was turned into
the theory of plate tectonics
what are compressional forces
push together
what are tension forces
pull apart
molecules are breaking apart
heat of fusion
heat that is being added and now molecules are gaining energy
sensible heat
molecules are breaking apart again
heat of vaporization
how many years did it take pangea to seperate and move to where they are now
160 mil years
what happens at an ocean : ocean plate boundary
trench forms at subduction plate
volcanoes come out of ocean
deep earthquakes
real life example of ocean ocean convergent boundary
sea of japan
sea of okhotsk
japan trench
kuril trench
aleutian islands
what happens at an ocean: continental convergent boundary
trenches
volcanic arcs
- magma melts and picks up rocks
violent volcanoes
deep earthquakes
real life example of o:c convergent
cascade mountains
andes mountains
what is the deepest spot on the ocean floor
trench
what happens in a c:c convergent
no trench
no volcanoes
doesnt want to subduct
piles up and forms mountains and high plateaus
ancient oceanic crust
metamorphic rock formation
earthquakes
real life example of c:c convergent
appalachian and himalayans
what happens to plates in a convergent boundary
plates destroyed
what happens to plates in divergent
new ones formed
what happens at o:o divergent
new crust developing
volcanoes
small earthquakes
ridges
real life example of o:o divergent
mid ocean ridge
mid atlantic ridge
what happens at c:c divergent
rift valleys
earthquakes
small volcanoes
real life example of c:c divergent
rio grande rift
african rift valley
what type of divergent boundary do we not have
o:c
what happens at transform fault
large earthquakes
no volcanoes
real life example of transform fault
san andreas fault
how young is oceanic crust
150 mil years younger than continental
what happens to rock as you move away from mid ocean ridges
becomes more dense
what is a hotspot
magma wells up in center of plate
alternating bands of normal and reversed polarity on either side of mid atlantic ridge
paleomagentism
what do earthquakes begin with
a force
what is a force
a push or pull
strain
stress is a
response
what determines the response
strength of materials
what are the stress types
tension (rubber band) and compression
what is nonrotational compression
directly opposite
what is rotational compression
offset causing turning
what are the three types of responses
elastic
plastic
brittle
what is an elastic response
bounce/temporarily deforms
what is a plastic response
bends and shapes
- doesnt go back to original when you let go
brittle response
breaks
- deforms as much as possible before breaking
what happens to the energy in elastic strain
it is stored
what happens to energy in a plastic strain
it is consumed
what happens to energy in a brittle strain
the applied energy exceeds materials ability to store energy. the item breaks and energy is released
what happens to the item when strength of material is exceeded
elastic first and then plastic or brittle
what is the trough of a wave
lowest point on wave
what is the crest
highest point on wave
what is the amplitude
heigh of wave from center to crust or trough to center
what is the wavelength
trough to trough or crest to crest
frequency
how many waves pass a fixed point in a given amount of time
velocity
distance it travels over time
what are the types of waves
transverse and longitudinal
what is a transverse wave
perpendicular to force
water or light
what is a longitudinal or compression wave
parallel or direction of force
sound or explosions
what is the fate of a wave
travels in a straight line until it encounters something
echo or mirror
reflection
acoustic tile or black surface
absorbed
bends due to change in medium
refracted
what are the kinds of waves
light and sound
what type of wave is a light wave
transverse- vacuum or has no medium
what type of wave is a sound wave
longitudinal or compressional- must have a medium because it requires energy to pass through the air
light velocity
3x10 ^8 m/s
how long does light take to travel to earth
8 minutes
velocity of sound in water
1500 m/s
velocity of sound in air
335 m/s
velocity of sound in solid
5000 m/s
what is speed dependent on
density
what is a body wave
through the earth (primary and secondary)
what is a primary wave
first to arrive, longitudinal, will change speed and refract
what is a secondary wave
second wave to arrive- transverse, cannot get to outer core
what is a surface wave
l wave, last to arrive, cause most of the damage
what are the types of L waves
love- horizontal waves
rayleigh- vertical component
what are the other kinds of waves generated
tsunamis- cause extreme devastation
instrument that measures the amplitude and duration of seismic waves
seismometer
chart recording that physically records the waves
seismogram
caused by the sudden movement of materials within the Earth, such as slip along a fault during an earthquake.
seismic waves
what is the density of hydrogen
0.00009
what is the density of helium
0.00018
what is the density of white pine
0.5
what is the density of ice
0.92
what is the density of oak
0.7
what is the density of seawater
1.02
what is the density of iron
7.9
what is the density of lead
11.3
the place inside Earth’s crust where an earthquake originates (hypocenter)
focus
The point on the Earth’s surface above the focus
epicenter
