Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
the theory that Earth’s outer crust (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that glide over the plastic-like and less rigid asthenosphere (upper mantle) and are in constant motion
A
theory of plate tectonics
2
Q
how do the oceans crust move in sea floor spreading
A
diverge
3
Q
what is created when two oceanic crusts diverge
A
a mid ocean ridge (mountains under the ocean)
4
Q
what is created when two oceanic plates converge with each other
A
volcanic island arcs
5
Q
what are the 3 types of plate boundaries
A
convergent, divergent, transform fault
6
Q
what main feature does this diagram represent (area around pacific plate)
A
ring of fire in pacific ocean
7
Q
what is the idea of continental drift
A
continents drifted into places they are today
8
Q
what kind of boundary is this –> <–
A
convergent
9
Q
what is created when two continental crusts diverge?
A
rift valley
10
Q
why does oceanic crust go below continental crust
A
oceanic crust is more dense
11
Q
what is a real world example of a feature that a convergent plate boundary made
A
Himalayan mountains- Andes Mountains
12
Q
if we were hovering over the Mid-Atlantic ridge looking west toward myrtle beach, where would the newest crust be found?
A
right at the mid atlantic ridge
13
Q
Magma rises on the sea floor causing it to spread. The hot magma rising in the mantle caused the spreading on the sea floor and the large pieces of crust (tectonic plates) to move. What is this called?
A
Sea Floor Spreading
14
Q
what boundary does this represent
<–
–>
A
transform fault
15
Q
what is created when two plates slide past each other
A
earthquakes
16
Q
When continental and oceanic crusts converge, what forms at the place where the plates collide?
A
a subduction zone- a deep ocean trench
17
Q
what is a real-world example of a feature that a divergent plate boundary created
A
great rift valley, mid-atlantic ridge
18
Q
How many seismograph readings does it take to find the focus of an earthquake?
A
3- triangulation
19
Q
what scientist developed continental drift
A
Alfred Wegener
20
Q
what type of boundary does this diagram represent? <– –>
A
divergent
21
Q
What is created when two continental plates converge with each other?
A
folded mountains
21
Q
why is there no subduction zone when two continental plates converge
A
continental plates are not dense enough to sink into the mantle (they are too light)
22
Q
What is a real world example of a feature that a transform plate boundary created?
A
San Andreas Fault
23
Q
What is an example of a continental hot spot?
A
Yellowstone
24
when one plate slides below another, what type of zone is created?
Subduction Zone
25
what scientist developed the theory of sea floor spreading?
harry hess
26
What is created when a continental plate converges with an oceanic plate?
Volcanic Mountain ranges
27
how were the Appalachian mountains formed
C:C convergence- Africa and North American Plates Converged
28
What is a subduction zone
when one plate sinks into the mantle beneath lighter crust
29
what is an example of an oceanic hot spot
Hawaiian Islands
30
Name the layers of the Earth from least dense to most dense
continental crust, oceanic crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
31
Which of the following things are made up of matter? rocks, air, and fog
rocks, air, and fog
32
Where does the book "No Apparent Danger" take place? You may select multiple answers.
South America
Nevada Del Ruiz
Galeras
Columbia
33
What are the five states of matter from least atomic movement to most atomic movement.
Bose-Einstein Condensate, solid, liquid, gas, plasma
34
How do models help us in science?
Communicate ideas, test preidictions, save time, money, and lives
35
what is density
the amount of matter in a given space
36
To determine the DENSITY of an object, you must
divide the mass by volume
37
high density objects have:
a small volume for their mass
38
What is buoyancy?
The force that makes objects float
39
Two objects A & B have the same volume but A has more mass. Which has the greater density?
Object a
40
An object weighing 5 grams displaces 4 mL of water. If water has a density of 1g/cm3, will the object sink or float?
sink
41
What is differentiation?
Layers in planet or moon form from different densities
42
the aesthenosphere and the rest of the mantle is
plastic
43
What process drives plate tectonics?
Convection currents in the mantle
44
The pushing of the lithosphere away from the mid-ocean ridge
What is a ridge push?
45
Oceanic crust sinks into the mantle pulling on the plate
Slab pull
46
These two things can cause isostatic rebound.
erosion of mountains, melting of glaciers
47
What three natural elements are magnetic?
iron, cobalt, nickel
48
Which type of evidence does Wegener NOT use to support his theory of Continetal Drift?
water evidence
49
Why was Wegener's Continetal Drift idea rejected when he first proposed it?
There were no forces known that could cause continents to move
49
What causes the Earth to behave like a bar magnet?
Molten outer core rotates around a solid inner core of iron, nickel, cobalt
50
Which magnet is a natural magnet?
lodestone
51
What is the magnetosphere?
The magnetic field from Earth that extends out into space
52
What is the freezing point of water?
0 Degrees Celsius
53
Water has a melting point that is also its...
freezing point
54
What is the boiling point of water?
212F or 100C
55
You have a molten pot of lead in which you drop a solid piece of lead. Will it sink or float?
Sink, because the solid form is more dense than the liquid form
56
What kind of scientist was Alfred Wegener?
A meteorologist (studied the weather) by trade but degree in astronomy
57
Why did scientists reject Wegener's idea of Continental Drift?
scientific snobbery, the belief that the earth was created the same way it was presently, no know mechanism for continents to move
58
Lithosphere is divided into plates that interact with each other causing earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, & new crust
theory of plate tectonics
59
Why was Harry Hess's discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge important?
It showed sea-floor spreading, & gave us the mechanism for plate tectonics
60
Why does warm air rise?
Warm air is less dense than cooler air
61
What is the process called that causes warm air to rise and cold air to sink?
Convection
62
What causes the convection currents to move?
heat form the outer core
63
If you were reading the seismograph, where would the body waves be found?
They are both the first and middle waves we see (p and S)
64
If you were reading the seismograph, where would the surface waves be found?
They are the last waves we see on the right
65
What type of mamga is most likely associated with both Galeras and Nevado Del Ruiz?
Andesitic
66
Type of boundary where plates are moving apart like at a mid ocean ridge
Ocean Ocean divergent
67
This is the chain of mountains that line the ocean floor caused by an ocean to ocean divergent boundary
Mid ocean ridge
68
At which location below do we see an example of a continent to continent divergent boundary?
Great Rift Valley in Africa
69
Convergent Boundary - which collision has subduction and creates deep ocean trenches and volcanic island arcs
oceanic - oceanic
70
What is the density of a piece of wood that has a mass of 25.0 grams and a volume of 29.4 cm3?
D= .850 g/cm^3
71
A piece of wood that measures 3.0 cm by 6.0 cm by 4.0 cm has a mass of 80.0 grams. What is the density of the wood? Would the piece of wood float in water?
D= 1.1 g/cm^3
No- it would sink
72
A cup of gold colored metal beads was measured to have a mass 425 grams. By water displacement, the volume of the beads was calculated to be 48.0 cm3. Given the following densities, identify the metal.
Gold: 19.3 g/mL
Copper: 8.86 g/mL
Bronze: 9.87 g/mL
D= 8.86 g/ml
the metal is copper
72
I threw a plastic ball in the pool for my dog to fetch. The mass of the ball was 125 grams. What must the volume be to have a density of 0.500 g/mL.
V= 250 ml
73
An ice cube measuring 5.80 cm by 5.80 cm by 5.80 cm has a density of 0.917 g/mL. What is the mass?
m= 179 grams
74
what is the formula for density
d= m/v
75
what is the formula for the theoretical mixed temperature
(Vc times Tc) + (Vh times Th)= Vm times Tm
76
what is matter?
anything that has mass and takes up space
77
the amount of stuff in something
mass
78
how much space something takes up
volume
79
Which of the following is not matter?
Desk, diet Pepsi, paper, air, light, matter
Light is not matter
80
what are the "classical" states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
81
what kind of atoms are in a solid
vibrating
82
what kind of atoms are in a liquid
sliding atoms
83
what type of atoms are in a gas
bouncing atoms
84
what causes a change in state
change in energy
85
which type of matter has a definite shape and volume
solid
86
what type of matter has a definite volume but not shape
liquid
87
which type of matter has no shape or volume
gas
88
why does gas not have a definite shape
it forms to the shape of what it is put in
89
why does gas not have a definite volume
it condenses or expands to the area it is in
90
what are the 6 states of matter
plasma, Bose-Einstein, fermionic condensate, solid, liquid, gas
91
what is plasma
a superheated gas
sun, lightning
91
what is Bose Einstein
Supercold atoms
92
what are models used for?
smaller representation of objects we have seen, represent things we have never seen, help students visualize hard or abstract concepts
92
what is the earth made of
matter
93
what caused partial melting
energy of impacts
94
what is density
how much stuff is in a set amount of space
95
more volume = ____ dense
less
96
less volume = _____ dense
more
97
how do you calculate the volume of a liquid
graduated cylinder
98
how do you calculate volume of regular shaped objects
l x w x h
99
how do you calculate the volume of irregularly shaped objects
water displacement
100
what was formed because of differentiation
crust, mantle, and core
101
the force that pushes an object upward and makes it seem to lose weight in fluids
buoyancy
102
what is the principle where buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces
archimedes principle
103
if the buoyant force is greater than the weight of the object it will ____
float
104
what if the buoyant force and the weight of the object are equal?
neutral buoyancy
105
if the buoyant force is less than the weight of the object it will ___
sink
106
why do items float?
the items are less dense than the fluid in which they are immersed
107
balance or equilibrium between adjacent blocks of brittle crust "floating" on the upper mantle
isostacy
108
continental crust floats higher because it is ____ _____
less dense
109
oceanic crust is more dense so it _____ _____
floats lower
110
what is another name for isostacy
rebound
111
which state of matter is usually the least dense
gas
112
which state of matter is usually the most dense
solid
113
what is the crust made of
granitic rocks and basalt
114
what is the mantle made of
peridotite at top
basic oxides at bottom
115
what is the core made of
iron with some nickel
molten with a possible solid center
116
what is the average density of the earth
5.5 g/cm^3
117
what are the layers of the earth
inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
118
what is the density of the continental crust
2.7 g/cm 3
119
what is the density of the oceanic crust
3.0 g/cm 3
120
what is the density of the the upper mantle
3.3 g/cm 3
121
what is the density of the lower mantle
5.5 g/cm 3
122
what is the density of the outer core
10 g/cm 3
123
what is the density of the inner core
13 g/cm 3
124
how thick is the continental crust
70 km
125
how thick is the oceanic crust
5 km
126
how thick is the mantle
2900 km
127
how thick is the outer core
2270 km
128
how thick is the inner core
1216 km
129
what state of matter is the outer core
liquid
130
what state of matter is the inner core
solid
131
what state of matter is the mantle
liquid
132
what is the state of matter of the continental crust
solid
133
what state of matter is the oceanic crust
solid
134
why do compasses work
because of the earths magnetic field
135
what direction do compasses work
south to north
136
why are the liquid and solid phases not connected
the earth rotates
137
why is generating the magnetic field
iron in magnetite
138
what creates the magnetic field
different rotation rate of inner core
139
which direction does the northern geographic pole point
polaris
139
what happens to Earths magnetic poles over time
they move (moving target)
140
how far away is the geographic north pole to the magnetic north pole
11.5 degrees
141
what happens with the magnetic reversals in the earth
the north and south pole flip
142
what type of solid has a history of magnetic reversals
rocks
143
is a magnetic reversal approaching
yes
144
what has happened to the magnetic field over the past 100 years
it has weakened
145
when were between the reversals, what happens to the poles
the north and south poles are opposite
146
what happens to the poles during reversals
the poles are combined
147
when was continental drift proposed
1912
148
what are the misconceptions of continental drift
- observation of coast line fit credited to wegener
- francis bacon first published that the coastlines of africa and south america fit together in the 1620s
-coast line fit only words with africa and south america
149
is the hypothesis of continental drift a theory
it is not a theory and it is not widely accepted
150
what are the basic premises for the hypothesis of continental drift
- the continents were once a single landmass
- landmasses move by plowing through ocean floor to get to current locations
151
jigsaw puzzle fit
structures on different continents
ancient rock sequence
fossil evidence
glacial grooves
evidence for continental connection
152
why is mountain ranges evidence for continental drift
mountain ranges are similar and match up on other continents
153
why is similar ancient rock sequences evidences for continental drift
matching rocks and ocean apart
154
why is different living species but similar species evidence for continental drift
mesosaurus is allergic to salt water so cant swim and had to be there before seperation
lystrosaurus
glossopteris
fossils
155
why is glacial grooves evidence for continental drift
when glaciers move over land, they will gauge the bedrock, grooves can orient the continent based on path
156
what hypothesis laid the ground work for theory of plate tectonics
continental drift
157
is continental drift happening today?
no- its plate tectonics
158
at what rate is the atlantic ocean getting wider
the rate at which a fingernail grows
159
how were magnetic reversals found?
a magnetometer was drug across the ocean floor
160
what are the mechanisms for plate tectonics
convection cells, slab pull- plate push
161
heat from residual formation of the earth
radioactive decay from elements in mantle
convection cells
162
density causes a plate to sink beneath a colliding plate, as it sinks, it pulls the plate with it
slab pull
163
o As new crust is created at plate margins, it pushes the plate away.
plate push
164
underwater volcanoes push crust left and right, explaining the widening of Atlantic ocean
sea floor spreading hypothesis
165
the hypothesis of seafloor spreading was turned into
the theory of plate tectonics
166
what are compressional forces
push together
167
what are tension forces
pull apart
168
molecules are breaking apart
heat of fusion
169
heat that is being added and now molecules are gaining energy
sensible heat
170
molecules are breaking apart again
heat of vaporization
171
how many years did it take pangea to seperate and move to where they are now
160 mil years
172
what happens at an ocean : ocean plate boundary
trench forms at subduction plate
volcanoes come out of ocean
deep earthquakes
173
real life example of ocean ocean convergent boundary
sea of japan
sea of okhotsk
japan trench
kuril trench
aleutian islands
174
what happens at an ocean: continental convergent boundary
trenches
volcanic arcs
- magma melts and picks up rocks
violent volcanoes
deep earthquakes
175
real life example of o:c convergent
cascade mountains
andes mountains
176
what is the deepest spot on the ocean floor
trench
177
what happens in a c:c convergent
no trench
no volcanoes
doesnt want to subduct
piles up and forms mountains and high plateaus
ancient oceanic crust
metamorphic rock formation
earthquakes
178
real life example of c:c convergent
appalachian and himalayans
179
what happens to plates in a convergent boundary
plates destroyed
180
what happens to plates in divergent
new ones formed
181
what happens at o:o divergent
new crust developing
volcanoes
small earthquakes
ridges
182
real life example of o:o divergent
mid ocean ridge
mid atlantic ridge
183
what happens at c:c divergent
rift valleys
earthquakes
small volcanoes
184
real life example of c:c divergent
rio grande rift
african rift valley
185
what type of divergent boundary do we not have
o:c
186
what happens at transform fault
large earthquakes
no volcanoes
187
real life example of transform fault
san andreas fault
188
how young is oceanic crust
150 mil years younger than continental
189
what happens to rock as you move away from mid ocean ridges
becomes more dense
190
what is a hotspot
magma wells up in center of plate
191
alternating bands of normal and reversed polarity on either side of mid atlantic ridge
paleomagentism
192
what do earthquakes begin with
a force
193
what is a force
a push or pull
strain
194
stress is a
response
195
what determines the response
strength of materials
196
what are the stress types
tension (rubber band) and compression
197
what is nonrotational compression
directly opposite
198
what is rotational compression
offset causing turning
199
what are the three types of responses
elastic
plastic
brittle
200
what is an elastic response
bounce/temporarily deforms
201
what is a plastic response
bends and shapes
- doesnt go back to original when you let go
202
brittle response
breaks
- deforms as much as possible before breaking
203
what happens to the energy in elastic strain
it is stored
204
what happens to energy in a plastic strain
it is consumed
205
what happens to energy in a brittle strain
the applied energy exceeds materials ability to store energy. the item breaks and energy is released
206
what happens to the item when strength of material is exceeded
elastic first and then plastic or brittle
207
what is the trough of a wave
lowest point on wave
208
what is the crest
highest point on wave
209
what is the amplitude
heigh of wave from center to crust or trough to center
210
what is the wavelength
trough to trough or crest to crest
211
frequency
how many waves pass a fixed point in a given amount of time
212
velocity
distance it travels over time
213
what are the types of waves
transverse and longitudinal
214
what is a transverse wave
perpendicular to force
water or light
215
what is a longitudinal or compression wave
parallel or direction of force
sound or explosions
216
what is the fate of a wave
travels in a straight line until it encounters something
217
echo or mirror
reflection
218
acoustic tile or black surface
absorbed
219
bends due to change in medium
refracted
220
what are the kinds of waves
light and sound
221
what type of wave is a light wave
transverse- vacuum or has no medium
222
what type of wave is a sound wave
longitudinal or compressional- must have a medium because it requires energy to pass through the air
223
light velocity
3x10 ^8 m/s
224
how long does light take to travel to earth
8 minutes
225
velocity of sound in water
1500 m/s
226
velocity of sound in air
335 m/s
227
velocity of sound in solid
5000 m/s
228
what is speed dependent on
density
229
what is a body wave
through the earth (primary and secondary)
230
what is a primary wave
first to arrive, longitudinal, will change speed and refract
231
what is a secondary wave
second wave to arrive- transverse, cannot get to outer core
232
what is a surface wave
l wave, last to arrive, cause most of the damage
233
what are the types of L waves
love- horizontal waves
rayleigh- vertical component
234
what are the other kinds of waves generated
tsunamis- cause extreme devastation
235
instrument that measures the amplitude and duration of seismic waves
seismometer
236
chart recording that physically records the waves
seismogram
237
caused by the sudden movement of materials within the Earth, such as slip along a fault during an earthquake.
seismic waves
238
what is the density of hydrogen
0.00009
239
what is the density of helium
0.00018
240
what is the density of white pine
0.5
241
what is the density of ice
0.92
242
what is the density of oak
0.7
243
what is the density of seawater
1.02
244
what is the density of iron
7.9
245
what is the density of lead
11.3
246
the place inside Earth's crust where an earthquake originates (hypocenter)
focus
247
The point on the Earth's surface above the focus
epicenter
