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geosphere > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the theory that Earth’s outer crust (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that glide over the plastic-like and less rigid asthenosphere (upper mantle) and are in constant motion

A

theory of plate tectonics

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2
Q

how do the oceans crust move in sea floor spreading

A

diverge

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3
Q

what is created when two oceanic crusts diverge

A

a mid ocean ridge (mountains under the ocean)

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4
Q

what is created when two oceanic plates converge with each other

A

volcanic island arcs

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of plate boundaries

A

convergent, divergent, transform fault

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6
Q

what main feature does this diagram represent (area around pacific plate)

A

ring of fire in pacific ocean

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7
Q

what is the idea of continental drift

A

continents drifted into places they are today

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8
Q

what kind of boundary is this –> <–

A

convergent

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9
Q

what is created when two continental crusts diverge?

A

rift valley

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10
Q

why does oceanic crust go below continental crust

A

oceanic crust is more dense

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11
Q

what is a real world example of a feature that a convergent plate boundary made

A

Himalayan mountains- Andes Mountains

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12
Q

if we were hovering over the Mid-Atlantic ridge looking west toward myrtle beach, where would the newest crust be found?

A

right at the mid atlantic ridge

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13
Q

Magma rises on the sea floor causing it to spread. The hot magma rising in the mantle caused the spreading on the sea floor and the large pieces of crust (tectonic plates) to move. What is this called?

A

Sea Floor Spreading

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14
Q

what boundary does this represent
<–
–>

A

transform fault

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15
Q

what is created when two plates slide past each other

A

earthquakes

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16
Q

When continental and oceanic crusts converge, what forms at the place where the plates collide?

A

a subduction zone- a deep ocean trench

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17
Q

what is a real-world example of a feature that a divergent plate boundary created

A

great rift valley, mid-atlantic ridge

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18
Q

How many seismograph readings does it take to find the focus of an earthquake?

A

3- triangulation

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19
Q

what scientist developed continental drift

A

Alfred Wegener

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20
Q

what type of boundary does this diagram represent? <– –>

A

divergent

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21
Q

What is created when two continental plates converge with each other?

A

folded mountains

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21
Q

why is there no subduction zone when two continental plates converge

A

continental plates are not dense enough to sink into the mantle (they are too light)

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22
Q

What is a real world example of a feature that a transform plate boundary created?

A

San Andreas Fault

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23
Q

What is an example of a continental hot spot?

A

Yellowstone

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24
Q

when one plate slides below another, what type of zone is created?

A

Subduction Zone

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25
Q

what scientist developed the theory of sea floor spreading?

A

harry hess

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26
Q

What is created when a continental plate converges with an oceanic plate?

A

Volcanic Mountain ranges

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27
Q

how were the Appalachian mountains formed

A

C:C convergence- Africa and North American Plates Converged

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28
Q

What is a subduction zone

A

when one plate sinks into the mantle beneath lighter crust

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29
Q

what is an example of an oceanic hot spot

A

Hawaiian Islands

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30
Q

Name the layers of the Earth from least dense to most dense

A

continental crust, oceanic crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

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31
Q

Which of the following things are made up of matter? rocks, air, and fog

A

rocks, air, and fog

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32
Q

Where does the book “No Apparent Danger” take place? You may select multiple answers.

A

South America
Nevada Del Ruiz
Galeras
Columbia

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33
Q

What are the five states of matter from least atomic movement to most atomic movement.

A

Bose-Einstein Condensate, solid, liquid, gas, plasma

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34
Q

How do models help us in science?

A

Communicate ideas, test preidictions, save time, money, and lives

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35
Q

what is density

A

the amount of matter in a given space

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36
Q

To determine the DENSITY of an object, you must

A

divide the mass by volume

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37
Q

high density objects have:

A

a small volume for their mass

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38
Q

What is buoyancy?

A

The force that makes objects float

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39
Q

Two objects A & B have the same volume but A has more mass. Which has the greater density?

A

Object a

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40
Q

An object weighing 5 grams displaces 4 mL of water. If water has a density of 1g/cm3, will the object sink or float?

A

sink

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41
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Layers in planet or moon form from different densities

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42
Q

the aesthenosphere and the rest of the mantle is

A

plastic

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43
Q

What process drives plate tectonics?

A

Convection currents in the mantle

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44
Q

The pushing of the lithosphere away from the mid-ocean ridge

A

What is a ridge push?

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45
Q

Oceanic crust sinks into the mantle pulling on the plate

A

Slab pull

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46
Q

These two things can cause isostatic rebound.

A

erosion of mountains, melting of glaciers

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47
Q

What three natural elements are magnetic?

A

iron, cobalt, nickel

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48
Q

Which type of evidence does Wegener NOT use to support his theory of Continetal Drift?

A

water evidence

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49
Q

Why was Wegener’s Continetal Drift idea rejected when he first proposed it?

A

There were no forces known that could cause continents to move

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49
Q

What causes the Earth to behave like a bar magnet?

A

Molten outer core rotates around a solid inner core of iron, nickel, cobalt

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50
Q

Which magnet is a natural magnet?

A

lodestone

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51
Q

What is the magnetosphere?

A

The magnetic field from Earth that extends out into space

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52
Q

What is the freezing point of water?

A

0 Degrees Celsius

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53
Q

Water has a melting point that is also its…

A

freezing point

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54
Q

What is the boiling point of water?

A

212F or 100C

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55
Q

You have a molten pot of lead in which you drop a solid piece of lead. Will it sink or float?

A

Sink, because the solid form is more dense than the liquid form

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56
Q

What kind of scientist was Alfred Wegener?

A

A meteorologist (studied the weather) by trade but degree in astronomy

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57
Q

Why did scientists reject Wegener’s idea of Continental Drift?

A

scientific snobbery, the belief that the earth was created the same way it was presently, no know mechanism for continents to move

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58
Q

Lithosphere is divided into plates that interact with each other causing earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, & new crust

A

theory of plate tectonics

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59
Q

Why was Harry Hess’s discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge important?

A

It showed sea-floor spreading, & gave us the mechanism for plate tectonics

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60
Q

Why does warm air rise?

A

Warm air is less dense than cooler air

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61
Q

What is the process called that causes warm air to rise and cold air to sink?

A

Convection

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62
Q

What causes the convection currents to move?

A

heat form the outer core

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63
Q

If you were reading the seismograph, where would the body waves be found?

A

They are both the first and middle waves we see (p and S)

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64
Q

If you were reading the seismograph, where would the surface waves be found?

A

They are the last waves we see on the right

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65
Q

What type of mamga is most likely associated with both Galeras and Nevado Del Ruiz?

A

Andesitic

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66
Q

Type of boundary where plates are moving apart like at a mid ocean ridge

A

Ocean Ocean divergent

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67
Q

This is the chain of mountains that line the ocean floor caused by an ocean to ocean divergent boundary

A

Mid ocean ridge

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68
Q

At which location below do we see an example of a continent to continent divergent boundary?

A

Great Rift Valley in Africa

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69
Q

Convergent Boundary - which collision has subduction and creates deep ocean trenches and volcanic island arcs

A

oceanic - oceanic

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70
Q

What is the density of a piece of wood that has a mass of 25.0 grams and a volume of 29.4 cm3?

A

D= .850 g/cm^3

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71
Q

A piece of wood that measures 3.0 cm by 6.0 cm by 4.0 cm has a mass of 80.0 grams. What is the density of the wood? Would the piece of wood float in water?

A

D= 1.1 g/cm^3
No- it would sink

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72
Q

A cup of gold colored metal beads was measured to have a mass 425 grams. By water displacement, the volume of the beads was calculated to be 48.0 cm3. Given the following densities, identify the metal.

Gold: 19.3 g/mL
Copper: 8.86 g/mL
Bronze: 9.87 g/mL

A

D= 8.86 g/ml
the metal is copper

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72
Q

I threw a plastic ball in the pool for my dog to fetch. The mass of the ball was 125 grams. What must the volume be to have a density of 0.500 g/mL.

A

V= 250 ml

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73
Q

An ice cube measuring 5.80 cm by 5.80 cm by 5.80 cm has a density of 0.917 g/mL. What is the mass?

A

m= 179 grams

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74
Q

what is the formula for density

A

d= m/v

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75
Q

what is the formula for the theoretical mixed temperature

A

(Vc times Tc) + (Vh times Th)= Vm times Tm

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76
Q

what is matter?

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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77
Q

the amount of stuff in something

A

mass

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78
Q

how much space something takes up

A

volume

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79
Q

Which of the following is not matter?

Desk, diet Pepsi, paper, air, light, matter

A

Light is not matter

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80
Q

what are the “classical” states of matter

A

solid, liquid, gas

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81
Q

what kind of atoms are in a solid

A

vibrating

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82
Q

what kind of atoms are in a liquid

A

sliding atoms

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83
Q

what type of atoms are in a gas

A

bouncing atoms

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84
Q

what causes a change in state

A

change in energy

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85
Q

which type of matter has a definite shape and volume

A

solid

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86
Q

what type of matter has a definite volume but not shape

A

liquid

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87
Q

which type of matter has no shape or volume

A

gas

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88
Q

why does gas not have a definite shape

A

it forms to the shape of what it is put in

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89
Q

why does gas not have a definite volume

A

it condenses or expands to the area it is in

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90
Q

what are the 6 states of matter

A

plasma, Bose-Einstein, fermionic condensate, solid, liquid, gas

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91
Q

what is plasma

A

a superheated gas
sun, lightning

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91
Q

what is Bose Einstein

A

Supercold atoms

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92
Q

what are models used for?

A

smaller representation of objects we have seen, represent things we have never seen, help students visualize hard or abstract concepts

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92
Q

what is the earth made of

A

matter

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93
Q

what caused partial melting

A

energy of impacts

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94
Q

what is density

A

how much stuff is in a set amount of space

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95
Q

more volume = ____ dense

A

less

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96
Q

less volume = _____ dense

A

more

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97
Q

how do you calculate the volume of a liquid

A

graduated cylinder

98
Q

how do you calculate volume of regular shaped objects

A

l x w x h

99
Q

how do you calculate the volume of irregularly shaped objects

A

water displacement

100
Q

what was formed because of differentiation

A

crust, mantle, and core

101
Q

the force that pushes an object upward and makes it seem to lose weight in fluids

A

buoyancy

102
Q

what is the principle where buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces

A

archimedes principle

103
Q

if the buoyant force is greater than the weight of the object it will ____

A

float

104
Q

what if the buoyant force and the weight of the object are equal?

A

neutral buoyancy

105
Q

if the buoyant force is less than the weight of the object it will ___

A

sink

106
Q

why do items float?

A

the items are less dense than the fluid in which they are immersed

107
Q

balance or equilibrium between adjacent blocks of brittle crust “floating” on the upper mantle

A

isostacy

108
Q

continental crust floats higher because it is ____ _____

A

less dense

109
Q

oceanic crust is more dense so it _____ _____

A

floats lower

110
Q

what is another name for isostacy

A

rebound

111
Q

which state of matter is usually the least dense

A

gas

112
Q

which state of matter is usually the most dense

A

solid

113
Q

what is the crust made of

A

granitic rocks and basalt

114
Q

what is the mantle made of

A

peridotite at top
basic oxides at bottom

115
Q

what is the core made of

A

iron with some nickel
molten with a possible solid center

116
Q

what is the average density of the earth

A

5.5 g/cm^3

117
Q

what are the layers of the earth

A

inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

118
Q

what is the density of the continental crust

A

2.7 g/cm 3

119
Q

what is the density of the oceanic crust

A

3.0 g/cm 3

120
Q

what is the density of the the upper mantle

A

3.3 g/cm 3

121
Q

what is the density of the lower mantle

A

5.5 g/cm 3

122
Q

what is the density of the outer core

A

10 g/cm 3

123
Q

what is the density of the inner core

A

13 g/cm 3

124
Q

how thick is the continental crust

A

70 km

125
Q

how thick is the oceanic crust

A

5 km

126
Q

how thick is the mantle

A

2900 km

127
Q

how thick is the outer core

A

2270 km

128
Q

how thick is the inner core

A

1216 km

129
Q

what state of matter is the outer core

A

liquid

130
Q

what state of matter is the inner core

A

solid

131
Q

what state of matter is the mantle

A

liquid

132
Q

what is the state of matter of the continental crust

A

solid

133
Q

what state of matter is the oceanic crust

A

solid

134
Q

why do compasses work

A

because of the earths magnetic field

135
Q

what direction do compasses work

A

south to north

136
Q

why are the liquid and solid phases not connected

A

the earth rotates

137
Q

why is generating the magnetic field

A

iron in magnetite

138
Q

what creates the magnetic field

A

different rotation rate of inner core

139
Q

which direction does the northern geographic pole point

A

polaris

139
Q

what happens to Earths magnetic poles over time

A

they move (moving target)

140
Q

how far away is the geographic north pole to the magnetic north pole

A

11.5 degrees

141
Q

what happens with the magnetic reversals in the earth

A

the north and south pole flip

142
Q

what type of solid has a history of magnetic reversals

A

rocks

143
Q

is a magnetic reversal approaching

A

yes

144
Q

what has happened to the magnetic field over the past 100 years

A

it has weakened

145
Q

when were between the reversals, what happens to the poles

A

the north and south poles are opposite

146
Q

what happens to the poles during reversals

A

the poles are combined

147
Q

when was continental drift proposed

A

1912

148
Q

what are the misconceptions of continental drift

A
  • observation of coast line fit credited to wegener
  • francis bacon first published that the coastlines of africa and south america fit together in the 1620s
    -coast line fit only words with africa and south america
149
Q

is the hypothesis of continental drift a theory

A

it is not a theory and it is not widely accepted

150
Q

what are the basic premises for the hypothesis of continental drift

A
  • the continents were once a single landmass
  • landmasses move by plowing through ocean floor to get to current locations
151
Q

jigsaw puzzle fit
structures on different continents
ancient rock sequence
fossil evidence
glacial grooves

A

evidence for continental connection

152
Q

why is mountain ranges evidence for continental drift

A

mountain ranges are similar and match up on other continents

153
Q

why is similar ancient rock sequences evidences for continental drift

A

matching rocks and ocean apart

154
Q

why is different living species but similar species evidence for continental drift

A

mesosaurus is allergic to salt water so cant swim and had to be there before seperation
lystrosaurus
glossopteris
fossils

155
Q

why is glacial grooves evidence for continental drift

A

when glaciers move over land, they will gauge the bedrock, grooves can orient the continent based on path

156
Q

what hypothesis laid the ground work for theory of plate tectonics

A

continental drift

157
Q

is continental drift happening today?

A

no- its plate tectonics

158
Q

at what rate is the atlantic ocean getting wider

A

the rate at which a fingernail grows

159
Q

how were magnetic reversals found?

A

a magnetometer was drug across the ocean floor

160
Q

what are the mechanisms for plate tectonics

A

convection cells, slab pull- plate push

161
Q

heat from residual formation of the earth
radioactive decay from elements in mantle

A

convection cells

162
Q

density causes a plate to sink beneath a colliding plate, as it sinks, it pulls the plate with it

A

slab pull

163
Q

o As new crust is created at plate margins, it pushes the plate away.

A

plate push

164
Q

underwater volcanoes push crust left and right, explaining the widening of Atlantic ocean

A

sea floor spreading hypothesis

165
Q

the hypothesis of seafloor spreading was turned into

A

the theory of plate tectonics

166
Q

what are compressional forces

A

push together

167
Q

what are tension forces

A

pull apart

168
Q

molecules are breaking apart

A

heat of fusion

169
Q

heat that is being added and now molecules are gaining energy

A

sensible heat

170
Q

molecules are breaking apart again

A

heat of vaporization

171
Q

how many years did it take pangea to seperate and move to where they are now

A

160 mil years

172
Q

what happens at an ocean : ocean plate boundary

A

trench forms at subduction plate
volcanoes come out of ocean
deep earthquakes

173
Q

real life example of ocean ocean convergent boundary

A

sea of japan
sea of okhotsk
japan trench
kuril trench
aleutian islands

174
Q

what happens at an ocean: continental convergent boundary

A

trenches
volcanic arcs
- magma melts and picks up rocks
violent volcanoes
deep earthquakes

175
Q

real life example of o:c convergent

A

cascade mountains
andes mountains

176
Q

what is the deepest spot on the ocean floor

A

trench

177
Q

what happens in a c:c convergent

A

no trench
no volcanoes
doesnt want to subduct
piles up and forms mountains and high plateaus
ancient oceanic crust
metamorphic rock formation
earthquakes

178
Q

real life example of c:c convergent

A

appalachian and himalayans

179
Q

what happens to plates in a convergent boundary

A

plates destroyed

180
Q

what happens to plates in divergent

A

new ones formed

181
Q

what happens at o:o divergent

A

new crust developing
volcanoes
small earthquakes
ridges

182
Q

real life example of o:o divergent

A

mid ocean ridge
mid atlantic ridge

183
Q

what happens at c:c divergent

A

rift valleys
earthquakes
small volcanoes

184
Q

real life example of c:c divergent

A

rio grande rift
african rift valley

185
Q

what type of divergent boundary do we not have

A

o:c

186
Q

what happens at transform fault

A

large earthquakes
no volcanoes

187
Q

real life example of transform fault

A

san andreas fault

188
Q

how young is oceanic crust

A

150 mil years younger than continental

189
Q

what happens to rock as you move away from mid ocean ridges

A

becomes more dense

190
Q

what is a hotspot

A

magma wells up in center of plate

191
Q

alternating bands of normal and reversed polarity on either side of mid atlantic ridge

A

paleomagentism

192
Q

what do earthquakes begin with

A

a force

193
Q

what is a force

A

a push or pull
strain

194
Q

stress is a

A

response

195
Q

what determines the response

A

strength of materials

196
Q

what are the stress types

A

tension (rubber band) and compression

197
Q

what is nonrotational compression

A

directly opposite

198
Q

what is rotational compression

A

offset causing turning

199
Q

what are the three types of responses

A

elastic
plastic
brittle

200
Q

what is an elastic response

A

bounce/temporarily deforms

201
Q

what is a plastic response

A

bends and shapes
- doesnt go back to original when you let go

202
Q

brittle response

A

breaks
- deforms as much as possible before breaking

203
Q

what happens to the energy in elastic strain

A

it is stored

204
Q

what happens to energy in a plastic strain

A

it is consumed

205
Q

what happens to energy in a brittle strain

A

the applied energy exceeds materials ability to store energy. the item breaks and energy is released

206
Q

what happens to the item when strength of material is exceeded

A

elastic first and then plastic or brittle

207
Q

what is the trough of a wave

A

lowest point on wave

208
Q

what is the crest

A

highest point on wave

209
Q

what is the amplitude

A

heigh of wave from center to crust or trough to center

210
Q

what is the wavelength

A

trough to trough or crest to crest

211
Q

frequency

A

how many waves pass a fixed point in a given amount of time

212
Q

velocity

A

distance it travels over time

213
Q

what are the types of waves

A

transverse and longitudinal

214
Q

what is a transverse wave

A

perpendicular to force
water or light

215
Q

what is a longitudinal or compression wave

A

parallel or direction of force
sound or explosions

216
Q

what is the fate of a wave

A

travels in a straight line until it encounters something

217
Q

echo or mirror

A

reflection

218
Q

acoustic tile or black surface

A

absorbed

219
Q

bends due to change in medium

A

refracted

220
Q

what are the kinds of waves

A

light and sound

221
Q

what type of wave is a light wave

A

transverse- vacuum or has no medium

222
Q

what type of wave is a sound wave

A

longitudinal or compressional- must have a medium because it requires energy to pass through the air

223
Q

light velocity

A

3x10 ^8 m/s

224
Q

how long does light take to travel to earth

A

8 minutes

225
Q

velocity of sound in water

A

1500 m/s

226
Q

velocity of sound in air

A

335 m/s

227
Q

velocity of sound in solid

A

5000 m/s

228
Q

what is speed dependent on

A

density

229
Q

what is a body wave

A

through the earth (primary and secondary)

230
Q

what is a primary wave

A

first to arrive, longitudinal, will change speed and refract

231
Q

what is a secondary wave

A

second wave to arrive- transverse, cannot get to outer core

232
Q

what is a surface wave

A

l wave, last to arrive, cause most of the damage

233
Q

what are the types of L waves

A

love- horizontal waves
rayleigh- vertical component

234
Q

what are the other kinds of waves generated

A

tsunamis- cause extreme devastation

235
Q

instrument that measures the amplitude and duration of seismic waves

A

seismometer

236
Q

chart recording that physically records the waves

A

seismogram

237
Q

caused by the sudden movement of materials within the Earth, such as slip along a fault during an earthquake.

A

seismic waves

238
Q

what is the density of hydrogen

A

0.00009

239
Q

what is the density of helium

A

0.00018

240
Q

what is the density of white pine

A

0.5

241
Q

what is the density of ice

A

0.92

242
Q

what is the density of oak

A

0.7

243
Q

what is the density of seawater

A

1.02

244
Q

what is the density of iron

A

7.9

245
Q

what is the density of lead

A

11.3

246
Q

the place inside Earth’s crust where an earthquake originates (hypocenter)

A

focus

247
Q

The point on the Earth’s surface above the focus

A

epicenter

geosphere (5 decks)

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