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geosphere > geosphere test 3 > Flashcards

geosphere test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what does chemical weathering involve

A

chemical change

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2
Q

what does chemical change involve

A

chemical reactions

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3
Q

what are chemical reactions represented by

A

chemical equations

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4
Q

chemical equations use _____ and ______ to represent chemical reactions

A

symbols and formulas

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5
Q

AB —>

A

A + B

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6
Q

A + B —>

A

AB

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7
Q

A + B —>

A

AB + Heat

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8
Q

what type is A+B —> AB + Heat

A

exothermic

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9
Q

what does exothermic mean

A

gives off energy, gets hotter as it reacts, makes heat

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10
Q

A + B + heat —>

A

AB

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11
Q

what type of energy is A + B + heat —> AB

A

endothermic

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12
Q

endothermic

A

requires the input of energy; gets colder as it reacts; uses heat

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13
Q

A+B —> AB (combined as one)

A

synthesis

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14
Q

AB —> A+B (takes 2 things and breaks it down into individual pieces)

A

decomposition

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15
Q

AB + C —> CB + A (a substance displaces another substance)

A

single displacement

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16
Q

AB + CD —> AD + CB (two shapes being displaced)

A

double displacement

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17
Q

burning fuels is a reaction; releases carbon dioxide and water; both are greenhouse gases

A

combustion reaction

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18
Q

matter is neither created nor destroyed. it is converted to other forms. (the reason we balance equations)

A

law of conservation of matter

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19
Q

what is the bridge between biology (life) and rock (geology)

A

soil

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20
Q

what components make up soil

A

minerals (from weathering of rocks), organic matter (humus, dead animal or plant matter) , water (moisture), air

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21
Q

what controls formation of soil

A

parent material, climate, plants and animals, slope, time

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22
Q

bedrock determines chemistry of soil (not weathered rock); most important thing to control formation

A

parent material

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23
Q

wet climate and temperature extreme/rapid fluctuate cold- cold to hot (rapid changes and can impact soil)

A

climate

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24
Q

increase aeration (worms), water, and fertilizer; animals can fertilize soil

A

plants and animals

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25
Q

steep slope =

A

thin soil

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26
Q

flat slope =

A

thicker soil

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27
Q

types of slopes

A

steep and flat

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28
Q

orientation of slope

A

north or south

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29
Q

north orientation

A

cooler and wetter

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30
Q

south orientation

A

hotter and drier

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31
Q

you need a long time for soils to form

A

time

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32
Q

soil profiles

A

O
A
B
C
R

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33
Q

soil profile - O

A

humus layer (organic)

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34
Q

soil profile- A

A

topsoil

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35
Q

soil profile- B

A

subsoil (zone of accumulation)

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36
Q

soil profile- C

A

weathered rock

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37
Q

soil profile- R

A

bedrock

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38
Q

soil profile

A

organic (humus), topsoil, subsoil, weathered rock, bedrock

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39
Q

what happens in the organic layer

A

horizon, leaf litter, organic material

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40
Q

what happens in the topsoil

A

horizon, plough zone, rich in organic matter

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41
Q

what happens in weathered rock

A

horizon, weathering soil; little organic material of life

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42
Q

what happens in bedrock

A

horizon; unweathered parent material

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43
Q

how do soils differ

A

texture, color, mineral content

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44
Q

how do soils happens

A

weathering and eroding

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45
Q

break down of rocks into smaller pieces

A

weathering

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46
Q

transport the rock material through wind, water and ice

A

erosion

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47
Q

what are the types of weathering

A

mechanical and chemical

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48
Q

disintegration and physical changes

A

mechanical weathering

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49
Q

decomposition; chemical changes

A

chemical weathering

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50
Q

types of mechanical weathering

A

frost wedging, exfoliation, biological activity

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51
Q

types of chemical weathering

A

carbonic acid, oxidation, hydrolysis

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52
Q

water expands 9% upon freezing

A

frost wedging

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53
Q

“sheeting”; occurs when pressure from overlying rocks released; exfoliation domes (half domes, stone mountain)

A

exfoliation (unloading)

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54
Q

tree roots grown in joints in rocks; roots wedge apart joints and lift up rock, allow water to seep into joints; commonly seen in town sidewalks

A

biological activity

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55
Q

what is an example of chemical weathering

A

cleopatras needle

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56
Q

carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid

A

CO2 + H2) = H2CO3 +

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57
Q

what minerals are in carbonic acid weathering

A

calcite

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58
Q

what rocks are in carbonic acid weathering

A

limestone and marble

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59
Q

what minerals are in oxidation

A

magnetite, hematite

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60
Q

what rocks are in oxidation

A

any containing fe or copper

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61
Q

breaking apart due to water

A

hydrolysis

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62
Q

what minerals are in hydrolysis

A

kaolinite, clay minerals

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63
Q

what rocks are in hydrolysis

A

granites, siltstones, claystones

64
Q

what happens with hydrolysis

A

shrinking, swelling

65
Q

what does kaolinite and water make

A

clay

66
Q

the squeezing of sediments by the weight of the rocks and sediments above them

A

compaction

67
Q

process by which clastic sediments become lithified or consolidated into hard, compact rocks, usually through a deposition or precipitation of minerals in the spaces among the individual grains of sediment; cement from fluids bind sediments together

A

cementation

68
Q

processes of converting sediment into sedimentary rock through compaction and cementation. most important cements in sedimentary rocks: calcite, silica, iron- oxides

A

lithification

69
Q

made up of pieces or pre exisiting rocks. pieces of rock are loosened by weathering, then transported to some basin or depression where sediment is trapped. if the sediment is buried deeply, it becomes compacted and cemented, forming sedimentary rock

A

clastic

69
Q

what are the two types of sedimentary rocks

A

clastic and nonclastic

70
Q

biological or chemical- from when large numbers of living things die. this is one of the ways limestone can form. ocean dwelling organisms such as oysters, clams, mussels and coral use calcium carbonate found in seawater to create their shells and bones. as these organisms die, their shells and bones are broken down by waves and settle on the ocean floor where they are compacted over millions of years, creating limestone from the sediments and the pressure of the ocean water

A

nonclastic

71
Q

which rocks are clastic

A

conglomerate, sandstone, shale

72
Q

which rocks are nonclastic chemical

A

rock salt, gypsum, limestone

73
Q

which rocks are nonclastic biological

A

limestone, coal

74
Q

sediments are defined by what

A

the size of their fragments

75
Q

what is the largest to smallest sediments

A

boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand, silt, clay

76
Q

how can you tell the relative age of rocks

A

by its position in undisturbed rocks; oldest is at the bottom, youngest at top

77
Q

what is the law that tells you the relative age of rocks

A

aka law of superposition

78
Q

which way are sediments layered

A

sediments are deposited horizontally

79
Q

what happens if the rocks are tilted

A

tectonic pressure has moved

80
Q

what do layers indicate about rocks

A

different layers of rock mean different types of sediments have been washed into the area

81
Q

what do thick layers of rock imply

A

a lot of sediment at once (storm or flood) or a long time of deposition

82
Q

how is conglomerate rock formed

A

river system closer to source

83
Q

how is sandstone formed

A

desert, beach, river sandbars

84
Q

how is shale/mudstone formed

A

river delta, floodplain

85
Q

how is coal formed

A

swamps

86
Q

how is limestone formed

A

shallow, warm oceans, reef or bay

87
Q

do all rocks weather at the same time

A

no, sediments are held together by various types of cement

88
Q

what is the key to metamorphism

A

heat, pressure, hydrothermal liquids

89
Q

magma, impacts

A

heat

90
Q

plate tectonics

A

pressure

91
Q

extremely hot water

A

hydrothermal liquids

92
Q

what happens in metamorphic rock

A

the molecules in a metamorphic rock never get to the slide point. they break and restructure new bonds

93
Q

breaking and restructuring of bonds in a metamorphic rock is known as

A

recrystallization

94
Q

this is key to metamorphism

A

recrystallization

95
Q

two classifications of metamorphic rock

A

foliated and texture

96
Q

rocks form in layers, form perpendicular to pressure

A

foliated

97
Q

coarse or fine, higher temperature means larger crystals

A

texture

98
Q

how is gneiss made

A

it starts as sediment (mud) then forms into shale from the pressure of overlying rock, then forms into slate from heat and pressure from tectonics, then turns into phyllite as more heat is applied. more heat gets applied and it turns into schist, and even more heat is applied and it turns into gneiss

99
Q

if the original rock is limestone then the metamorphic rock is ….

A

marble

100
Q

if the original rock is granite then the metamorphic rock is

A

gneiss

101
Q

if the original rock is coal then the metamorphic rock is

A

anthracite

102
Q

if the original rock is shale then the metamorphic rock is

A

slate

103
Q

if the original rock is basalt then the metamorphic rock is

A

greenstone

104
Q

if the original rock is sandstone then the metamorphic rock is

A

quartzite

105
Q

cooled molten material

A

igneous rocks

106
Q

melting of rocks

A

igneous

107
Q

transfer of heat energy to rock, motion of atoms increase, atoms begin to move further apart, exceed attractive forces, atoms slide past each other (becomes a liquid)

A

melting of rocks

108
Q

the rock heats up, kinetic energy increases and starts moving more

A

magma

109
Q

if you take a rock and melt it, its _____. when it comes out of the earth, its ______

A

magma; lava

110
Q

how do you classify igneous rocks

A

based on volcanic origin

111
Q

if the rock is made from lava it is

A

extrusive

112
Q

if the rock is formed from magma it is

A

intrusive

113
Q

as magma cools, minerals arrange themselves in an orderly fashion

A

texture

114
Q

size of mineral crystals is determined by

A

cooling rate

115
Q

small crystals =

A

fast cool

116
Q

large crystals =

A

slow cool

117
Q

coarse texture means

A

it is intrusive, its origin is at depth, it has a slow cooling rate, and it was formed from magma (plutonic)

118
Q

fine texture means

A

it is extrusive, its origin is at or near the surface, it is fast cooling, and it was formed from lava (volcanic)

119
Q

glassy texture means

A

extrusive, on surface, very fast cooling, lava (volcanic)

120
Q

if it has a light shade, it is what colors

A

pink, whites, light greys

121
Q

if it has a light shade, it has what type of mineral composition

A

felsic (quartz, feldspars) (has continental crust)

122
Q

if it a medium shade, it has what type of colors

A

medium greys

123
Q

if it is medium shade, it has what type of mineral composition

A

andesitic mixture (mixture of felsic and mafic)

124
Q

if it has a dark shade, it has what colors

A

blacks, dark browns, deep reds

125
Q

if it is a dark shade, what type of mineral composition does it have

A

mafic (iron and magnesium) (have to have ocean continental convergence)

126
Q

where do minerals cool?

A

in the magma chamber (bowens reaction series)

127
Q

talks about temperature in the magma chamber- must understand how it is cooling

A

bowens reaction series

128
Q

dark rocks form at what temperatures

A

high temperatures

129
Q

what is the last mineral to form

A

quartz

130
Q

which rock is fine grained and light shade

A

rhyolite

131
Q

which rock is fine grained and medium shade

A

andesite

132
Q

which rock is fine grained and dark shade?

A

basalt

133
Q

which rock is coarse grained and light shade

A

granite

134
Q

which rock is coarse grained and medium shade

A

diorite

135
Q

which rock is coarse grained and dark shade

A

gabbro

136
Q

which rock is pyroclastic and light shade

A

pumice

137
Q

which rock is pyroclastic and medium shade

A

scoria

138
Q

which rock is pyroclastic and dark shade

A

obsidian

139
Q

cenozoic

A

recent animls, age of mammals

140
Q

mesozoic

A

middle animals; age of dinosaurs

141
Q

paleozoic

A

old animals; age of insects and fishes

142
Q

precambrian

A

informal time name prior to palezoic

143
Q

what happened after the mesozoic era

A

no more dinosaurs

144
Q

phanerozoic eon

A

544 mya to present

145
Q

cenozoic era

A

65 mya to present

146
Q

mesozoic era

A

245 to 65 mya

147
Q

paleozoic era

A

544 mya to 245 mya

148
Q

precambrian time

A

4500 mya to 544 mya

149
Q

proterozoic era

A

2500 to 544 mya

150
Q

archaen

A

3800 to 2500 mya

151
Q

hadean

A

4500 to 3800 mya

152
Q

when did pangea happen

A

300 million years ago

153
Q

when did rodinia happen

A

1.25 billion years ago

154
Q

kenorland

A

2.5 bya

155
Q

Ur

A

3 bya

geosphere (5 decks)

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