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Intro To Poli Sci > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Legal definition of the state

A

Territorial boundary of sovereign entity.

The structural definition says it is organized institutional machinery for making and carrying out political decisions and for enforcing the laws and rules of the government

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2
Q

Sovereignty

A

Premise that each state has complete authority and is ultimate source of law within its boundaries

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3
Q

Territorial integrity (claimed violations of territorial integrity)

A

State has right to resist and reject aggression invasion, or intervention within its territorial borders

Violations include where exceptions are justified
-Boundary disputes
-Disagreement about legitimate leader
-Human rights violations
- sovereignty lessrespected

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4
Q

Gabriel Almond’s capabilities analysis

A

The function and the structure provides understanding to what the state is and what they are capable of and if other territories can intervene

What functions must be performed if a state is to persist?
What stuctunes perform these necessary functions within a given state

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5
Q

What is the main rationale for sovereignty, according to the Debate in 5? Major goals (Stability, Security, Prosperity

A

premise each state has complete authority and ultimate source of law with boundaries

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6
Q

Nation- Definition

A

Set of people with a deeply shoved fundamental identification, values, and culture. Example of values includes religion language, the meaning of freedom and equality

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7
Q

Nation-State

A

Area has both territorial borders of single states and citizenry who all share same primary national identity

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8
Q

Multinational states

A

A State that contains two or more national groups

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9
Q

The Indian Subcontinent (Focus in 5)

A

Despite the desires of the British and the efforts of some Indian leaders, such as Mohandas Gandhi (recall Compare in 4), the subcontinent was deeply split on the basis of religion between Hindus and Muslims. Because it seemed impossible to fashion a single state out of these two nations, two states were formed in 1947: India, which was predominantly (82 percent) Hind and Pakistan most Muslim

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10
Q

Political system-Definition

A

conceptualization, the political system can be viewed as a gigantic processing mechanism that converts inputs into outputs (Figure 5.2). The political system exists within a larger environment that includes other systems, such as the economic system, the cultural system, the physical resource system, and many others. This broader environment generates many inputs, called demands and supports, which the actors in the political system consider. The political actors then produce outputs, the decisions and actions that allocate values. If these outputs have an effect on the environment, this might produce new demands and supports. This processing system becomes a continuing cycle

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11
Q

Values /demands

A

Demands are wants or desires for particular value allocations.

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12
Q

Allocation

A
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13
Q

Authoritative

A
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14
Q

Give examples of values

A
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15
Q

What is an authoritative decision?

A
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16
Q

David Easton’s conceptualization based on input-output system

A

In Easton’s (1965) conceptualization, the political system can be viewed as a gigantic processing mechanism that converts inputs into outputs (Figure 5.2). The political system exists within a larger environment that includes other systems, such as the economic system, the cultural system, the physical resource system, and many others. This broader environment generates many inputs, called demands and supports, which the actors in the political system consider. The political actors then produce outputs, the decisions and actions that allocate values. If these outputs have an effect on the environment, this might produce new demands and supports

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17
Q

Environment

A
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18
Q

Conversion

A
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19
Q

Outputs

A

Once policy decisions have been made and implemented, they become outputs of the political system. Some outputs are visible and obvious, as when the political system authorizes

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20
Q

Feedback

A

Feedback is the dynamics through which information about those changes in the environment are monitored by the political system.

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21
Q

Executives- Roles

A
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22
Q

Executives- LEADERSHIP

A
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23
Q

Executives- Roles

SYMBOLIC AND CEREMONIAL

A
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24
Q

Executives- Roles

ADMINISTRATION

A
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25
Q

Executives- Roles

Military/ Foreign affairs)

A
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26
Q

Structural arrangements of executive include

A

Fused

Dual

Limitations

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27
Q

Limitation on power of the Chief execute include

A
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28
Q

Roles of legislature

A

Enactment

Representation

Oversight

Ombudsman

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29
Q

Enactment

A
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30
Q

Representative democracy

A

Citizens periodically elect people who represent them in the political process and make policy decision on their behalf

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31
Q

Oversight

A
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32
Q

Ombudsman

A

an official appointed to investigate individuals’ complaints against maladministration, especially that of public authorities.

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33
Q

How has the power ot legislature been seen by the people during 20th century?

A
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34
Q

Bicameral

(Legislature)

A

Two chambers exist which slows the process of enacting policy as stalemate in policy making happens, but offers more opportunity to objection

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35
Q

Unicameral

(Legislature)

A

Only one chamber exists which allows for easier enactment of policy but less balance of ideas and less balance of ideas and less opportunity for objection

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36
Q

Pros of bicameral

A

Opportunity for objection

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37
Q

Cons of bicameral

A

Stalemate

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38
Q

Pros of unicameral

A

Easier enactment of policies

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39
Q

Unicameral cons

A

Less opportunity for objection and less balance of ideas

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40
Q

Five styles of administration

A

Weberian

Humane

Arbitrary

Discriminatory

Corrupt

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41
Q

Structure of the judiciary

A

Most political systems have hierarchal structure with appeal process

Systems of court determine what rules home been violated

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42
Q

Functions of judiciary

A
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43
Q

What is an independent judiciary

A

When judiciary are not under influence of legislative and executive

44
Q

Powers of judicial review allow what

A

Power of judicial review means that the judiciary has the right not only to interpret what a particular rule means but also to assess the constitutional legitimacy of any law enacted by the legislature or any policy action implemented by the executive or the administration

45
Q

Definition of constitution

A

Set of statements describing the fundamental rules of the political system

46
Q

Purpose of constitution is to

A

Allocate government activities
Stabling formal power relationships
Limits power of rulers

47
Q

Constitutional regimes

A

A political system that operates in terms of the rule of law, as defined in the constitution, and that ensures effective restraints on the power holders. The defining feature of a constitutional regime is that the state does attempt to fulfill the provisions of its constitution.

48
Q

Non-constitutional regimes

A

political system in which there is persistent nonenforcement of crucial limits on the rulers and/or protection of the rights of the ruled, especially those limits and rights specified in a constitution and other key legal documents. Most authoritarian or totalitarian regimes are nonconstitutional.

49
Q

Definitions of democracy

A

Governance by leaders whose authority is based on limited mandate from a universal electorate that selects among genuine alternatives and has some rights to political participation and opposition

50
Q

Electoral democracy

A

Virtually all citizens have the right to periodically vote to select political leaders from among alternative contenders

51
Q

Limited mandate

A

Electorate grants the authority to govern for a limited time

52
Q

Political rights

A
53
Q

Civil liberties

A
54
Q

Liberal vs. Illiberal democracy

A

Liberal democracy: citizens enjoy electoral democracy and substantial politicalrights and evil liberties regarding participation, freedom, opposition

Illiberal democracy: describes a governing system that offers penodic elections, yet political rights are substantially limited

55
Q

Dictatorship

A

Limited political rights and personal freedoms but
Lacks limited mandate

56
Q

Authoritarian

A

Personal freedom

Lacks political rights and limited mandate

57
Q

Totalitarian regimes

A

Lacks personal freedom political rights and limited mandate


58
Q

Distribution of unitary and example

A

Central government holds all legitimate power

Most contemporary states are unitary

Provides a clear hierarchical authority

Ex: Mexico 

59
Q

Distribution of power of federation system and example

A

Constitutional division of power and functions between central gov and regional gov

Large size

Prior existence of strong states

Attempt to create unity

Desire to concentrate power and resources

Ex: United States

60
Q

Distribution of power of a confederation system and example

A

States delegate some power to supranational central gov.but retain primary power

Survival based on members continuing support

Ex: European Union

61
Q

Presidential government

A

a separation of executive and legislative power and structures. This is meant to ensure a system of checks and balances in the policy process, with the legislature taking primary responsibility for policymaking and the president (the executive) taking primary responsibility for policy implementation (although in practice these distinctions may be blurred). The president and the members of the legislature are elected independently, for fixed terms. Examples: Mexico; the United States.

62
Q

Parliamentary government

A

A political system in which the executive and legislative functions and structures are fused. The people elect the legislature (parliament), whose majority empowers a cabinet, which then empowers one of its members to be the chief executive, usually called a prime minister or premier. The cabinet devises, drafts, and implements most policies, although they must be enacted by the legislative majority. Examples: Italy; the United Kingdom.

63
Q

Hybrid government

A

A political system that attempts to blend the desirable aspects of both the presidential and cabinet systems of government. Hybrid systems have a prime minister and an elected legislature that can both enact and implement policies, but they also have a president who may have relatively equal power with the cabinet or may have key specific, but limited, powers. Examples: France; Russia.

64
Q

Council system

A

A political system in which a small group shares collective leadership and is responsible for both executive and legislative functions. All members of the council have relatively equal power, so decisions and actions are based on the will of the council majority or council consensus. Examples: mayor–council systems and boards of supervisors in many U.S. local governments; Switzerland.

65
Q

Assembly system

A

form of collective leadership in which a large group, usually constituted as a legislature, is clearly dominant over the executive. Examples: the United Nations; the European Parliament.

66
Q

Political party systems are

A

The configuration of political parties in a political system. Party systems are generally classified according to the number of political parties and the nature of the interactions among the parties in the governing process.

67
Q

Pros and cons of two party systems

A

Pro: options for the people, encourage cooperation between parties

Cons: promotes division laws get passed slow, lots of fights not much choice for people

Ex US

68
Q

Pros and cons of multiparty system

A

Pros: lot of representation

Cons:lots of blackmail for party to fall apart unstable coalitions that block gov. Crisis no solutions/compromise

Most used system

69
Q

Pros and cons of Dominant party system

A

Pros: representing small groups

Cons: one party has most power, no choice really

70
Q

Pros & cons of one party systems

A
71
Q

Pros & cons of no-party system

A

Cons: No genuine competition

72
Q

Political economic framework

A
73
Q

Factors of production

A
74
Q

Firms

A
75
Q

Household consumers

A
76
Q

Utility

A
77
Q

Equilibrium point

A
78
Q

System of exchange

A
79
Q

The role of state in political economic framework

A
  1. The state can be a consumer
  2. The state can replace (that is, be) a household

3.replaces firms

  1. state can regulate the manner in which either households or firms operate by enacting policies that encourage or prevent certain behaviors by those economic actors
  2. The state can tax (extract resources from) the payments to any actor
  3. The state can transfer payments or goods to any actor
80
Q

Role of the world in political- economic frame work

A

Joins in exports, imports

Each country makes policy choice either free trade or discourage imports through tariffs and quotas

81
Q

GDP

A

Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total value of all final goods produced by all people within a state’s boundaries, whether or not they are citizens

82
Q

GNI

A

Gross national income

includes the production of all citizens of the state, whether or not they are inside the state’s boundaries. For crossnational comparisons, these amounts are typically measured in U.S. dollars.

83
Q

PPP

A

Purchasing power parity

purchasing power parity (PPP)—that is, correcting monetary indicators to reflect the amount of currency required in that country to buy certain standard goods

84
Q

The benefits of using purchasing power parity

A
85
Q

Comparison on the five fundamental questions of market command and mixed economies

A

WHO CONTROLS THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

WHO DETERMINES WHAT GOODS ARE PRODUCED

WHO ESTABLISHES THE VALUE ATTACHED TO DIFFERENT FACTORS AND GOODS

WHO DECIDES HOW PRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND GOODS WILL BE DISTRIBUTED

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE STATE

86
Q

The shortcomings of market

A

Resource inequality and hardship

Production for profit not needs of the people

Severe economic cycles

87
Q

The shortcomings of command

A

Limited incentives for efficiency

Unresponsive production

Over centralization and inflexibility

Not response to needs of society

State controls everything!!!!

88
Q

Shortcomings of mixed economies

A
89
Q

Adam Smith’s theory on the invisible hand

A
90
Q

The 3 ISMS

A

Capitalism

Communism

Socialism

State capitalism

Statism

Corporatism

91
Q

Capitalism

A

Close to market economy

Goal is to maximize profit

Capitalism is a system in which private economic actors are quite free from state constraints, private property rights are fundamental, and the state engages in few actions that might shift resources among private actors. It is founded on the philosophy of laissez-faire economics celebrated by Adam Smith, and it imposes the severe limitations on government activity that are associated with classical liberalism and the market political economy

92
Q

Communism

A

Controlled by state

the notion that the state must actively control society’s land, labor, and capital to achieve substantial equality for all citizens.

93
Q

Socialism

A

Not guarantee of equality

is in th​e middle of the three “isms,” and thus it is not precisely differentiated from the other two. It seeks a complex balance between state involvement and private control of the economy, and a key policy goal is a relatively equitable distribution of benefits to all citizens

Mixed economy

First step to communism

94
Q

Corporatism

A

is a system characterized by a political arrangement that facilitates extensive economic cooperation between an activist state and large organizations representing major sectors of economic actors

95
Q

Stateless nation

A

Nation without state

96
Q

Define weberian administration

A

Established rules are followed with NO exceptions

Most ideal type of administration

97
Q

Define humare administration

A

Those in authority try to understand personal circumstances

98
Q

Define Arbitrary admin.

A

Those in authority use their discretion

99
Q

Define discriminatory admin.

A

Those in authority treat people differently based on religion, ethnicity, and gender

100
Q

Define corrupt admin

A

Those in authority accept bribes

101
Q

Autocracy

A

A single ruler excerise absolute power and authority without any legal constraints or citizen mandate

102
Q

Market economy:

WHO CONTROLS THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

WHO DETERMINES WHAT GOODS ARE PRODUCED

WHO ESTABLISHES THE VALUE ATTACHED TO DIFFERENT FACTORS AND GOODS

WHO DECIDES HOW PRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND GOODS WILL BE DISTRIBUTED

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE STATE

A

Private firms (Private control)

Invisible hand

The invisible hand

Invisible hand

States role: precentviolence, protect rights, enforce contracts and defend soureignty

103
Q

Command economy:

WHO CONTROLS THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

WHO DETERMINES WHAT GOODS ARE PRODUCED

WHO ESTABLISHES THE VALUE ATTACHED TO DIFFERENT FACTORS AND GOODS

WHO DECIDES HOW PRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND GOODS WILL BE DISTRIBUTED

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE STATE

A

The State does it all

(Used in mostly communist countries)

104
Q

Mixed economy:

WHO CONTROLS THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

WHO DETERMINES WHAT GOODS ARE PRODUCED

WHO ESTABLISHES THE VALUE ATTACHED TO DIFFERENT FACTORS AND GOODS

WHO DECIDES HOW PRODUCTIVE FACTORS AND GOODS WILL BE DISTRIBUTED

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE STATE

A

Shared between state and private actors

Shared as well

Determined by supply and demand
invisible hand)

Distribution of factors and goods shared

States role: facilitate competition

105
Q

Statism

A

highly active state, which manages the system of production and distribution of goods, with a primary goal of economic growth and development

106
Q

State capitalism

A

political economy in which the leaders of the political system assert extensive control over who is allowed to compete in the key sectors of the economy, and the primary goal of the economy is to serve state power.

107
Q

outcomes

A

the impacts of the decisions taken and implemented by the political system

Intro To Poli Sci (4 decks)

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